Diagnostic approach to the patient with jaundice

Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 469-482

  Winger, James ^a   Michelfelder, Aaron ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Bilirubin; Cholestasis; Jaundice; Liver disease

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; ALLOPURINOL; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; ANABOLIC AGENT; BILIRUBIN; CAPTOPRIL; CARBAMAZEPINE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYPROHEPTADINE; DILTIAZEM; ERYTHROMYCIN; ESTROGEN; FLOXURIDINE; FLUCLOXACILLIN; FLUPHENAZINE; GOLD SALT; HEME; IMIPRAMINE; INDINAVIR; IPRINDOLE; METHYLTESTOSTERONE; NEVIRAPINE; OXAPROZIN; PIZOTIFEN; QUINIDINE; TOLBUTAMIDE;

BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION; HEME SYNTHESIS; HEPATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; JAUNDICE; LABORATORY TEST; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL DAMAGE; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER INJURY; MEDICAL HISTORY; OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; STRATEGIC PLANNING; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION;

BILIRUBIN; HEME; HUMANS; JAUNDICE; JAUNDICE, OBSTRUCTIVE; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER FUNCTION TESTS; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION;

EID: 80052380833     PISSN: 00954543     EISSN: 1558299X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.004     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Hazin R., Abu-Rajab Tamimi T.I., Abuzetun J.Y., et al. Recognizing and treating cutaneous signs of liver disease. Cleve Clin J Med 2009, 76(10):599-606.
2. Roche S.P., Kobos R. Jaundice in the adult patient. Am Fam Physician 2004, 69(2):299-304.
3. Fevery J. Bilirubin in clinical practice: a review. Liver Int 2008, 28(5):592-605.
4. Morse D., Choi A.M. Heme oxygenase-1: from bench to bedside. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 172(6):660-670.
5. Otterbein L.E., Soares M.P., Yamashita K., et al. Heme oxygenase-1: unleashing the protective properties of heme. Trends Immunol 2003, 24(8):449-455.
6. Stocker R., Yamamoto Y., McDonagh A.F., et al. Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science 1987, 235:1043-1046.
7. Ostrow J.D., Mukerjee P., Tiribelli C. Structure and binding of unconjugated bilirubin: relevance for physiological and pathophysiological function. J Lipid Res 1994, 35(10):1715-1737.
8. Stocker R., Glazer A.N., Ames B.N. Antioxidant activity of albumin-bound bilirubin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987, 84:5918-5922.
9. Mancuso C., Pani G., Calabrese V. Bilirubin: an endogenous scavenger of nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species. Redox Rep 2006, 11(5):207-213.
10. McGeary R.P., Szyczew A.J., Toth I. Biological properties and therapeutic potential of bilirubin. Mini Rev Med Chem 2003, 3(3):253-256.
11. Stocker R. Antioxidant activities of bile pigments. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004, 6(5):841-849.
12. Tomaro M.L., Batlle A.M. Bilirubin: its role in cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002, 34(3):216-220.
13. Kamisako T., Kobayashi Y., Takeuchi K., et al. Recent advances in bilirubin metabolism research: the molecular mechanism of hepatocyte bilirubin transport and its clinical relevance. J Gastroenterol 2000, 35(9):659-664.
14. Chand N., Sanyal A.J. Sepsis-induced cholestasis. Hepatology 2007, 45(1):230-241.
15. Shibahara S., Kitamuro T., Takahashi K. Heme degradation and human disease: diversity is the soul of life. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002, 4(4):593-602.
16. Boyer J.L. New perspectives for the treatment of cholestasis: lessons from basic science applied clinically. J Hepatol 2007, 46(3):365-371.
17. Frank B.B. Clinical evaluation of jaundice. A guideline of the Patient Care Committee of the American Gastroenterological Association. JAMA 1989, 262(21):3031-3034.
