Detrital zircon U-Pb ages along the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet: Implications for oblique convergence and collision between India and Asia

Gondwana Research

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 691-709

  Aitchison, Jonathan C ^a,b   Xia, Xiaoping ^a,c   Baxter, Alan T ^a,b   Ali, Jason R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c GUANGZHOU INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY   (China)

Author keywords

Cretaceous Paleogene; Detrital zircon provenance; India Asia collision; Oblique convergence; Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone

Indexed keywords

ARC-CONTINENT COLLISION; CONVERGENCE; DETRITAL DEPOSIT; FOREARC BASIN; PLATE CONVERGENCE; SUBDUCTION; SUTURE ZONE; URANIUM-LEAD DATING; ZIRCON;

INDUS-YARLUNG SUTURE ZONE;

EID: 80052681394     PISSN: 1342937X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2011.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Abrajevitch A., Ali J.R., Aitchison J.C., Badengzhu, Davis A.M., Liu J.B., Ziabrev S.V. Neotethys and the India-Asia collision: insights from a palaeomagnetic study of the Dazhuqu ophiolite southern Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 233:87-102.
2. Aikman A.B., Harrison T.M., Ding L. Evidence for Early (>44Ma) Himalayan Crustal Thickening, Tethyan Himalaya, southeastern Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 274:14-23.
3. Aitchison J.C., Ali J.R. Tibet Field Camp as a 'Roof of the World' Capstone Experience for Earth Science Majors. Journal of Geoscience Education 2007, 55:349-356.
4. Aitchison J.C., Davis A.M. Evidence for the multiphase nature of the India-Asia collision from the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2004, vol. 226:217-233. J. Malpas, C.J.N. Fletcher, J.R. Ali, J.C. Aitchison (Eds.).
5. Aitchison J.C., Badengzhu, Davis A.M., Liu J., Luo H., Malpas J., McDermid I., Wu H., Ziabrev S., Zhou M.F. Remnants of a Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system within the Yarlung-Zangbo suture (southern Tibet). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 183:231-244.
6. Aitchison J.C., Abrajevitch A., Ali J.R., Badengzhu, Davis A.M., Luo H., Liu J.B., McDermid I.R.C., Ziabrev S. New insights into the evolution of the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, Xizang (Tibet), China. Episodes 2002, 25:90-94.
7. Aitchison J.C., Davis A.M., Badengzhu, Luo H. New constraints on the India-Asia collision: the Lower Miocene Gangrinboche conglomerates, Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, SE Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2002, 21:253-265.
8. Aitchison J.C., Davis A.M., Badengzhu, Luo H. The Gangdese thrust: a phantom structure that did not raise Tibet. Terra Nova 2003, 15:155-162.
9. Aitchison J.C., Davis A.M., Ali J.R., Badengzhu, Liu J.B., Hui L., McDermid I.R.C., Ziabrev S.V. Stratigraphic and sedimentological constraints on the age and tectonic evolution of the Neotethyan ophiolites along the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2004, vol. 218:147-164. Y. Dilek, P.T. Robinson (Eds.).
10. Aitchison J.C., Ali J.R., Davis A.M. When and where did India and Asia collide?. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth 2007, 112:B05423. doi:05410.01029/02006JB004706.
11. Aitchison J.C., McDermid I.R.C., Ali J.R., Davis A.M., Zyabrev S.V. Shoshonites in southern Tibet record Late Jurassic rifting of a Tethyan intra-oceanic island arc. Journal of Geology 2007, 115:197-213.
12. Aitchison J.C., Ali J.R., Chan A., Davis A.M., Lo C.-H. Tectonic implications of felsic tuffs within the Lower Miocene Gangrinboche conglomerates, southern Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2009, 34:287-297.
13. Ali J.R., Aitchison J.C. Greater India. Earth Science Reviews 2005, 72:169-188.
14. Allegre C.J., Courtillot V., Tapponnier P., Hirn A., Mattauer M., Coulon C., Jaeger J.J., Achache J., Schaerer U., Marcoux J., Burg J.P., Girardeau J., Armijo R., Gariepy C., Goepel C., Li T.D., Xiao X.C., Chang C.F., Li G.G., Lin B.Y., Teng J.W., Wang N.W., Chen G.M., Han T.L., Wang X.B., Den W.M., Sheng H.B., Cao Y.G., Zhou J., Qiu H.R., Bao P.S., Wang S.C., Wang B.X., Zhou Y., Xu R. Structure and evolution of the Himalaya-Tibet orogenic belt. Nature 1984, 307:17-22.
