Holocene and late glacial palaeoceanography and palaeolimnology of the Black Sea: Changing sediment provenance and basin hydrography over the past 20,000years

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 75, Issue 19, 2011, Pages 5597-5624

  Piper, D Z ^a   Calvert, S E ^b  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKALI METAL; BOTTOM WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; HOLOCENE; HYDROGRAPHY; LATE GLACIAL; NUTRIENT; ORGANIC CARBON; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOLIMNOLOGY; PROVENANCE; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY;

ANATOLIA; BLACK SEA; CAUCASUS; TURKEY;

DINOPHYCEAE;

EID: 80052301933     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.07.016     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N., Yasar D. Oscillating Quaternary water levels of the Marmara Sea and vigorous outflow into the Aegean Sea from the Marmara Sea-Black Sea drainage corridor. Mar. Geol. 1999, 153:275-302.
2. Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N., Yasar D., Isler F.I., Marsh S. Seismic stratigraphy of Late Quaternary deposits from the southwestern Black Sea shelf: evidence for non-catastrophic variations in sea-level during the last 10,000yr. Mar. Geol. 2002, 190:61-94.
3. Anderson R.F., Fleisher M.Q. Uranium precipitation in Black Sea sediments. Black Sea Oceanography 1991, 443-458. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. E. Izdar, J. Murray (Eds.).
4. Arthur M.A., Dean W.E., Neff E.D., Hay B.J., King J., Jones G. Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1994, 8:195-217.
5. Arthur M.A., Dean W.E. Organic-matter production and preservation and evolution of anoxia in the Holocene Black Sea. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:395-411.
6. Bade D.L., Pace M.L., Cole J.J., Carpenter S.R. Can algal photosynthetic inorganic carbon isotope fractionation be predicted in lakes using existing models?. Aquat. Sci. 2006, 68:142-153.
7. Bahr A., Lamy F., Arz H., Kuhlmann H., Wefer G. Late glacial to Holocene climate and sedimentation history in the NW Black Sea. Mar. Geol. 2005, 214:309-322.
8. Bahr A., Arz H.W., Lamy F., Wefer G. Late glacial to Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution of the Black Sea, reconstructed with stable oxygen isotope records obtained on ostracod shells. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 241:863-875.
9. Bahr A., Lamy F., Arz H.W., Major C., Kwiecien O., Wefer G. Abrupt changes of temperature and water chemistry in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene Black Sea. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2008, 9. 10.1029/2007GC001683.
10. Blais J.M., Kalff J. The influence of lake morphometry on sediment focusing. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1995, 40:582-588.
11. Bohrmann G., Ivanov M., Foucher J.-P., et al. Mud volcanoes and gas hydrates in the Black Sea: new data from Dvurechenskii and Odessa mud volcanoes. Geo-Mar. Lett. 2003, 23:239-249.
12. Boyle E.A., Sclater F.R., Edmond J.M. The distribution of dissolved copper in the Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1977, 37:38-54.
13. Brewer P.G., Spencer D.W. Distribution of some trace elements in Black Sea and their flux between dissolved and particulate phases. Chemistry, and Biology 1974, 137-143. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Tulsa. E.T. Degens, D.A. Ross (Eds.).
14. Bruland K.W., Lohan M.C. Controls of trace metals in seawater. Treatise on Geochemistry 2003, 23-47. Elsevier, New York. H. Elderfield (Ed.).
15. Brumsack H.J. The inorganic geochemistry of Cretaceous black shales (DSDP Leg 41) in comparison to modern upwelling sediments from the Gulf of California. North Atlantic Palaeoceanography 1986, 447-462. Geol. Soc. London, London, United Kingdom. C.P. Summerhayes, N.J. Shackleton) (Eds.).
16. Bukry D. (1974) Coccoliths as paleosalinity indicators-evidence from the Black Sea. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology (eds. E. T. Degens and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 20, Tulsa, OK. pp. 353-363.
17. Calvert S.E., Vogel J.S., Southon J.R. Carbon accumulation rates and the origin of the Holocene sapropel in the Black Sea. Geology 1987, 15:918-921.
18. Calvert S.E., Fontugne M.R. Stable carbon isotopic evidence for the marine origin of the organic matter in the Holocene Black Sea sapropel. Chem. Geol. 1987, 66:315-322.