18. Chopra S., Griffin P.H. Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures in evaluation of liver disease. Am J Med 1985, 79(221):230.
19. Aranda-Michel J., Sherman K.E. Tests of the liver: use and misuse. Gastroenterologist 1998, 6(1):34-43.
20. Giannini E.G., Testa R., Savarino V. Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. CMAJ 2005, 172(3):367-379.
21. Limdi J.K., Hyde G.M. Evaluation of abnormal liver function tests. Postgrad Med J 2003, 79(932):307-312.
22. Rosalki S.B., Dooley J.S. Liver function profiles and their interpretation. Br J Hosp Med 1994, 51(4):181-186.
23. Goldberg D.M., Martin J.V. Role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. Digestion 1975, 12:232-246.
24. Rochling F.A. Evaluation of abnormal liver tests. Clin Cornerstone 2001, 3(6):1-12.
25. Johnston D.E. Special considerations in interpreting liver function tests. Am Fam Physician 1999, 59:2223-2230.
26. Neuschwander-Tetri B.A. Common blood tests for liver disease. Which ones are most useful?. Postgrad Med 1995, 98(1):49-56.
27. Olen R., Pickleman J., Freeark R.J. Less is better. The diagnostic workup of the patient with obstructive jaundice. Arch Surg 1989, 124(7):791-794.
28. Balfe D.M., Ralls P.W., Bree R.L., et al. Imaging strategies in the initial evaluation of the jaundiced patient. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000, 215(Suppl):125-133.
29. Corsetti J.P., Arvan D.A. Obstructive Jaundice. Diagnostic Strategies for Common Clinical Problems 1991, 131-140. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia. R.J. Pranzer, E.R. Black, P.F. Griner (Eds.).
30. Castera L. Non-invasive diagnosis of steatosis and fibrosis. Diabetes Metab 2008, 34(6 Pt 2):674-679.
31. Chan Y.L., Chan A.C., Lam W.W., et al. Choledocholithiasis: comparison of MR cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Radiology 1996, 200:85-89.
32. Siddique K., Ali Q., Mirza S., et al. Evaluation of the aetiological spectrum of obstructive jaundice. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008, 20(4):62-66.
33. Chen W.X., Zhang Y., Li Y.M., et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in evaluation of choledochal dilatation in patients with obstructive jaundice. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2002, 1(1):111-113.
34. Grant A., Neuberger J. Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice. British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 1999, 45(Suppl 4):1-11.
35. Skelly M.M., James P.D., Ryder S.D. Findings on liver biopsy to investigate abnormal liver function tests in the absence of diagnostic serology. J Hepatol 2001, 35(2):195-199.
36. Mason P.J., Bautista J.M., Gilsanz F. G6PD deficiency: the genotype-phenotype association. Blood Rev 2007, 21(5):267-283.
37. Monaghan G., Ryan M., Seddon R., et al. Genetic variation in bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene promoter and Gilbert's syndrome. Lancet 1996, 347:578-581.
38. Schwertner H.A., Vitek L. Gilbert syndrome, UGT1A1*28 allele, and cardiovascular disease risk: possible protective effects and therapeutic applications of bilirubin. Atherosclerosis 2008, 198(1):1-11.
39. Rudensky A.S., Halsall D.J. Genetic testing for Gilbert's syndrome: how useful is it in determining the cause of jaundice?. Clin Chem 1998, 44:1604-1609.
40. Pasha T.M., Lindor K.D. Diagnosis and therapy of cholestatic liver disease. Med Clin North Am 1996, 80(5):995-1019.
41. Tung B.Y., Carithers R.L. Cholestasis and alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 1999, 3(3):585-601.
42. Sass D.A., Shaikh O.S. Alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2006, 10(2):219-237.
43. Renault M., Nowicki M. Persistent cholestasis following cholecystectomy: a case of Dubin-Johnson syndrome. J Pediatr 2010, 157(1):167.
44. Crum N.F. Epstein Barr virus hepatitis: case series and review. South Med J 2006, 99(5):544-547.
45. Maheshwari A., Ray S., Thuluvath P.J. Acute hepatitis C. Lancet 2008, 372(9635):321-332.