15. Barley M.E., Pickard A.L., Zaw K., Rak P., Doyle M.G. Jurassic to Miocene magmatism and metamorphism in the Mogok metamorphic belt and the India-Eurasia collision in Myanmar. Tectonics 2003, 22(3):1019. doi:10.1029/2002TC001398.
16. Bernet M., van der Beek P., Pik R., Huyghe P., Mugnier J.-L., Labrin E., Szulc A. Miocene to Recent exhumation of the central Himalaya determined from combined detrital zircon fission-track and U/Pb analysis of Siwalik sediments, western Nepal. Basin Research 2006, 18:393-412.
17. Breitsprecher K., Thorkelson D.J. Neogene kinematic history of Nazca-Antarctic-Phoenix slab windows beneath Patagonia and the Antarctic Peninsula. Tectonophysics 2009, 464:10-20.
18. Brookfield M.E., Reynolds P.H. Late Cretaceous emplacement of the Indus suture zone ophiolitic mélanges and an Eocene-Oligocene magmatic arc on the northern edge of the Indian Plate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1981, 55:157-162.
19. Burg J.P., Chen G.M. Tectonics and structural zonation of southern Tibet, China. Nature 1984, 311:219-223.
20. Cai F., Ding L., Yue Y. Provenance analysis of upper Cretaceous strata in the Tethys Himalaya, southern Tibet: implications for timing of India-Asia collision. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.055.
21. Carpentier M., Chauvel C., Maury R.C., Mattielli N. The "zircon effect" as recorded by the chemical and Hf isotopic compositions of Lesser Antilles forearc sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 287:86-99.
22. Cawood P.A., Johnson M.R.W., Nemchin A.A. Early Palaeozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana: tectonic response to Gondwana assembly. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 255:70-84.
23. Chan, J.S.L., 2006. Paleocene deep-marine sediments in southern central Tibet: Indication of an arc-continent collision, M. Phil thesis, Department of Earth Sciences. University of Hong Kong. 201 pp.
24. Chan, H.N., 2008. Petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of Yarlung-Tsangpo ophiolites, south Tibet, D. Phil thesis, Department of Earth Sciences. University of Oxford. 152 pp.
25. Chang C.F., Shackleton R.M., Dewey J.F., Yin J.X. The geological evolution of Tibet; report of the 1985 Royal Society-Academia Sinica geotraverse of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, London, United Kingdom 1988, 413.
26. Chiu H.-Y., Chung S.-L., Wu F.-Y., Liu D., Liang Y.-H., Lin I.J., Iizuka Y., Xie L.-W., Wang Y., Chu M.-F. Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints from eastern Transhimalayan batholiths on the precollisional magmatic and tectonic evolution in southern Tibet. Tectonophysics 2009, 477:3-19.
27. Chu M.-F., Chung S.-L., Song B., Liu D., O'Reilly S.Y., Pearson N.J., Ji J., Wen D.-J. Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope constraints on the Mesozoic tectonics and crustal evolution of southern Tibet. Geology 2006, 34:745-748.
28. Chung S.-L., Chu M.-F., Zhang Y., Xie Y., Lo C.-H., Lee T.-Y., Lan C.-Y., Li X., Zhang Q., Wang Y. Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism. Earth-Science Reviews 2005, 68:173-196.
29. Corfield R.I., Searle M.P., Pedersen R.B. Tectonic setting, origin, and obduction history of the Spontang ophiolite, Ladakh Himalaya, NW India. Journal of Geology 2001, 109:715-736.
30. Corfu F., Hanchar J.M., Hoskin P.W.O., Kinny P.D. Atlas of zircon textures. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2003, 53:469-500.
31. Coward M.P., Ries A.C. Collision tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1986, 19:415.
32. Davis A.M., Aitchison J.C., Badengzhu, Luo H., Zyabrev S. Paleogene island arc collision-related conglomerates, Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet. Sedimentary Geology 2002, 150:247-273.
33. Davis A.M., Aitchison J.C., Badengzhu, Hui L. Conglomerates of the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, southern Tibet. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2004, vol. 226:235-246. J. Malpas, C.J.N. Fletcher, J.R. Ali, J.C. Aitchison (Eds.).
34. DeCelles P.G., Gehrels G.E., Quade J., LaReau B., Spurlin M. Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal. Science 2000, 288:497-499.