19. Calvert S.E. Geochemistry and origin of the Holocene sapropel in the Black Sea. Facets of Modern Biogeochemistry 1990, 326-352. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. V. Ittekkot, S. Kempe, W. Michaelis, A. Spitzy (Eds.).
20. Calvert S.E., Karlin R.E. Relationships between sulphur, organic carbon, and iron in the modern sediments of the Black Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1991, 55:2483-2490.
21. Calvert S.E., Thode H.G., Yeung D., Karlin R.E. A stable isotope study of pyrite formation in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of the Black Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:1261-1270.
22. Calvert S.E., Karlin R.E. Organic carbon accumulation in the Holocene sapropel of the Black Sea. Geology 1998, 26:107-110.
23. Calvert S.E., Pedersen T.F. Elemental proxies for palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic variability in marine sediments: interpretation and application. Paleoceanography of the Late Cenozoic. Part 1. Methods in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography 2007, 567-644. Elsevier, New York. C. Hillaire-Marcel, A. de Vernal (Eds.).
24. Chepalyga A.L. The Late glacial great flood in the Ponto-Caspian Basin. The Black Sea Flood Question 2007, 119-148. Springer, Berlin. V. Yanko-Hombach, A.S. Gilbert, N. Panin, P.M. Dolukhanov (Eds.).
25. Codispoti L.A., Friederich G.E., Murray J.W., Sakamoto C.M. Chemical variability in the Black Sea: implications of continuous vertical profiles that penetrated the oxic/anoxic interface. Deep Sea Res. 1991, 38:S691-S710.
26. Collier R. W. and Edmond J. M. (1983) Plankton composition and trace element fluxes from the surface ocean. In Trace Metals in Seawater (eds. C. S. Wong, E. Boyle, K. W. Bruland, J. D. Burton and E. D. Goldberg). NATO Conference Series IV-9. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 789-809.
27. Colodner D., Edmond J., Boyle E. Rhenium in the Black Sea: comparison with molybdenum and uranium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 131:1-15.
28. Crusius J., Anderson R.F. Inconsistencies in accumulation rates of Black Sea sediments inferred from records of laminae and 210Pb. Paleoceanography 1992, 7:215-227.
29. Crusius J., Calvert S.E., Pedersen T.F., Sage D. Rhenium and molybdenum enrichments in sediments as indicators of oxic, suboxic and anoxic conditions of deposition. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1996, 145:65-78.
30. Dean W. E. and Arthur M. A. (2010) Geochemical characteristics of Holocene laminated sapropel (Unit II) and underlying lacustrine Unit III in the Black Sea. U. S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rpt. 1323, 29 pp.
31. Degens E.T., Ross D.A. Chronology of the Black Sea over the last 25,000 years. Chem. Geol. 1972, 10:1-16.
32. Degens E. T. and Ross D. A. (1974) The Black Sea - Geology, Chemistry and Biology. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 20, Tulsa, OK.
33. Degens E. T., Stoffers P., Golubic S. and Dickman M. D. (1978) Varve chronology: Estimated rates of sedimentation in the Black Sea deep basin. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 42, Part 2 (eds. D. A. Ross, Y. P. Neprochnov, et al.). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. pp. 499-508.
34. Deuser W.G. Late Pleistocene and Holocene history of the Black Sea as indicated by stable-isotope studies. J. Geophys. Res. 1972, 77:1071-1077.
35. Emerson S., Jacobs L. and Tebo B. (1983) The behaviour of trace metals in marine anoxic waters: solubilities at the oxygen-hydrogen sulphide interface. In Trace Metals in Sea Water (eds. C. S. Wong, E. Boyle, K. W. Bruland, J. D. Burton and E. D. Goldberg). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 579-608.
36. Emerson S.R., Huested S.S. Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1991, 34:177-196.
37. Eppley R.W., Peterson B.J. Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean. Nature 1979, 282:677-680.
38. Erickson B.E., Helz G.R. Molybdenum (VI) speciation in sulfidic waters: stability and lability of thiomolybdates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:1149-1158.
