Active surveillance for prostate cancer: Progress and promise

Journal of Clinical Oncology

Volumn 29, Issue 27, 2011, Pages 3669-3676

  Cooperberg, Matthew R ^a   Carroll, Peter R ^a   Klotz, Laurence ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DUTASTERIDE; FINASTERIDE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

CANCER GRADING; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; PROSTATE BIOPSY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATECTOMY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; TUMOR VOLUME;

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; MALE; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 80053073767     PISSN: 0732183X     EISSN: 15277755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2011.34.9738     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al: Cancer Statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 60:277-300, 2010
2. Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF, et al: Outcomes of localized prostate cancer following conservative management. JAMA 302:1202-1209, 2009
3. Welch HG, Black WC: Overdiagnosis in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:605-613, 2010
4. Draisma G, Etzioni R, Tsodikov A, et al: Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: Importance of methods and context. J Natl Cancer Inst 101:374-383, 2009
5. Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Kantoff PW, et al: Contemporary trends in low risk prostate cancer: Risk assessment and treatment. J Urol 178:S14-S19, 2007 (Pubitemid 47224952)
6. Miller DC, Gruber SB, Hollenbeck BK, et al: Incidence of initial local therapy among men with lower-risk prostate cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1134-1141, 2006 (Pubitemid 44288788)
7. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al: Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med 360:1320-1328, 2009
8. Hugosson J, Carlsson S, Aus G, et al: Mortality results from the Gotebörg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol 11:725-732, 2010
9. Crawford ED, Grubb R 3rd, Black A, et al: Comorbidity and mortality results from a randomized prostate cancer screening trial. J Clin Oncol 29:355-361, 2011
10. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 149:185-191, 2008
11. Greene KL, Albertsen PC, Babaian RJ, et al: Prostate specific antigen best practice statement: 2009 update. J Urol 182:2232-2241, 2009
12. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Filén F, et al: Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: The Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:1144-1154, 2008
13. Van As NJ, Norman AR, Thomas K, et al: Predicting the probability of deferred radical treatment for localised prostate cancer managed by active surveillance. Eur Urol 54:1297-1305, 2008
14. Van As NJ, Parker CC: Active surveillance with selective radical treatment for localized prostate cancer. Cancer J 13:289-294, 2007
15. Soloway MS, Soloway CT, Eldefrawy A, et al: Careful selection and close monitoring of low-risk prostate cancer patients on active surveillance minimizes the need for treatment. Eur Urol 58:831-835, 2010
16. Soloway MS, Soloway CT, Williams S, et al: Active surveillance: A reasonable management alternative for patients with prostate cancer - The Miami experience. BJU Int 101:165-169, 2008 (Pubitemid 350294039)
17. Tosoian JJ, Trock BJ, Landis P, et al: Active surveillance program for prostate cancer: An update of the Johns Hopkins experience. J Clin Oncol 29:2185-2190, 2011
18. Warlick C, Trock BJ, Landis P, et al: Delayed versus immediate surgical intervention and prostate cancer outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:355-357, 2006 (Pubitemid 43338215)
19. Cooperberg MR, Cowan JE, Hilton JF, et al: Outcomes of active surveillance for men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 29:228-234, 2011
20. Dall'Era MA, Konety BR, Cowan JE, et al: Active surveillance for the management of prostate cancer in a contemporary cohort. Cancer 112:2664-2670, 2008 (Pubitemid 351969209)
21. Klotz L, Zhang L, Lam A, et al: Clinical results of long-term follow-up of a large, active surveillance cohort with localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 28:126-131, 2010
22. Klotz L: Active surveillance with selective delayed intervention for favorable risk prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 24:46-50, 2006
23. Van den Bergh RC, Roemeling S, Roobol MJ, et al: Outcomes of men with screen-detected prostate cancer eligible for active surveillance who were managed expectantly. Eur Urol 55:1-8, 2009
24. Roemeling S, Roobol MJ, De Vries SH, et al: Active surveillance for prostate cancers detected in three subsequent rounds of a screening trial: Characteristics, PSA doubling times, and outcome. Eur Urol 51:1244-1250, 2007; discussion 1251