35. DeCelles P.G., Gehrels G.E., Najman Y., Martin A.J., Carter A., Garzanti E. Detrital geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous-Early Miocene strata of Nepal: implications for timing and diachroneity of initial Himalayan orogenesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 227:313-330.
36. DeCelles P.G., Kapp P., Ding L., Gehrels G.E. Late Cretaceous to middle Tertiary basin evolution in the central Tibetan Plateau: changing environments in response to tectonic partitioning, aridification, and regional elevation gain. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2007, 119:654-680.
37. DeCelles P.G., Quade J., Kapp P., Fan M., Dettman D.L., Ding L. High and dry in central Tibet during the Late Oligocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 253:389-401.
38. DeCelles P.G., Ducea M., Kapp P., Zandt G. Cyclicity in Cordilleran orogenic systems. Nature Geoscience 2009, 2:251-257.
39. Dewey J.F. Orogeny can be very short. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:15286-15293.
40. Dickinson W.R., Gehrels G.E. Use of U-Pb ages of detrital zircons to infer maximum depositional ages of strata: a test against a Colorado Plateau Mesozoic database. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 288:115-125.
41. Ding L., Kapp P., Wan X. Paleocene-Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India-Asia collision, south central Tibet. Tectonics 2005, 24:TC3001. doi:3010.1029/2004TC001729.
42. Dong X., Zhang Z.M., Wang J.L., Zhao G.C., Liu F., Wang W., Yu F. Provenance and formation age of the Nyingchi Group in the southern Lhasa terrane, Tibetan Plateau: petrology and zircon U-Pb geochronology. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2009, 25:1678-1694.
43. Duoji Wen C., Guo J., Fan X., Li X. 4.1 Ga old detrital zircon in western Tibet of China. Chinese Science Bulletin 2007, 52:23-26.
44. Dürr S.B. Provenance of Xigaze fore-arc basin clastic rocks (Cretaceous, South Tibet). Geological Society of America Bulletin 1996, 108:669-684.
45. Einsele G., Liu B., Dürr S., Frisch W., Liu G., Luterbacher H.P., Ratschbacher L., Ricken W., Wendt J., Wetzel A., Yu G., Zheng H. The Xigaze forearc basin: evolution and facies architecture (Cretaceous, Tibet). Sedimentary Geology 1994, 90:1-32.
46. Fang A.M., An Z.S., Liu X.H., Pan Y.S., Li J.L., Yu L.J., Huang F.X., Tao J.R. The age of the plant fossil assemblage in the Liuqu Conglomerate of southern Tibet and its tectonic significance. Progress in Natural Science 2006, 16:55-64.
47. Fang A.M., An Z.S., Liu X.H., Pan Y.S., Li J.L., Yu L.J., Huang F.X., Tao J.R. The flora of the Liuqu Formation in south Tibet and its climatic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 2006, 44:435-445.
48. Gansser A. The Geology of the Himalayas 1964, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 289pp.
49. Garzanti E., Andò S. Plate tectonics and heavy-mineral suites of modern sands. Heavy Minerals in Use 2007, 741-763. Elsevier, Amsterdam. M. Mange, D. Wright (Eds.).
50. Garzanti E., Doglioni C., Vezzoli G., Ando S. Orogenic belts and orogenic sediment provenance. Journal of Geology 2007, 115:315-334.
51. Gehrels, G.E., in press. Provenance studies using isotopic analysis of minerals, In: Busby, C., Perez, A.A. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins, Wiley-Blackwell.
52. Gehrels G.E., DeCelles P.G., Ojha T.P., Upreti B.N. Geologic and U-Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Dadeldhura thrust sheet, far-west Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2006, 28:385-408.
53. Gehrels G.E., Valencia V., Pullen A. Detrital zircon geochronology by laser-ablation multicollector ICPMS at the Arizona Laserchron Center. Geochronology: Emerging Opportunities, Paleontological Society Short Course, October 21, 2006 2006, 67-76. Philadelphia, PA. T. Olszewski (Ed.).
54. Geng Q.-R., Sun Z.-M., Pan G.-T., Zhu D.-C., Wang L.-Q. Origin of the Gangdise (Transhimalaya) Permian arc in southern Tibet: stratigraphic and volcanic geochemical constraints. Island Arc 2009, 18:467-487.
55. Görür N., Sengör A.M.C. Paleogeography and tectonic evolution of the eastern Tethysides: implications for the northwest Australia margin breakup history. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 1992, 122:83-106.
