The Epidemiology of Depression and Diabetes

Depression and Diabetes

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-27

  Lloyd, Cathy E ^a   Hermanns, Norbert ^b   Nouwen, Arie ^c   Pouwer, Frans ^d   Underwood, Leigh ^e   Winkley, Kirsty ^f  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Research Institute   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^f KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Depression as a Risk Factor for Diabetes; Depressive Symptomatology and Glycaemic Control; Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA); International Variations in Rates of Depression in People with Diabetes; Longer Term Outcomes and the Impact of Depression in Diabetes; Mild Depression and Other Psychological Comorbidities in People with Diabetes; Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID); Rates of Depression in People with Diabetes; Risk factors for depression in people with diabetes; The Epidemiology of Depression and Diabetes

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052437569     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470667309.ch1     Document Type: Chapter

References (137)

1. Anderson, R.J., Freedland, K.E., Clouse, R.E., and Lustman, P.J. (2001) The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 6, 1069-1078.
2. Ali, S., Stone, M., Peters, J. et al. (2006) The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic reviewand metaanalysis. Diabet. Med., 23, 1165-1173.
3. Barnard, K., Skinner, T., and Peveler, R. (2006) The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with Type 1 diabetes: systematic literature review. Diabet. Med., 23, 445-448.
4. Pouwer, F., Beekman, T.F., Nijpels, G. et al. (2003) Rates and risks for co-morbid depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a community-based study. Diabetologia, 46, 892-898.
5. Simon, G., Katon,W., Lin, E. et al. (2005) Diabetes complications and depression as predictors of health service costs. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 27, 344-351.
6. Egede, L.E., Nietert, P.J., and Zheng, D. (2005) Depression and allcause and coronary mortality among adults with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28, 1339-1345.
7. Katon, W., Lin, E.H., and Kroenke, K. (2007) The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 29, 147-155.
8. Radloff, L.S. (1977) A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl. Psych. Meas., 1, 385-401.
9. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., and Williams, J.B. (2001) The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 16, 606-613.
10. Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E. et al. (2007) Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet, 370, 851-858.
11. Goldney, R., Phillips, P., Gisher, L., and Wilson, D. (2004) Diabetes, depression and quality of life. Diabetes Care, 27, 1066-1070.
12. Egede, L. (2004) Diabetes, major depression, and functional disability among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care, 27, 421-428.
13. Gendelman, N., Snell-Bergeon, J.K., McFann, K. et al. (2009) Prevalence and correlates of depression in individuals with and without Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32, 575-579.
14. Maraldi, C., Volpato, S., Penninx, B. et al. (2007) Diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, and incident depressive symptoms among 70-to79-year-old persons: the health, aging, and body composition study. Arch. Gen. Med., 167, 1137-1144.
15. Nouwen, A. and Oyebode, J.R. (2009) Depression and diabetes in older adults, in Diabetes in Old Age (ed. A. Sinclair), JohnWiley&Sons Ltd, Chichester, pp. 385-401.
16. Kovacs, M., Goldston, D., Obrosky, D.S., and Bonar, L.K. (1997) Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: rates and risk factors. Diabetes Care, 20, 36-44.
17. Bryden, K.S., Neil, A., Mayou, R.A. et al. (1999) Eating habits, body weight, and insulin misuse. Diabetes Care, 22, 1956-1960.
18. Northam, E.A., Matthews, L.K., Anderson, P.J. et al. (2004) Psychiatric morbidity and health outcome in Type 1 diabetes -perspectives from a prospective longitudinal study. Diabet. Med., 22, 152-157.
19. Lawrence, J.M., Standiford, D.A., Loots, B. et al. (2006) Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. J. Pediatrics, 117, 1348-1358.
20. Lloyd, C.E., Dyer, P.H., and Barnett, A.H. (2000) Prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a diabetes clinic population. Diabet. Med., 17, 198-202.
21. Engum, A., Mykletun, A., Midthjell, K. et al. (2005) Depression and diabetes: a large population-based study of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28, 1904-1909.