46. Koff R.S. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection. Vaccine 1992, 10(Suppl 1):S15-S17.
47. Hinedi T.B., Koff R.S. Cholestatic hepatitis induced by Epstein-Barr virus infection in an adult. Dig Dis Sci 2003, 48(3):539-541.
48. Garcia-Tsao G., Lim J.K. Management and treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: recommendations from the Department of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Resource Center Program and the National Hepatitis C Program. Am J Gastroenterol 2009, 104(7):1802-1829. Members of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Resource Center, Program.
49. Steindl P., Ferenci P., Dienes H.P., et al. Wilson's disease in patients presenting with liver disease: a diagnostic challenge. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:212-218.
50. Green R.M., Flam S. AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:1367-1384.
51. Fregonese L., Stolk J. Hereditary alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and its clinical consequences. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008, 3:16.
52. Bjornsson E. Drug-induced liver injury: Hy's rule revisited. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006, 79(6):521-528.
53. Hirschfield G.M., Heathcote E.J., Gershwin M.E. Pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease and therapeutic approaches. Gastroenterology 2010, 139(5):1481-1496.
54. Bjornsson E. The natural history of drug-induced liver injury. Semin Liver Dis 2009, 29(4):357-363.
55. Zimmerman H.J. Hepatotoxicity. The adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver 1999, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
56. Faust T.W., Reddy K.R. Postoperative jaundice. Clin Liver Dis 2004, 8(1):151-166.
57. Mohi-ud-din R., Lewis J.H. Drug- and chemical-induced cholestasis. Clin Liver Dis 2004, 8(1):95-132.
58. Hirschfield G.M., Heathcote E.J. Cholestasis and cholestatic syndromes. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009, 25(3):175-179.
59. Heathcote E.J. Diagnosis and management of cholestatic liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 5(7):776-782.
60. Mortele K.J., Wiesner W., Cantisani V., et al. Usual and unusual causes of extrahepatic cholestasis: assessment with magnetic resonance cholangiography and fast MRI. Abdom Imaging 2004, 29(1):87-99.
61. Veillette G., Castillo C.F. Distal biliary malignancy. Surg Clin North Am 2008, 88(6):1429-1447.
62. Tajiri T., Yoshida H., Mamada Y., et al. Diagnosis and initial management of cholangiocarcinoma with obstructive jaundice. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14(19):3000-3005.
63. Lai E.C., Lau W.Y. Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with obstructive jaundice. ANZ J Surg 2006, 76(7):631-636.
64. Freelove R., Walling A.D. Pancreatic cancer: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 2006, 73(3):485-492.
65. Frossard J.L., Steer M.L., Pastor C.M. Acute pancreatitis. Lancet 2008, 371(9607):143-152.
66. Rohrmann C.A., Baron R.L. Biliary complications of pancreatitis. Radiol Clin North Am 1989, 27(1):93-104.
67. Boraschi P., Donati F., Gigoni R., et al. MR cholangiography in orthotopic liver transplantation: sensitivity and specificity in detecting biliary complications. Clin Transplant 2010, 24(4):E82-E87.
68. Deziel D.J., Millikan K.W., Economou S.G., et al. Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a national survey of 4,292 hospitals and an analysis of 77,604 cases. Am J Surg 1993, 165(1):9-14.
69. Sanders G., Kingsnorth A.N. Gallstones. BMJ 2007, 335(7614):295-299.
70. Williams E.J., Green J., Beckingham I., et al. Guidelines on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Gut 2008, 57(7):1004-1021.
71. Zaliekas J., Munson J.L. Complications of gallstones: the Mirizzi syndrome, gallstone ileus, gallstone pancreatitis, complications of "lost" gallstones. Surg Clin North Am 2008, 88(6):1345-1368.