56. Griffin W.L., Powell W.J., Pearson N.J., O'Reilly S.Y. GLITTER: data reduction software for laser ablation ICP-MS. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 2008, vol. 40:308-311. P. Sylvester (Ed.).
57. Hafkenscheid E., Wortel M.J.R., Spakman W. Subduction history of the Tethyan region derived from seismic tomography and tectonic reconstructions. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:B08401. doi:08410.01029/02005JB003791.
58. Harrison T.M., Yin A., Grove M., Lovera O.M., Ryerson F.J., Zhou X. The Zedong Window: a record of superposed Tertiary convergence in southeastern Tibet. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105(19):211-19230.
59. He S.D., Kapp P., DeCelles P.G., Gehrels G.E., Heizler M. Cretaceous-Tertiary geology of the Gangdese Arc in the Linzhou area, southern Tibet. Tectonophysics 2007, 433:15-37.
60. Heim, A., Gansser, A., 1939. Central Himalaya: geological observations of the Swiss Expedition, 1936. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Memoires de la Societe Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles 73, 1-245.
61. Howard K.E., Hand M., Barovich K.M., Reid A., Wade B.P., Belousova E.A. Detrital zircon ages: improving interpretation via Nd and Hf isotopic data. Chemical Geology 2009, 262:293-308.
62. Hu X., Jansa L., Wang C. Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy in south-eastern Tibet: a comparison with the western Himalayas. Cretaceous Research 2008, 29:301-315.
63. Hu X., Jansa L., Chen L., Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., Wang J. Provenance of Lower Cretaceous Wolong Volcaniclastics in the Tibetan Tethyan Himalaya: implications for the final breakup of Eastern Gondwana. Sedimentary Geology 2010, 223:193-205.
64. Jadoul F., Berra F., Garzanti E. The Tethys Himalayan passive margin from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous (South Tibet). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 1998, 16:173-194.
65. Jain A.K., Lal N., Sulemani B., Awasthi A.K., Singh S., Kumar R., Kumar D. Detrital zircon fission-track ages from the Lower Cenozoic sediments, NW Himalayan foreland basin: clues for exhumation and denudation of the Himalaya during the India-Asia collision. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2009, 121:519-535.
66. Ji W.-Q., Wu F.-Y., Chung S.-L., Li J.-X., Liu C.-Z. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 2009, 262:229-245.
67. Kapp P., DeCelles P.G., Gehrels G.E., Heizler M., Ding L. Geological records of the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asian collisions in the Nima area of central Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2007, 119:917-933.
68. Khan S.D., Stern R.J., Manton M.I., Copeland P., Kimura J.I., Khan M.A. Age, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic constraints for mantle source characteristics and petrogenesis of Teru Volcanics, Northern Kohistan Terrane, Pakistan. Tectonophysics 2004, 393:263-280.
69. Kohn M.J., Paul S.K., Corrie S.L. The lower Lesser Himalayan sequence: a Paleoproterozoic arc on the northern margin of the Indian plate. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2009, 122:323-335.
70. Leeder M.R., Smith A.B., Yin J. Sedimentology, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the 1985 Lhasa to Golmud geotraverse. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 1988, 327:107-143.
71. Leier A.L., DeCelles P.G., Kapp P., Ding L. The Takena Formation of the Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet: the record of a Late Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2007, 119:31-48.
72. Leier A.L., DeCelles P.G., Kapp P., Gehrels G.E. Lower Cretaceous strata in the Lhasa terrane, Tibet, with implications for understanding the early tectonic history of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2007, 77:809-825.
73. Leier A.L., Kapp P., Gehrels G.E., DeCelles P.G. Detrital zircon geochronology of Carboniferous-Cretaceous strata in the Lhasa terrane, Southern Tibet. Basin Research 2007, 19:361-378.
74. Li G.W., Liu X.H., Pullen A., Wei L.J., Liu X.B., Huang F.X., Zhou H.J. In-situ detrital zircon geochronology and Hf isotopic analyses from Upper Triassic Tethys sequence strata. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 297:461-470.
75. Liang Y.-H., Chung S.-L., Liu D., Xu Y., Wu F.-Y., Yang J.-H., Wang Y., Lo C.-H. Detrital zircon evidence from Burma for reorganization of the eastern Himalayan river system. American Journal of Science 2008, 308:618-638.
76. Liu G. Permian to Eocene sediments and Indian passive margin evolution in the Tibetan Himalayas. Tübinger Geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten 1992, 13:1-268.