22. Katon, W.J., Simon, G., Russo, J. et al. (2004) Quality of depression care in a population-based sample of patients with diabetes and major depression. Med. Care, 42, 1222-1229.
23. Gary, T., Crum, R., Cooper-Patrick, L. et al. (2000) Depressive symptoms and metabolic control in African-Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 23, 23-29.
24. Thomas, J., Jones, G., Scarinci, I., and Brantley, P. (2003) A descriptive and comparative study of the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in low-income adults with type 2 diabetes and other chronic illnesses. Diabetes Care, 26, 2311-2317.
25. Egede, L.E. and Zheng, D. (2003) Independent factors associated with major depressive disorder in a national sample of individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26, 104-111.
26. Bell, R.A., Smith, S.L., Arcury, T.A. et al. (2005) Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among rural older African Americans, native Americans, and whites with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28, 823-829.
27. Fisher, L., Chesla, C., Mullan, J. et al. (2001) Contributors to depression in Latino and European-American patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 24, 1751-1757.
28. Trief, P.M., Morin, P.C., Izquierdo, R. et al. (2006) Depression and glycemic control in elderly ethnically diverse patients with diabetes: The IDEATel Project. Diabetes Care, 29, 830-835.
29. Asghar, S., Hussain, A., Ali, S. et al. (2007) Prevalence of depression and diabetes: a population-based study from rural Bangladesh. Diabet. Med., 24, 872-877.
30. Singh, P.K., Looker, H.C., Hanson, R.L. et al. (2004) Depression, diabetes, and glycemic control in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care, 27, 618-619.
31. Zahid, N., Asghar, S., Claussen, B., and Hussain, A. (2008) Depression and diabetes in a rural community in Pakistan. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 79, 124-127.
32. Pouwer, F., Skinner, T., Pibernik-Okanovic, M. et al. (2005) Serious diabetes-specific emotional problems and depression in a Croatian-Dutch-English survey from the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 70, 166-173.
33. de Jonge, P., Roy, J., Saz, P. et al. (2006) Prevalent and incident depression in community-dwelling elderly persons with diabetes mellitus: results from the ZARADEMP project. Diabetologia, 49, 2627-2633.
34. Hislop, A., Fegan, P., Schlaeppi, M. et al. (2008) Prevalence and associations of psychological distress in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med., 25, 91-96.
35. Peyrot, M. and Rubin, R.R. (1997) Levels and risks of depression and anxiety symptomatology among diabetic adults. Diabetes Care, 20, 585-590.
36. Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., Krichbaum, M. et al. (2005) Affective and anxiety disorders in a German sample of diabetic patients: prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors. Diabet. Med., 22, 293-300.
37. Eaton,W., Shao, H., Nestadt, G. et al. (2008) Population-based study of first onset and chronicity in major depressive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 65, 513-520.
38. Brown, G.W., Bifulco, A., and Harris, T.O. (1987) Life events, vulnerability and onset of depression: some refinements. Br. J. Psychiatry, 50, 30-42.
39. Kessler, R. (1997) The effects of stressful life events on depression. Ann. Rev. Psychol., 48, 191-214.
40. Kendler, K.S., Karkowski, L.M., and Prescott, C.A. (1999) Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 837-841.
41. Carvalhais, S., Lima-Costa, M., Peixoto, S. et al. (2008) The influence of socio-economic conditions on the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its covariates in an elderly population with slight income differences: the Bambuí Health and Aging Study (BHAS). Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry, 54, 447-456.
42. Pilowsky, D., Wickramaratne, P., Rush, A. et al. (2006) Children of currently depressed mothers: a STARD ancillary study. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 67, 126-136.
43. Jaser, S.S., Whittemore, R., Ambrosino, J.M. et al. (2008) Mediators of depressive symptoms in children with type 1 diabetes and their mothers. J. Pediatr. Psychol., 33, 509-519.
44. Thompson, C., Syddall, H., Rodin, I. et al. (2001) Birth weight and the risk of depressive disorder in late life. Br. J. Psychiatry, 179, 450-455.