25. Adamy A, Yee DS, Matsushita K, et al: Role of prostate specific antigen and immediate confirmatory biopsy in predicting progression during active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer. J Urol 185:477-482, 2011
26. Patel MI, DeConcini DT, Lopez-Corona E, et al: An analysis of men with clinically localized prostate cancer who deferred definitive therapy. J Urol 171:1520-1524, 2004 (Pubitemid 38365409)
27. Dall'era MA, Cowan JE, Simko J, et al: Surgical management after active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer: Pathological outcomes compared with men undergoing immediate treatment. BJU Int [epub ahead of print on August 26, 2010]
28. Wilt TJ: SPCG-4: A needed START to PIVOTal data to promote and protect evidence-based prostate cancer care. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:1123-1125, 2008
29. Donovan JL, Lane JA, Peters TJ, et al: Development of a complex intervention improved randomization and informed consent in a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Epidemiol 62:29-36, 2009
30. Lane JA, Hamdy FC, Martin RM, et al: Latest results from the UK trials evaluating prostate cancer screening and treatment: The CAP and ProtecT studies. Eur J Cancer 46:3095-3101, 2010
31. Conti SL, Dall'era M, Fradet V, et al: Pathological outcomes of candidates for active surveillance of prostate cancer. J Urol 181:1628-1633, 2009; discussion 1633-1634
32. Meng MV, Franks JH, Presti JC Jr, et al: The utility of apical anterior horn biopsies in prostate cancer detection. Urol Oncol 21:361-365, 2003 (Pubitemid 38534177)
33. Lawrentschuk N, Haider MA, Daljeet N, et al: 'Prostatic evasive anterior tumours': The role of magnetic resonance imaging. BJU Int 105:1231-1236, 2009
34. Scattoni V, Zlotta A, Montironi R, et al: Extended and saturation prostatic biopsy in the diagnosis and characterisation of prostate cancer: A critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 52:1309-1322, 2007 (Pubitemid 47446019)
35. Barocas DA, Cowan JE, Smith JA Jr, et al: What percentage of patients with newly diagnosed carcinoma of the prostate are candidates for surveillance? An analysis of the CaPSURE database. J Urol 180:1330-1334, 2008; discussion 1334-1335
36. Bechis SK, Carroll PR, Cooperberg MR: Impact of age at diagnosis on prostate cancer treatment and survival. J Clin Oncol 29:235-241, 2011
37. Sakr WA, Haas GP, Cassin BF, et al: The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients. J Urol 150:379-385, 1993 (Pubitemid 23215874)
38. Kattan MW, Eastham JA, Wheeler TM, et al: Counseling men with prostate cancer: A nomogram for predicting the presence of small, moderately differentiated, confined tumors. J Urol 170:1792-1797, 2003 (Pubitemid 37254930)
39. Nakanishi H, Wang X, Ochiai A, et al: A nomogram for predicting low-volume/low-grade prostate cancer: A tool in selecting patients for active surveillance. Cancer 110:2441-2447, 2007 (Pubitemid 350174929)
40. Bangma CH, Roobol MJ, Steyerberg EW: Predictive models in diagnosing indolent cancer. Cancer 115:3100-3106, 2009
41. Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, et al: Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. JAMA 271:368-374, 1994 (Pubitemid 24037911)
42. Porten SP, Cooperberg MR, Carroll PR: The independent value of tumour volume in a contemporary cohort of men treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease. BJU Int 105:472-475, 2010
43. Wolters T, Roobol MJ, Van Leeuwen PJ, et al: A critical analysis of the tumor volume threshold for clinically insignificant prostate cancer using a data set of a randomized screening trial. J Urol 185:121-125, 2011
44. Ross AE, Loeb S, Landis P, et al: Prostate-specific antigen kinetics during follow-up are an unreliable trigger for intervention in a prostate cancer surveillance program. J Clin Oncol 28:2810-2816, 2010
45. Whitson JM, Carroll PR: Active surveillance for early-stage prostate cancer: Defining the triggers for intervention. J Clin Oncol 28:2807-2809, 2010
46. Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Carroll PR: Time trends and local variation in primary treatment of localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 28:1117-1123, 2010
47. Hayes JH, Ollendorf DA, Pearson SD, et al: Active surveillance compared with initial treatment for men with low-risk prostate cancer: A decision analysis. JAMA 304:2373-2380, 2010
48. Corcoran AT, Peele PB, Benoit RM: Cost comparison between watchful waiting with active surveillance and active treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology 76:703-707, 2010
49. Wilson LS, Tesoro R, Elkin EP, et al: Cumulative cost pattern comparison of prostate cancer treatments. Cancer 109:518-527, 2007 (Pubitemid 46190959)
50. Steineck G, Helgesen F, Adolfsson J, et al: Quality of life after radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting. N Engl J Med 347:790-796, 2002 (Pubitemid 34988337)