77. Liu J.B. Yamdrok Melange, Gyantze District, Xizang (Tibet), China 2001, Phil thesis, University of Hong Kong, Department of Earth Sciences. M, 228 pp.
78. Liu J.B., Aitchison J.C. Upper Paleocene radiolarians from the Yamdrok mélange, south Xizang (Tibet), China. Micropaleontology 2002, 48:145-154.
79. Liu C.J., Yin J.X., Sun X.X., Sun Y.Y. Marine Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary sequences-the non-flysch deposits of the Xigaze forearc basin in South Xizang. Journal of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1988, 3:130-157.
80. Ludwig K.R. User's manual for Isoplot 3.00. A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel 2003, Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, California.
81. Mahéo G., Bertrand H., Guillot S., Villa I.M., Keller F., Capiez P. The South Ladakh ophiolites (NW Himalaya, India): an intra-oceanic tholeiitic arc origin with implication for the closure of the Neo-Tethys. Chemical Geology 2004, 203:273-303.
82. McCaffrey R. Oblique plate convergence, slip vectors, and forearc deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research 1992, 97:8905-8915.
83. McCrory P.A., Wilson D.S. Interpreting the tectonic evolution of Pacific Rim margins using plate kinematics and slab window volcanism. Tectonophysics 2009, 1-2.
84. McDermid, I.R.C., 2002. Zedong terrane, south Tibet, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Earth Sciences. University of Hong Kong.
85. McDermid I.R.C., Aitchison J.C., Davis A.M., Harrison T.M., Grove M. The Zedong terrane: a Late Jurassic intra-oceanic magmatic arc within the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone, southeastern Tibet. Chemical Geology 2002, 187:267-277.
86. Metcalfe I. Origin and assembly of south-east Asian continental terranes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1988, vol. 37:101-118. M.G. Audley-Charles, A. Hallam (Eds.).
87. Metcalfe I. Gondwanaland dispersion, Asian accretion and evolution of Eastern Tethys. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 1996, 43:605-623.
88. Metcalfe I. Permian tectonic framework and palaeogeography of SE Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2002, 20:551-566.
89. Metcalfe I. Tectonic framework and Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland. Gondwana Research 2011, 19:3-21.
90. Miller C., Schuster R., Klötzli U., Frank W., Grasemann B. Late Cretaceous-Tertiary magmatic and tectonic events in the Transhimalaya batholith (Kailas area, SW Tibet). Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 2000, 80:1-20.
91. Miller C., Thöni M., Frank W., Schuster R., Melcher F., Meisel T., Zanetti A. Geochemistry and tectonomagmatic affinity of the Yungbwa ophiolite, SW Tibet. Lithos 2003, 66:155-172.
92. Mo X., Hou Z., Niu Y., Dong G., Qu X., Zhao Z., Yang Z. Mantle contributions to crustal thickening during continental collision: evidence from Cenozoic igneous rocks in southern Tibet. Lithos 2007, 96:225-242.
93. Mo X.X., Dong G.C., Zhao Z.D., Zhu D.C., Zhou S., Niu Y.L. Mantle input to the crust in southern Gangdese, Tibet, during the Cenozoic: zircon Hf isotopic evidence. Journal of Earth Science 2009, 20:241-249.
94. Myrow P.M., Hughes N.C., Paulsen T.S., Williams I.S., Parcha S.K., Thompson K.R., Bowring S.A., Peng S.C., Ahluwalia A.D. Integrated tectonostratigraphic analysis of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2003, 212:433-441.
95. Myrow P.M., Hughes N.C., Searle M.P., Fanning C.M., Peng S.C., Parcha S.K. Stratigraphic correlation of Cambrian-Ordovician deposits along the Himalaya: implications for the age and nature of rocks in the Mount Everest region. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2009, 121:323-332.
96. Myrow P.M., Hughes N.C., Goodge J.W., Fanning C.M., Williams I.S., Peng S., Bhargava O.N., Parcha S.K., Pogue K.R. Extraordinary transport and mixing of sediment across Himalayan central Gondwana during the Cambrian-Ordovician. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2010, 122:1660-1670.
97. Najman Y., Bickle M., BouDagher-Fadel M., Carter A., Garzanti E., Paul M., Wijbrans J., Willett E., Oliver G., Parrish R., Akhter S.H., Allen R., Ando S., Chisty E., Reisberg L., Vezzoli G. The Paleogene record of Himalayan erosion: Bengal Basin, Bangladesh. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 273:1-14.