45. Paile-Hyvärinen, M.,Räikkönen, K., Forsén, T. et al. (2007) Depression and its association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and birth weight. Ann. Med., 39, 634-640.
46. Lustman, P.,Griffith, L., and Clouse, R. (1988) Depression in adults with diabetes. Results of 5-yr follow-up study. Diabetes Care, 11, 605-612.
47. Brooks, R.J. (1999) Gender differences in the effect of the subjective experience of diabetes and sense of control on distress. Health, 3, 399-421.
48. Lewinsohn, P., Rohde, P., Seeley, J., and Fischer, S. (1991) Age and depression: unique and shared effects. Psychol. Aging, 6, 247-260.
49. Roberts, R., Kaplan, G., Shema, S., and Strawbridge, W. (1997) Does growing old increase the risk for depression? Am. J. Psychiatry, 154, 1384-1390.
50. Mast, B., Miles, T., Penninx, B. et al. (2008)Vascular disease and future risk of depressive symptomatology in older adults: findings from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Biol. Psychiatry, 64, 320-326.
51. Collins, M.M., Corcoran, P., and Perry, J. (2009) Anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes. Diabet. Med., 26, 153-161.
52. Fisher, L., Skaff, M.M., Mullan, J.T. et al. (2008) A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet. Med., 25, 1096-1101.
53. Kovacs, M., Obrosky, D.S., Goldston, D., and Drash, A. (1997) Major depressive disorder in youths with IDDM: a controlled prospective study of course and outcome. Diabetes Care, 20, 45-51.
54. Peyrot, M. and Rubin, R.R. (1999) Persistence of depressive symptoms in diabetic adults. Diabetes Care, 22, 448-452.
55. Lustman, P.J., Griffith, L.S., Freedland, K.E., and Clouse, R.E. (1997) The course of major depression in diabetes. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 19, 138-143.
56. Simpson, H., Nee, J., and Endicott, J. (1997) First-episode major depression. Few sex differences in course. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 54, 633-639.
57. Post, R.M. (1992) Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 149, 999-1010.
58. Stroud, C., Davila, J., and Moyer, A. (2008) The relationship between stress and depression in first onsets versus recurrences: a meta-analytic review. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 117, 206-213.
59. Monroe, S.M., Slowich, G.M., Torres, L.D., and Gotlib, I.H. (2007) Major life events and major chronic difficulties are differentially associated with history of major depressive episodes. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 116, 116-124.
60. Kendler, K.S., Thornton, L.M., and Gardner, C.O. (2000) Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the "kindling" hypothesis. Am. J. Psychiatry, 157, 1243-1251.
61. Monroe, S. and Harkness, K. (2005) Life stress, the "kindling" hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychol. Rev., 112, 417-445.
62. Bruce, D., Casey, G., Davis, W. et al. (2006) Vascular depression in older people with diabetes. Diabetologia, 49, 2828-2836.
63. de Groot, M., Anderson, R.M., Freedland, K.E. et al. (2001) Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom. Med., 63, 619-630.
64. Katon,W., Russo, J., Lin, E.H.B. et al. (2009) Depression and diabetes: factors associated with major depression at five-year follow-up. Psychosomatics, 50, 570-579.
65. Knol, M., Heerdink,E., Egberts,A. et al. (2007) Depressive symptomsin subjects with diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. Psychosom. Med., 69, 300-305.
66. Palinkas, L., Barrett-Connor, E., and Wingard, D. (1991) Type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms in older adults: a population-based study. Diabet. Med., 8, 532-539.
67. Icks, A., Kruse, J., Dragano, N. et al. (2008) Are symptoms of depression more common in diabetes? Results from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. Diabet. Med., 25, 1330-1336.
68. Padgett, D.K. (1993) Sociodemographic and disease-related correlates of depressive morbidity among diabetic patients in Zagreb, Croatia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 181, 123-129.
69. Bruce, D.G., Davis, W.A., and Davis, T.M.E. (2005) Longitudinal predictors of reduced mobility and physical disability in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28, 2441-2447.