39. Eriş K.K., Ryan W.B., ÇaĜatay M.N., Sancar U., Lericolais G., Menot G., Bard E. The timing and evolution of the post-glacial transgression across the Sea of Marmara shelf south of Istanbul. Mar. Geol. 2007, 243:57-76.
40. Feniak M.W. Grain sizes and shapes of various minerals in igneous rocks. Am. Mineral. 1944, 29:415-421.
41. Flood R.D., Hiscott R.N., Aksu A.E. Morphology and evolution of an anastomosed channel network where saline underflow enters the Black Sea. Sedimentology 2009, 56:807-839.
42. France R.L. Differentiation between littoral and pelagic food webs in lakes using stable carbon isotopes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1995, 40:1310-1313.
43. François R. A study on the regulation of the concentrations of some trace metals (Rb, Sr, Zn, Pb, Cu, V, Cr, Ni, Mn and Mo) in Saanich Inlet sediments, British Columbia, Canada. Mar. Geol. 1988, 83:285-308.
44. Georgievski G., Stanev E.V. Paleo-evolution of the Black Sea watershed: sea level and water. Climate Dynamic 2006, 26:631-644.
45. Giosan L., Filip F., Constatinescu S. Was the Black Sea catastrophically flooded in the early Holocene?. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:1-6.
46. Giunta S., Morigi C., Negri A., Guichard F., Lericolais G. Holocene biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental changes in the Black Sea based on calcareous nannoplankton. Mar. Micropalaeon. 2007, 63:91-110.
47. Goldschmidt V.M. Geochemistry 1954, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
48. Gordon K. A. (1994) The geochemistry of cadmium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, vanadium and zinc in Black Sea sediments and their usefulness as palaeoredox indicators. B. Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia.
49. Gregg M., Ozsoy E. Mixing on the Black Sea shelf north of the Bosphorus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26:1869-1872.
50. Gromet P.L., Dymek P.F., Haskin L.A., Korotev R.L. The "North American shale composite": its composition, major and minor element characteristics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1984, 48:2469-2482.
51. Halim Y. (1991) The impact of human alterations of the hydrological cycle on ocean margins. In Ocean-margin Processes in Global Change (eds. R. F. C. Mantoura, J.-M. Martin and R. Wollast). John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 301-327.
52. Haraldsson C., Westerlund S. Trace metals in the water columns of the Black Sea and Framvaren Fjord. Mar. Chem. 1988, 23:417-424.
53. Haraldsson C., Westerlund S. Total and suspended cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in the water column of the Black Sea. Black Sea Oceanography 1991, 161-172. Kluwer, Dordrecht. J.W. Murray, E. Izdar (Eds.).
54. Hay B.J., Honjo S., Kempe S., Ittekkot V.A., Degens E.T., Konuk T., Izdar E. Interannual variability in particle flux in the southwestern Black Sea. Deep Sea Res. 1990, 37:911-928.
55. Helz G.R., Miller C.V., Charnock J.M., Mosselmans J.F.W., Pattrick R.A.D., Garner C.D., Vaughan D.J. Mechanism of molybdenum removal from the sea and its concentration in black shales: EXAFS evidence. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:3631-3642.
56. Hirst D. M. (1974) Geochemistry of sediments from eleven Black Sea cores. In The Black Sea - Geology, Chemistry and Biology (eds. E. T. Degen and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol Memoir 20, Tulsa, OK. pp. 430-455.
57. Hiscott R.N., Aksu A.E., Yasar D., Kaminski M.A., Mudie P.J., Kostylev V.E., MacDonald J.C., Isler F.I., Lord A.R. Deltas south of the Bosphorus Strait record persistent Black Sea outflow to the Marmara Sea since 10ka. Mar. Geol. 2002, 190:95-118.
58. Hiscott R.N., Aksu A.E., Mudie P.J., Kaminski M.A., Abrajano T., Yasar D., Rochon A. The Marmara Sea Gateway since 16ka: non-catastrophic causes of paleoceanographic events in the Black Sea at 8.4 and 7.15ka. The Black Sea Flood Question 2007, 89-117. Springer, Berlin. V. Yanko-Hombach, A.S. Gilbert, N. Panin, P.M. Dolukhanov (Eds.).