98. Najman Y., Appel E., BouDagher-Fadel M., Bown P., Carter A., Garzanti E., Godin L., Han J.T., Liebke U., Oliver G., Parrish R., Vezzoli G. The timing of India-Asia collision: geological, biostratigraphic and palaeomagnetic constraints. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:B12416.
99. Pan, G.T., Ding, J., Yao, D.S., Wang, L.Q., (Eds), 2004. Geological Map of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and adjacent areas, 1:1,500,000 ed. Chengdu Cartographic Publishing House, Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chengdu, China Geological Survey.
100. Pan G.T., Mo X.X., Zhu D.C., Wang L.Q., Li G.M., Zhao Z.D., Geng Q.R., Liao Z.L. Spatial-temporal framework of the Gangdese Orogenic Belt and its evolution. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2006, 22:521-533.
101. Pedersen R.B., Searle M.P., Corfield R.I. U-Pb zircon ages from the Spontang Ophiolite, Ladakh Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2001, 158:513-520.
102. Pell S.D., Williams I.S., Chivas A.R. The use of protolith zircon-age fingerprints in determining the protosource areas for some Australian dune sands. Sedimentary Geology 1997, 109:233-260.
103. Phillips E.R., Evans J.A., Stone P., Horstwood M.S.A., Floyd J.D., Smith R.A., Akhurst M.C., Barron H.F. Detrital Avalonian zircons in the Laurentian Southern Uplands terrane, Scotland. Geology 2003, 31:625-628.
104. Pullen A., Kapp P., Gehrels G.E., DeCelles P.G., Brown E.H., Fabijanic J.M., Ding L. Gangdese retroarc thrust belt and foreland basin deposits in the Damxung area, southern Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2008, 33:323-336.
105. Pullen A., Kapp P., Gehrels G.E., Vervoort J.D., Ding L. Triassic continental subduction in central Tibet and Mediterranean-style closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Geology 2008, 36:351-354.
106. Schärer U., Rong H.X., Allègre C.J. U-Pb geochronology of Gangdese (Transhimalaya) plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze region, Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1984, 69:311-320.
107. Schettino A., Scotese C.R. Apparent polar wander paths for the major continents (200Ma to the present day): a palaeomagnetic reference frame for global plate tectonic reconstructions. Geophysical Journal International 2005, 163:727-759.
108. Searle M.P., Windley B.F., Coward M.P., Cooper D.J.W., Rex A.J., Rex D., Li T., Xiao X., Jan M.Q., Thakur V.C., Kumar S. The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1987, 98:678-701.
109. Searle M.P., Cooper D.W.J., Rex A.J. Collision tectonics of the Ladakh-Zanskar Himalaya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 1988, 326:117-150.
110. Sengör A.M.C. Tectonics of the Tethysides: orogenic collage development in a collisional setting. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1987, 15:213-244.
111. Sengör A.M.C., Altiner D., Cin A., Ustaömer T., Hsu K.J. Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1988, vol. 37:119-181. M.G. Audley-Charles, A. Hallam (Eds.).
112. Shi G.H., Cui W.Y., Cao S.M., Jiang N., Jian P., Liu D.Y., Miao L.C., Chu B.B. Ion microprobe zircon U-Pb age and geochemistry of the Myanmar jadeitite. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2008, 165:221-234.
113. Shi G.-H., Jiang N., Liu Y., Wang X., Zhang Z.-Y., Xu Y.-J. Zircon Hf isotope signature of the depleted mantle in the Myanmar jadeitite: implications for Mesozoic intra-oceanic subduction between the Eastern Indian Plate and the Burmese Platelet. Lithos 2009, 112:342-350.
114. Strachan R.A., Collins A.S., Buchan C., Nance R.D., Murphy J.B., D'Lemos R.S. Terrane analysis along a Neoproterozoic active margin of Gondwana: insights from U-Pb zircon geochronology. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2007, 164:57-60.
115. Tafti R., Mortensen J.K., Lang J.R., Rebagliati M., Oliver J.L. Jurassic U-Pb and Re-Os ages for the newly discovered Xietongmen Cu-Au porphyry district, Tibet, PRC: implications for metallogeneic epochs in the southern Gangdese Belt. Economic Geology 2009, 104:127-136.