70. Wikblad, K.,Wibell, L., and Montin, K. (1991) Health and unhealth in chronic disease. Scand. J. Caring Sci., 5, 71-77.
71. Pawaskar, M., Anderson, R., and Balkrishnan, R. (2007) Self-reported predictors of depressive symptomatology in an elderly population with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Health&Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 50.
72. Lysy, Z., Da Costa, D., and Dasgupta, K. (2008) The association of physical activity and depression in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet. Med., 25, 1133-1341.
73. Anstey, K., von Sanden, C., Sargent-Cox, K., and Luszcz, M. (2007) Prevalence and risk factors for depression in a longitudinal, populationbased study including individuals in the community and residential care. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 15, 497-501.
74. Fitten, L., Ortiz, F., Fairbanks, L. et al. (2008) Depression, diabetes and metabolic-nutritional factors in elderly Hispanics. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 12, 634-640.
75. Luijendijk, H., Stricker, B., Hofman, A. et al. (2008) Cerebrovascular risk factors and incident depression in community-dwelling elderly. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 118, 139-148.
76. Moreira, R.O., Marca, K.F., Appolinario, J.C., and Coutinho, W.F. (2007) Increased waist circumference is associated with an increased prevalence of mood disorders and depressive symptoms in obese women. Eat. Weight Disord., 12, 35-40.
77. Polonsky, W., Anderson, B., Lohrer, P. et al. (1995) Assessment of diabetes related distress. Diabetes Care, 18, 754-760.
78. Black, S.A. (1999) Increased health burden associated with comorbid depression in older diabetic Mexican Americans. Results from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly Survey. Diabetes Care, 22, 56-64.
79. Palinkas, L., Lee, P., and Barrett-Connor, E. (2004) A prospective study of Type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabet. Med., 21, 1185-1191.
80. Polsky, D., Doshi, J., Marcus, S. et al. (2005) Long-term risk for depressive symptoms after a medical diagnosis. Arch. Intern. Med., 165, 1260-1266.
81. Golden, S., Lazo, M., Carnethon, M. et al. (2008) Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes. JAMA, 299, 2751-2759.
82. Brown, L., Majumdar, S., Newman, S., and Johnson, J. (2006) Type 2 diabetes does not increase risk of depression. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 175, 42-46.
83. Engum, A. (2007) The role of depression and anxiety in onset of diabetes in a large population-based study. J. Psychosom. Res., 62, 31-38.
84. Kim, J.M., Stewart, R., Kim, S.W. et al. (2006)Vascular risk factors and incident late-life depression in a Korean population. Br. J. Psychiatry, 189, 26-30.
85. Mezuk, B., Eaton, W.W., Albrecht, S., and Golden, S.H. (2008) Depression and Type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 31, 2383-2390.
86. Willis, T. (1674) Pharmaceutice Rationalis Sive Diatriba De Medicamentorum Operationibus in Humano Corpore, Theatro Sheldoniano, Oxford.
87. Knol, M.J., Twisk, J.W.R., Beekman, A.T.F. et al. (2006) Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 49, 837-845.
88. Van der Kooy, K., van Hout, H., Marwijk, H. et al. (2007) Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta analysis. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 22, 613-626.
89. Whooley, M.A., de Jonge, P., Vittinghoff, E. et al. (2008) Depressive symptoms, health behaviors and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA, 300, 2379-2388.
90. Brown, E.S., Varghese, F.P., and McEwen, B.S. (2004) Association of depression with medical illness: does cortisol play a role? Biol. Psychiatry, 55, 1-9.
91. Vogelzangs, N., Kritchevsky, S.B., Beekman, A.T.F. et al. (2008) Depressive symptoms and change in abdominal obesity in older persons. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 65, 1386-1393.
92. Hu, J., Amoako, E.P., Gruber, K.J., and Rossen, E.K. (2007) The relationship among health functioning indicators and depression in older adults with diabetes. Issues Ment. Health Nurs., 28, 133-150.