51. Van den Bergh RC, Essink-Bot ML, Roobol MJ, et al: Anxiety and distress during active surveillance for early prostate cancer. Cancer 115:3868-3878, 2009
52. Nam RK, Saskin R, Lee Y, et al: Increasing hospital admission rates for urological complications after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol 183:963-968, 2010
53. Fujita K, Landis P, McNeil BK, et al: Serial prostate biopsies are associated with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction in men with prostate cancer on active surveillance. J Urol 182:2664-2669, 2009
54. Newcomb LF, Brooks JD, Carroll PR, et al: Canary prostate active surveillance study: Design of a multi-institutional active surveillance cohort and biorepository. Urology 75:407-413, 2010
55. Pepe MS, Feng Z, Janes H, et al: Pivotal evaluation of the accuracy of a biomarker used for classification or prediction: Standards for study design. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:1432-1438, 2008
56. Auprich M, Chun FK, Ward JF, et al: Critical assessment of preoperative urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 on the accuracy of prostate cancer staging. Eur Urol 59:96-105, 2010
57. Ploussard G, Durand X, Xylinas E, et al: Prostate aancer antigen 3 score accurately predicts tumour volume and might help in selecting prostate cancer patients for active surveillance. Eur Urol 59:422-429, 2011
58. Fradet V, Kurhanewicz J, Cowan JE, et al: Prostate cancer managed with active surveillance: Role of anatomic MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 256:176-183, 2010
59. Van As NJ, De Souza NM, Riches SF, et al: A study of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in men with untreated localised prostate cancer on active surveillance. Eur Urol 56:981-987, 2009
60. Zierhut ML, Yen YF, Chen AP, et al: Kinetic modeling of hyperpolarized 13C1-pyruvate metabolism in normal rats and TRAMP mice. J Magn Reson 202:85-92, 2010
61. Hou AH, Sullivan KF, Crawford ED: Targeted focal therapy for prostate cancer: A review. Curr Opin Urol 19:283-289, 2009
62. Eggener SE, Scardino PT, Carroll PR, et al: Focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: A critical appraisal of rationale and modalities. J Urol 178:2260-2267, 2007 (Pubitemid 350052204)
63. Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al: The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 349:215-224, 2003 (Pubitemid 36859473)
64. Andriole GL, Bostwick DG, Brawley OW, et al: Effect of dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 362:1192-1202, 2010
65. Thompson IM, Chi C, Ankerst DP, et al: Effect of finasteride on the sensitivity of PSA for detecting prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1128-1133, 2006 (Pubitemid 44288787)
66. Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Parnes HL, et al: Does the level of prostate cancer risk affect cancer prevention with finasteride? Urology 71:854-857, 2008 (Pubitemid 351609104)
67. Fleshner N, Gomella LG, Cookson MS, et al: Delay in the progression of low-risk prostate cancer: Rationale and design of the Reduction by Dutasteride of Clinical Progression Events in Expectant Management (REDEEM) trial. Contemp Clin Trials 28:763-769, 2007 (Pubitemid 47499254)
68. Ornish D, Magbanua MJ, Weidner G, et al: Changes in prostate gene expression in men undergoing an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:8369-8374, 2008 (Pubitemid 351904762)
69. Ornish D, Weidner G, Fair WR, et al: Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J Urol 174:1065-1069, 2005; discussion 1069-1070
70. Parsons JK, Newman V, Mohler JL, et al: The Men's Eating and Living (MEAL) study: A Cancer and Leukemia Group B pilot trial of dietary intervention for the treatment of prostate cancer. Urology 72:633-637, 2008
71. Latini DM, Hart SL, Knight SJ, et al: The relationship between anxiety and time to treatment for patients with prostate cancer on surveillance. J Urol 178:826-831, 2007; discussion 831-832
72. Bailey DE Jr, Wallace M, Latini DM, et al: Measuring illness uncertainty in men undergoing active surveillance for prostate cancer. Appl Nurs Res [epub ahead of print on September 17, 2009]
73. Esserman L, Shieh Y, Thompson I: Rethinking screening for breast cancer and prostate cancer. JAMA 302:1685-1692, 2009
74. Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Carroll PR: Risk assessment for prostate cancer metastasis and mortality at the time of diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 101:878-887, 2009
75. Smith EB, Frierson HF Jr, Mills SE, et al: Gleason scores of prostate biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens over the past 10 years: Is there evidence for systematic upgrading? Cancer 94:2282-2287, 2002 (Pubitemid 34411988)
76. Etzioni R, Tsodikov A, Mariotto A, et al: Quantifying the role of PSA screening in the US prostate cancer mortality decline. Cancer Causes Control 19:175-181, 2008