59. Honjo S., Hay B.J., Manganini S.J., Asper V.L., Degens E.T., Kempe S., Ittekkot V., Izdar E., Konuk T., Benli H.A. Seasonal cyclicity of lithogenic particle fluxes at a southern Black Sea sediment trap station. Particle Flux in the Ocean 1987, 19-39. University of Hamburg, Hamburg. E.T. Degens, E. Izdar, S. Honjo (Eds.).
60. Izdar E., Konuk T., Ittekot V., Kempe S., Degens E.T. Particle flux in the Black Sea: nature of organic matter. Particle Flux in the Ocean 1987, 1-18. University of Hamburg, Hamburg. E.T. Degens, E. Izdar, S. Honjo (Eds.).
61. Jacobs L., Emerson S., Skei J. Partitioning and transport of metals across the O2/H2S interface in a permanently anoxic basin: Framvaren Fjord, Norway. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1985, 49:1433-1444.
62. Jacobs L., Emerson S., Huested S.S. Trace metal geochemistry in the Cariaco Trench. Deep Sea Res. 1987, 34:965-981.
63. Jipa D. C. (1974) Graded bedding in Recent Black Sea turbidites: a textural approach. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, Biology (eds. E. T. Degens and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 20, Tulsa, OK. pp. 317-331.
64. Jones G.A., Gagnon A.R. Radiocarbon chronology of Black Sea sediments. Deep Sea Res. 1994, 41:531-557.
65. Jørgensen B.B., Bottcher M.E., Luschen H., Neretin L.N., Volkov I.I. Anaerobic methane oxidation and a deep H2S sink generate isotopically heavy sulfides in Black Sea sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:2095-2118.
66. Karl D.M., Knauer G.A. Microbial production and particle flux in the upper 350m of the Black Sea. Deep Sea Res. 1991, 38:S921-S942.
67. Keller G. H. (1974) Mass physical properties of some western Black Sea sediments. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology (eds. E. T. Degens and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 20, Tulsa. pp. 332-337.
68. Konikov E., Likhodedova O., Pedan G. Paleogeographic reconstructions of sea-level change and coastline migration on the northwestern Black Sea shelf over the past 18kyr. Quat. Int. 2007, 167-168:49-60.
69. Kremling K. The behavior of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe and Mn in anoxic Baltic waters. Mar. Chem. 1988, 13:87-108.
70. Krupatkina D.K., Finenko Z.Z., Shalapyonok A.A. Primary production and size-fractionated structure of the Black Sea phytoplankton in the winter and spring period. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1991, 73:25-31.
71. Kulp J.L., Turekian K.K., Boyd D.W. Strontium content of limestones and fossils. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1952, 63:701-716.
72. Kuss J., Kremling K. Particulate trace element fluxes in the deep northeast Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. I 1999, 46:149-169.
73. Kwiecien O., Arz H.W., Lamy F., Plessen B., Bahr A., Haug G.H. North Atlantic control on precipitation pattern in the eastern Mediterranean/Black Sea region during the last glacial. Quat. Res. 2009, 71:375-384.
74. Landing W.M., Lewis B.L. Thermodynamic modeling of trace metal speciation in the Black Sea. Black Sea Oceanography 1991, 125-160. Kluwer, Dordrecht. J.W. Murray, E. Izdar (Eds.).
75. Lane-Serff G.F., Rohling E.J., Bryden H.L., Charnock H. Postglacial connection of the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its relation to the timing of sapropel formation. Paleoceanography 1997, 12:169-174.
76. Lee B.-S., Bullister J.I., Murray J.W., Sonnerup R.E. Anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. Deep Sea Res. 2002, 49:895-913.
77. Likens G.E., Davis M.B. Post-glacial history of Mirror Lake and its watershed In New Hampshire, USA: an initial report. Verh. Intern. Verein. Limnol. 1975, 19:982-993.
78. Losher A.J., Kelts K.R. Organic sulphur fixation in freshwater lake sediments and the implication for C/S ratios. Terra Nova 1989, 1:253-261.
79. Luther G.W., Church T.M., Powell D. Sulfur speciation and sulphide oxidation in the water column of the Black Sea. Deep Sea Res. 1991, 38:S1121-S1137.