93. Manson, J., Rimm, E., Stampfer, M. et al. (1991) Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet, 338, 774-778.
94. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared withconventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet, 352, 837-853.
95. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 977-985.
96. Ciechanowski, P.S., Katon,W.J., and Russo, J.E. (2000) Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function and costs. Arch. Intern. Med., 160, 3278-3285.
97. Hampson, S., Glasgow, R., and Strycker, L. (2000) Beliefs versus feelings: a comparison of personal models and depression for predicting multiple outcomes in diabetes. Br. J. Health Psychol., 5, 27-29.
98. Katon,W., Russo, J., Lin, E.H.B. et al. (2009) Diabetes and poor disease control: is depression associated with poor adherence or lack of treatment intensification? Psychosom. Med., 71, 965-972.
99. Lustman, P.J., Anderson, R.J., Freedland, K.E. et al. (2000) Depression and poor glycemic control. A meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care, 23, 934-942.
100. Katon, W.J., Rutter, C., Simon, G. et al. (2005) The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28, 2668-2672.
101. Ismail, K.,Winkley, K., Stahl, D. et al. (2007) A cohort study of people with diabetes and their first foot ulcer: the role of depression on mortality. Diabetes Care, 30, 1473-1479.
102. Nakahara, R., Yoshiuchi, K., Kumano, H. et al. (2006) Prospective study on influence of psychosocial factors on glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Psychosomatics, 47, 240-246.
103. Richardson, L.K., Egede, L.E., Mueller, M. et al. (2008) Longitudinal effects of depression on glycemic control in veterans with Type 2 diabetes. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 30, 509-514.
104. Lustman, P.J., Clouse, R.E., Freedland, K.E. et al. (1997) Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glucose regulation in diabetes: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom. Med., 59, 241-250.
105. Lustman, P., Freedland, K., Griffith, L., and Clouse, R. (2000) Fluoxetine for depression in diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Diabetes Care, 23, 618-623.
106. Lustman, P.J., Clouse, R.E., Nix, B.D. et al. (2006) Sertraline for prevention of depression recurrence in diabetes mellitus. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 63, 521-529.
107. Paile-Hyvärinen, M.,Wahlbeck, K., and Eriksson, J. (2003) Quality of life and metabolic status in mildly depressed women with type 2 diabetes treated with paroxetine: a single-blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BMC Fam. Pract., 4, 7.
108. Katon,W.,VonKorff, M., Ciechanowski, P. et al. (2004) Behavioral and clinical factors associated with depression among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27, 914-920.
109. Williams, J.W., Katon,W., Lin, E.H.B. et al. (2004) The effectiveness of depression care management on diabetes-related outcomes in older patients. Ann. Intern. Med., 140, 1015-1024.
110. Aikens, J. and Piette, J.D. (2009) Diabetic patients' medication underuse, illness outcomes, and beliefs about antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive treatments. Diabetes Care, 32, 1177-1181.
111. McCarthy,M. (1990) The thin ideal, depression and eating disorders in women. Behav. Res. Ther., 28, 205-214.
112. Bryden, K.S., Peveler, R.C., Stein, A. et al. (2001) Clinical and psychological course of diabetes from adolescence to young adulthood. Diabetes Care, 24, 1536-1540.
113. Rydall, A.C., Rodin, G.M., Olmstead, M.P. et al. (1997) Disordered eating behavior and microvascular complications in young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med., 336, 1849-1854.
114. Jones, J.M., Lawson, M.L., Daneman, D. et al. (2000) Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. BMJ, 320, 1563-1566.
115. Colton, P., Olmstead, M.P., Daneman, D. et al. (2004) Disturbed eating behavior and eating disorders in preteen and early teenage girls with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27, 1654-1659.
116. Grigsby, A.B., Anderson, R.J., Freedland, K.E. et al. (2002) Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes: a systematic review. J. Psychosom. Res., 53, 1053-1060.