116. Tapponnier P., Mercier J.L., Proust F., Andrieux J., Armijo R., Bassoullet J.P., Brunel M., Burg J.P., Colchen M., Dupre B., Girardeau J., Marcoux J., Mascle G., Matte P., Nicolas A., Li T.D., Xiao X.C., Chang C.F., Lin P.Y., Li G.C., Wan N.W., Chen G.M., Han T.L., Wang X.B., Den W.M., Zheng H.X., Sheng H.B., Cao Y.G., Zhou J., Qin H.R. The Tibetan side of the India-Eurasia collision. Nature 1981, 294:405-410.
117. van der Meer D.G., Spakman W., van Hinsbergen D.J.J., Amaru M.L., Torsvik T.H. Towards absolute plate motions constrained by lower-mantle slab remnants. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3:36-40.
118. Van der Voo R., Spakman W., Bijwaard H. Tethyan subducted slabs under India. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 171:7-20.
119. Wan X., Wang L., Wang C., Jansa L. Discovery and significance of Cretaceous fossils from the Xigaze forearc basin, Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 1998, 16:217-223.
120. Wang C.S., Liu Z.F., et al. Xigaze Forearc Basin and Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone, Tibet 1999, Geological Publishing House, Beijing.
121. Wang C., Hu X., Sarti M., Scott R.W., Li X. Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds in southern Tibet: a major change from anoxic to oxic, deep-sea environments. Cretaceous Research 2005, 26:21-32.
122. Wang J.-G., Hu X.-M., Wu F.-Y., Jansa L. Provenance of the Liuqu Conglomerate in southern Tibet: a Paleogene erosional record of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Sedimentary Geology 2010, 231:74-84.
123. Wen D.-J., Chung S.-L., Song B., Iizuka Y., Yang H.J., Ji J.Q., Liu D.Y., Gallet S. Late Cretaceous Gangdese intrusions of adakitic geochemical characteristics, SE Tibet: petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Lithos 2008, 105:1-11.
124. Wen D.R., Liu D., Chung S.L., Chu M.F., Ji J., Zhang Q., Song B., Lee T.Y., Yeh M.W., Lo C.H. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages of the Gangdese Batholith and implications for Neotethyan subduction in southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 2008, 252:191-201.
125. Willems H., Zhou Z., Zhang B., Graefe K.U. Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary strata in the Tethyan Himalayas of Tibet (Tingri area), China. Geologische Rundschau 1996, 85:723-754.
126. Williams H.M., Turner S.P., Pearce J.A., Kelley S.P., Harris N.B.W. Nature of the source regions for post-collisional, potassic magmatism in southern and northern Tibet from geochemical variations and inverse trace element modelling. Journal of Petrology 2004, 45:555-607.
127. Woodhead J.D., Hergt J.M., Davidson J.P., Eggins S.M. Hafnium isotope evidence for 'conservative' element mobility during subduction zone processes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 192:331-346.
128. Wright J.E., Wyld S.J. Alternative tectonic model for Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous evolution of the Great Valley Group, California. Geological Society of America Special Papers 2007, vol. 419:81-95.
129. Wu H.R. The Congdu Formation-Cretaceous deep-sea deposits in southern Xizang (Tibet) and its significance. Scientia Geologica Sinica 1984, 1984:26-33.
130. Wu H.R. Some new genera and species of Cenomanian Radiolaria from southern Xizang (Tibet). Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 1986, 3:347-360.
131. Wu F.-Y., Ji W.-Q., Liu C.-Z., Chung S.-L. Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic data from the Xigaze fore-arc basin: constraints on Transhimalayan magmatic evolution in southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 2010, 271:13-25.
132. Xia X.P., Sun M., Zhao G.C., Li H.M., Zhou M.F. Spot zircon U-Pb isotope analysis by ICP-MS coupled with a frequency quintupled (213nm) Nd-YAG laser system. Geochemical Journal 2004, 38:191-200.
133. Xia X., Sun M., Zhao G., Luo Y. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from the Jining Complex, North China Craton and its tectonic significance. Precambrian Research 2006, 144:199-212.
134. Xizang Scientific Expedition Chinese Academy of Sciences Stratigraphy of the Mount Qomolangma Region 1987, Science Press, Beijing, 225 pp.
135. Yang J., Xu Z., Li Z., Xu X., Li T., Ren Y., Li S.C.H., Robinson P.T. Discovery of an eclogite belt in the Lhasa block, Tibet: a new border for Paleo-Tethys?. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2009, 34:76-89.