80. Lyons T.W. Upper Holocene sediments of the Black Sea: Summary of Leg 4 box cores (1988 Black Sea Expedition). Black Sea Oceanography 1991, 401-441. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. E. Izdar, J.W. Murray (Eds.).
81. Lyons T.W. Sulfur isotopic trends and pathways of iron sulfide formation in upper Holocene sediments of the anoxic Black Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:3367-3382.
82. Lyons T.W., Kashgarian M. Paradigm lost, paradigm found: the Black Sea connection as viewed from the anoxic basin margin. Oceanography 2005, 18:87-99.
83. Lyons T.W., Severmann S. A critical look at iron paleoredox proxies: new insights from modern euxinic basins. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:5698-5722.
84. Major C. O. (2002) Non-eustatic controls on sea-level change in semi-enclosed basins. Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University.
85. Major C.O., Goldstein S.L., Ryan W.B., Lericolais G., Piotrowski A.M., Hajdas I. The co-evolution of Black Sea level and composition through the last deglaciation and its paleoclimatic significance. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2006, 25:2031-2047.
86. Marret F., Mudie P.J., Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N. A Holocene dinocyst record of a two-step transformation of the Neoeuxinian brackish water lake into the Black Sea. Quat. Int. 2009, 197:72-86.
87. Martin J.H., Knauer G.A. The elemental composition of plankton. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1973, 37:1639-1651.
88. McCarthy J.J., Yilmaz A., CobanYildiz Y., Nevins J.L. Nitrogen cycling in the offshore waters of the Black Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2007, 74:493-514.
89. McLennan S. M. (2001) Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, 2000GC000109.
90. Meybeck M. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers. Am. J. Sci. 1982, 282:401-450.
91. Müller G. and Stoffers P. (1974) Mineralogy and petrology of Black Sea basin sediments. In The Black Sea - Geology, Chemistry and Biology (eds. E. T. Degens and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 20, Tulsa, OK. pp. 200-248.
92. Murray J.W. Hydrographic variability in the Black Sea. Black Sea Oceanography 1991, 1-16. Kluwer NATO ASI Series, Dordrecht. E. Izdar, J.W. Murray (Eds.).
93. Murray J.W. Black Sea oceanography. Results from the 1988 Black Sea expedition. Deep-Sea Res. 1991, 38(Suppl. 2A):S655-S1266.
94. Murray J.W., Top Z., Özsoy E. Hydrographic properties and ventilation of the Black Sea. Deep Sea Res. 1991, 38:S663-S689.
95. Murray J.W., Stewart K., Kassakian S., Krynytzky M., DiJulio D. Oxic, suboxic, and anoxic conditions in the Black Sea. The Black Sea Flood Question 2007, 1-21. Springer, Dordrecht. V. Yanko-Hombach, A.S. Gilbert, N. Panin, P.M. Dolukhaov (Eds.).
96. Muyssen B.T.A., Brix K.V., DeForest D.K., Janssen C.R. Nickel essentiality and homeostasis in aquatic organisms. Environ. Rev. 2004, 12:113-131.
97. Okay A. I. and Şahintürk O. (1997) Geology of the Eastern Pontides. In Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region (ed. A. G. Robinson). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 68, Tulsa. pp. 291-311.
98. Östlund H. G. (1974) Expedition "Odysseus 65" radiocarbon age of Black Sea deep water. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry and Biology (eds. E. T. Degens and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 20, Tulsa. pp. 127-132.
99. Özsoy E., Ünlüata Ü. Oceanography of the Black Sea: a review of some recent results. Earth Sci. Rev. 1997, 42:231-272.
100. Pilskaln C.H. Biogenic aggregate sedimentation in the Black Sea Basin. Black Sea Oceanography 1991, 293-306. Kluwer Academic Press, Norwell, Massachusetts. E. Izcar, J.W. Murray (Eds.).
101. Pilskaln C.H., Pike J. Formation of Holocene sedimentary laminae in the Black Sea and the role of the benthic flocculent layer. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:1-19.
102. Piper D.Z., Isaacs C.M. Instability of bottom-water redox conditions during accumulation of Quaternary sediment in the Japan Sea. Paleoceanography 1996, 11:171-190.
103. Piper D. Z. and Dean W. E. (2002) Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions-a history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 1670, 41 pp.