117. Mollema, E.D., Snoek, F.J., Adér, H.J. et al. (2001) Insulin-treated diabetes patients with fear of self-injecting or fear of self-testing: psychological comorbidity and general well-being. J. Psychosom. Res., 51, 665-672.
118. Snoek, F., Mollema, E., Heine, R. et al. (1997) Development and validation of the Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-Testing Questionnaire (D-FISQ): first findings. Diabet. Med., 14, 871-876.
119. Karlson, B. and Agardh, C.D. (1997) Burden of illness, metabolic control and complications in relation to depressive symptoms in IDDM patients. Diabet. Med., 14, 1066-1072.
120. Polonsky, W.H., Fisher, L., Guzman, S. et al. (2005) Psychological insulin resistance in patients with Type 2 diabetes: the scope of the problem. Diabetes Care, 28, 2543-2545.
121. Petrak, F., Stridde, E., Leverkus, F. et al. (2007) Development and validation of a new measure to evaluate psychological resistance to insulin treatment. Diabetes Care, 30, 2199-2204.
122. Pibernik-Okanović, M., Begić, D., Peros, K. et al. (2008) Psychosocial factors contributing to persistent depressive symptoms in type 2 diabetic patients: a Croatian survey from the European Depression in Diabetes Research Consortium. J. Diabetes Comp., 22, 246-253.
123. Lin, E.H.B., Katon, W., Von Korff, M. et al. (2004) Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventive care. Diabetes Care, 27, 2154-2160.
124. Wade, A.N., Farmer, A.J., and French, D.P. (2004) Association of beliefs about illness and medication with self-care activities in noninsulin treated Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 21(Suppl.), 52.
125. Skinner, T.C., Hampson, S.E., and Fife-Schaw, C. (2002) Personality, personal model beliefs and self-care in adolescents and young adults with Type 1 diabetes. Health Psychol., 21, 61-70.
126. Heller, S., Davies, M.J., Khunti, K. et al. (2005) The illness beliefs of people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: results from the DESMOND pilot study. Diabetologia, 48(Suppl.), A324.
127. Lloyd, C.E., Wing, R.R., Matthews, K.M., and Orchard, T.J. (1992) Psychosocial factors and the complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study -VIII. Diabetes Care, 15, 166-172.
128. Orchard, T.J., Olson, J.C., Erbey, J.R. et al. (2003) Insulin resistancerelated factors, but not glycemia, predict coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes: 10-year follow-up data from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care, 26, 1374-1379.
129. Kovacs, M., Mukerji, P., Drash, A., and Iyengar, S. (1995) Biomedical and psychiatric risk factors for retinopathy among children with IDDM. Diabetes Care, 18, 1592-1599.
130. Lett, H.S., Blumenthal, J.A., Babyak, M.A. et al. (2004) Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease: evidence mechanisms, and treatment. Psychosom. Med., 66, 305-315.
131. Thomas, A.J., Kalaria, R.N., and O'Brien, J.T. (2004) Depression and vascular disease: what is the relationship? J. Affect. Disord., 79, 81-95.
132. Zhang, X., Norris, S.L., Gregg, E.W. et al. (2005) Depressive symptoms and mortality among persons with and without diabetes. Am. J. Epidemiol., 161, 652-660.
133. Lin, E.H.B., Heckbert, S.R., Rutter, C.M. et al. (2009) Depression and increased mortality in diabetes: unexpected causes of death. Ann. Family Med., 7, 414-421.
134. Black, S.A., Markides, K.S., and Ray, L.A. (2003) Depression predicts increased incidence of adverse health outcomes in older Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26, 2822-2828.
135. Evans, J., MacDonald, T., Leese, G. et al. (2000) Impact of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on patterns and costs of drug prescribing: a populationbased study. Diabetes Care, 23, 770-774.
136. Everson, S., Maty, S., Lynch, J., and Kaplan, G. (2002) Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes. J. Psychosom. Res., 53, 891-895.
137. Riolo, S.A., Nguyen, T.A., and King, C.A. (2005) Prevalence of depression by race/ethnicity: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Am. J. Public Health, 95, 998-1000.