136. Yin A., Harrison T.M. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2000, 28:211-280.
137. Yin A., Harrison T.M., Murphy M.A., Grove M., Nie S., Ryerson F.J., Wang X., Chen Z. Tertiary deformation history of southeastern and southwestern Tibet during the Indo-Asian collision. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1999, 111:1644-1664.
138. Yoshida M., Upreti B.N. Neoproterozoic India within East Gondwana: constraints from recent geochronologic data from Himalaya. Gondwana Research 2006, 10:349-356.
139. Zhang Z.M., Wang J.L., Dong X., Zhao G.C., Yu F., Wang W., Liu F. Petrology and geochronology of the charnockite from the southern Gangdese Belt, Tibet: evidence for the Andean-type orogen. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2009, 25:1707-1720.
140. Zhang Z., Zhao G., Santosh M., Wang J., Dong X., Shen K. Late Cretaceous charnockite with adakitic affinities from the Gangdese batholith, southeastern Tibet: evidence for Neo-Tethyan mid-ocean ridge subduction?. Gondwana Research 2010, 17:615-631.
141. Zhang Z.M., Zhao G.C., Santosh M., Wang J.L., Dong X., Liou J.G. Two stages of granulite facies metamorphism in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, south Tibet: petrology, zircon geochronology and implications for the subduction of Neo-Tethys and the Indian continent beneath Asia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2010, 28:719-733.
142. Zhang Z., Dong X., Santosh M., Liu F., Wang W., Yiu F., He Z., Y., Shen K. Petrology and geochronology of the Namche Barwa Complex in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, Tibet: constraints on the origin and evolution of the north-eastern margin of the Indian Craton. Gondwana Research 2011, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2011.02.002.
143. Zhong L.F., Xia B., Zhang Y.Q., Wang R., Wei D.L., Yang Z.Q. Origin of the Luobusa ophiolite, southern Tibet: Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic constraints on crust lavas. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology 2006, 26:57-63.
144. Zhu B., Kidd W.S.F., Rowley D.B., Currie B.S., Shafique N. Age of initiation of the India-Asia collision in the East-Central Himalaya. Journal of Geology 2005, 113:265-285.
145. Zhu D.C., Pan G.T., Mo X.X., Wang L.Q., Liao Z.L., Zhao Z.D., Dong G.C., Zhou C.Y. Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous geodynamic setting in middle-northern Gangdese: new insights from volcanic rocks. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2006, 22:534-546.
146. Zhu D., Pan G., Mo X., Liao Z., Jiang X., Wang L., Zhao Z. Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Sangxiu Formation, central segment of Tethyan Himalaya: a probable example of plume-lithosphere interaction. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2007, 29:320-335.
147. Zhu D., Mo X., Pan G., Zhao Z., Dong G., Shi Y., Liao Z., Wang L., Zhou C. Petrogenesis of the earliest Early Cretaceous mafic rocks from the Cona area of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya in south Tibet: interaction between the incubating Kerguelen plume and the eastern Greater India lithosphere. Lithos 2008, 100:147-173.
148. Zhu D.C., Pan G.T., Chung S.-L., Liao Z.L., Wang L.Q., Li G.M. SHRIMP zircon age and geochemical constraints on the origin of Lower Jurassic volcanic rocks from the Yeba Formation, southern Gangdese, south Tibet. International Geology Review 2008, 50:442-471.
149. Zhu D.-C., Mo X.-X., Niu Y., Zhao Z.-D., Wang L.-Q., Liu Y.-S., Wu F.-Y. Geochemical investigation of Early Cretaceous igneous rocks along an east-west traverse throughout the central Lhasa Terrane, Tibet. Chemical Geology 2009, 268:298-312.
150. Zhu D.C., Chung S.L., Mo X.X., Zhao Z.D., Niu Y.L., Song B., Yang Y.H. The 132Ma Comei-Bunbury large igneous province: remnants identified in present-day SE Tibet and SW Australia. Geology 2009, 37:583-586.
151. Ziabrev S.V., Aitchison J.C., Abrajevitch A., Badengzhu, Davis A.M., Luo H. Precise radiolarian age constraints on the timing of ophiolite generation and sedimentation in the Dazhuqu terrane, Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2003, 160:591-600.
152. Ziabrev S.V., Aitchison J.C., Abrajevitch A., Badengzhu, Davis A.M., Luo H. Bainang Terrane, Yarlung-Tsangpo suture, southern Tibet (Xizang, China): a record of intra-Tethyan subduction-accretion processes preserved on the roof of the World. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2004, 161:523-539.