Muslim American terrorism since 9/11: Why so rare?

Muslim World

Volumn 101, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 464-483

  Kurzman, Charles ^a   Schanzer, David ^b   Moosa, Ebrahim ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052867106     PISSN: 00274909     EISSN: 14781913     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01388.x     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Frances Fragos Townsend, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, "Press Briefing on the West Coast Terrorist Plot," February 9, 2006
2. Robert S. Mueller III, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, "War on Terrorism," testimony before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate, February 11, 2003.
3. Janet Napolitano, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, "State of America's Homeland Security Address," George Washington University, January 27, 2011
4. Janet Napolitano, "Understanding the Homeland Threat Landscape - Considerations for the 112th Congress," testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, February 9, 2011.
5. Among other sources, we have drawn on Peter Bergen and William Banks, Post-9/11 Jihadist Terrorism Cases Involving U.S. Citizens and Residents (Washington, DC: New America Foundation; and Syracuse, NY: Maxwell School of Public Policy, Syracuse University, 2011)
6. Alejandro J. Beutel, Data on Post-9/11 Terrorism in the United States (Washington, DC: Muslim Public Affairs Council, 2011)
7. Jerome P. Bjelopera and Mark A. Randol, American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2010)
8. Steven Emerson et al., The Investigative Project on Terrorism, investigativeproject.org
9. Karen J. Greenberg et al., Terrorist Trial Report Card: September 11, 2001-September 11, 2010 (New York: Center on Law and Security, New York University School of Law, 2010)
10. Brian Michael Jenkins, Would-Be Warriors: Incidents of Jihadist Terrorist Radicalization in the United States Since September 11, 2001 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2010)
11. Kevin Strom et al., Building on Clues: Examining Successes and Failures in Detecting U.S. Terrorist Plots, 1999-2009 (Research Triangle Park, NC: Institute for Homeland Security Solutions, 2010).
12. Affidavit of FBI Special Agent Ryan Dwyer, USA v. Mohamed Osman Mohamud, Criminal Complaint, November 26, 2010.
13. Associated Press, July 20, 2010; New York Post, July 20, 2010.
14. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2009
15. Table 1, "Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1990-2009," and Preliminary Semiannual UniformCrime Report, January-June, 2010, fbi.gov.
16. Dina Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door (New York: Public Affairs, 2007), 124.
17. New York Times, October 28, 2010.
18. Affidavit by FBI Special Agent Keith E. Bender, USA v. Antonio Martinez, Criminal Complaint, December 8, 2010.
19. Los Angeles Times, February 26, 2009
20. Toledo Blade, April 3, 2008.
21. Affidavit of FBI Special Agent Andrew Nambu, USA v. Tarek Mehanna, Criminal Complaint, November 7, 2008.
22. Columbus Dispatch, August 26, 2009.
23. Orange County Register, September 3, 2005.
24. Greenberg et al., Terrorist Trial Report Card.
25. USA v. Paul Gene Rockwood, Jr., Plea Agreement, July 20, 2010.
26. Charles Kurzman, The Missing Martyrs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
27. Council on American-Islamic Relations, American Muslim Voters: A Demographic Profile and Survey of Attitudes, October 24, 2006, http://www.cair.com/Portals/0/pdf/American-Muslim-Voter-Survey-2006.pdf
28. Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,May 22, 2007, http://pewresearch.org/assets/pdf/muslim-americans.pdf;
29. Gallup, Muslim Americans: A National Portrait, March 2, 2009, http://www.muslimwestfacts.com/mwf/File/116074/AmericanMuslimReport.pdf
30. Akbar Ahmed, Journey into America: The Challenge of Islam (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010).
31. Anny Bakalian and Mehdi Bozorgmehr, Backlash 9/11 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009)
32. Louise Cainkar, Homeland Insecurity (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2009).
33. Shaykh Yusuf Qaradawi, Qatar; Tariq Bishri, Egypt; Muhammad S. Awwa, Egypt; Fahmi Huwaydi, Egypt; Haytham Khayyat, Syria; Shaykh Taha Jabir al-Alwani, U.S., statement published in The Washington Post, October 11, 2001. The Arabic original is posted at http://kurzman.unc.edu/islamic-statements- against-terrorism, along with numerous similar statements by Muslim leaders from around the world.
34. "Fatwa by U.S. Muslims Against Religious Extremism," July 25, 2005, http://www.mpac.org/bucket-downloads/fatwa-on-terrorism.pdf.
35. Islamic Thinkers Society, "Press Release on FCNA [Fiqh Council of North America] & Their Pathetic Fatwa," September 3, 2005, http://www.islamicthinkers.com/index/index.php?option=com-content&task= view&id=299&Itemid=2.
36. The only contemporary sources on taqiyya cited by counterterrorism "experts" are Shi'a (such as the al-islam.org website) or Druze (such as the book al-Taqiyya fī l-Islām), not Sunni. See Raymond Ibrahim, "How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules ofWar," Middle East Quarterly,Winter 2010
37. Frank Salvato, "Al Taqiyya: The Islamist TerroristWeapon of Deception," BasicsProject.org, undated. All but two of the 172 Muslim-American terrorism suspects and perpetrators on our list are Sunni.
38. Ihsan Bagby, Paul M. Perl, and Bryan T. Froehle, The Mosque in America: A National Portrait (Washington, DC: Council on American-Islamic Relations, April 26, 2001), 28.
39. Sarah Downey and Michael Hirsh, "A Safe Haven?" Newsweek, September 30, 2002, p. 31.
40. North Carolina interview #3, May 2008.
41. "Substitution for the Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed," U.S. v. Zacarias Moussaoui, defendant's exhibit DX-0941, p. 36, introduced March 28, 2006; posted on-line by the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, http://www.rcfp.org/moussaoui/pdf/DX-0941.pdf.
42. Houston interview #29, February 2009.
43. North Carolina interview #7, June 2008.
44. Buffalo interview #17, January 2009.
45. Seattle interview #15, July 2008.
46. Seattle interview #21, July 2008.
47. Houston interview #20, March 2009.
48. Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door.
49. Buffalo interview #16, January 2009.
50. North Carolina interview #2, May 2008.
51. North Carolina interview #5, June 2008.
52. Buffalo interview #35, January 2009.
53. Data analysis based on Pew Research Center, 2007 Muslim American Survey, May 22, 2007.
54. WorldPublicOpinion.org, "Public Opinion in Iran and America on Key International Issues," January 24, 2007.
55. Saleemah Abdul-Ghafur, editor, Living Islam Out Loud: American Muslim Women Speak (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2005), 1.
56. Buffalo interview #6, December 2008.
57. Newsday, December 19, 2010.
58. The Laura Ingraham Show, January 24, 2011.
59. Peter King, opening remarks, House Committee on Homeland Security, Hearing on "The Extent of Radicalization in the American Muslim Community and that Community's Response," March 10, 2011.
60. Ben Smith, "King Witness List Provokes Bitter Split Among Islam Critics," Politico, January 19, 2011.
61. Pamela Geller, "Over Before It Started," Atlas Shrugs, January 18, 2011
62. Robert Emerson, "King Caves Again," Jihad Watch, February 28, 2011
63. "King Hearing Falls Short, As Predicted," Investor's Business Daily, March 14, 2011.
64. Lee Baca, testimony before the House Committee on Homeland Security, Hearing on "The Extent of Radicalization in the American Muslim Community and that Community's Response," March 10, 2011.
65. Peter King on C-SPAN, March 10, 2011.
66. Peter King on "The Sean Hannity Show," Fox News, March 10, 2011.
67. C-SPAN, March 10, 2011.