104. Piper D.Z., Ludington S., Duval J.S., Taylor H.E. Geochemistry of bed and suspended sediment in the Mississippi river system: provenance versus weathering and winnowing. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 362:179-204.
105. Piper D.Z., Calvert S.E. A marine biogeochemical perspective on black shale deposition. Earth Sci. Rev. 2009, 95:63-96.
106. Polat S.C., Tuĝrul S. Nutrient and organic carbon exchanges between the Black and Marmara Seas through the Bosphorus Strait. Cont. Shelf Res. 1995, 15:1115-1132.
107. Price N.M., Morel F.M.M. Colimitation of phytoplankton growth by nickel and nitrogen. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1991, 36:1071-1077.
108. Raiswell R., Berner R.A. Pyrite formation in euxininc and semi-euxininc sediments. Am. J. Sci. 1985, 285:710-724.
109. Reddy M. M., Sherwood S. I. and Doe B. R. (1986) Limestone and marble dissolution by acid rain: an onsite weathering experiment. In Materials Degradation Caused by Acid Rain (ed. R. Baboian). American Chemical Society Symposium Series 318, 226-238.
110. Redfield A.C. On the proportions of organic derivatives in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton. James Johnstone Memorial Volume 1934, 176-192. University of Liverpool, Liverpool. R.J. Daniel (Ed.).
111. Redfield A.C., Ketchum B.H., Richards F.A. The influence of organisms on the composition of sea water. The Sea 1963, 26-77. Wiley, New York. M.N. Hill (Ed.).
112. Reineck H.A. Das Kastengreifer. Natur. Mus. 1963, 93:102-108.
113. Ross D.A., Degens E.T., MacIlvaine J. Black Sea: recent sediment history. Science 1970, 170:163-165.
114. Ross D. A. and Degens E. T. (1974) Recent Sediments of the Black Sea. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry and Biology (eds. E. T. Degens and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 20, Tulsa, OK. pp. 183-199.
115. Rudnick R.L., Gao S. Composition of the continental crust. Treatise on Geochemistry 2003, 1-64. Elsevier, New York. H.D. Holland, K.K. Turekian (Eds.).
116. Ryan W.B.F., Pitmann W.C., Major C.O., Shimkus K., Moskalenko V., Jones G.A., Dimitrov P., Gorür N., Sakinc M., Yüce H. An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Mar. Geol. 1997, 138:119-126.
117. Ryan W.B.F., Major C.O., Lericolais G., Goldstein S.L. Catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2003, 31:525-554.
118. Ryan W.B.F. Status of the Black Sea flood hypothesis. The Black Sea Flood Question 2007, 63-88. Springer, Berlin. V. Yanko-Holmbach, A.S. Gilbert, N. Panin, P.M. Dolukhanov (Eds.).
119. Saito M. A., Moffett J. W. and DiTullio G. R. (2004) Cobalt and nickel in the Peru upwelling region: a major flux of labile cobalt utilized as a micronutrient. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18, GB4030. doi:10.1029/2003GB002216.
120. Sattouf M., Kratz S., Diemer K., Rienitz O., Fleckenstein J., Schiel D., Schnug E. Identifying the origin of rock phosphates and phosphorus fertilizers through high-precision measurement of the strontium isotopes 87Sr and 86Sr. Landbau. Völken. 2007, 57:1-11.
121. Sclater F.R., Boyle E., Edmond J.M. On the marine geochemistry of nickel. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1976, 31:119-128.
122. Severmann S., Lyons T.W., Anbar A., McManus J., Gordon G. Modern iron isotope perspective on the benthic iron shuttle and the redox evolution of ancient oceans. Geology 2008, 36:487-490.
123. Shimkus K. M. and Trimonis E. S. (1974) Modern sedimentation in the Black Sea. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, Biology (eds. E. T. Degens and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 20, Tulsa, OK. pp. 249-278.
124. Shimmield G.B., Mowbray S.T. The inorganic geochemical record of the northwest Arabian Sea: a history of productivity variation over the last 400K.Y. from sites 722 and 724. Proc. Ocean Drilling Prog. Sci. Results 1991, 117:409-419.
125. Spears D.A., Kanaris-Sotiriou R. Titanium in some Carboniferous sediments from Great Britain. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1976, 40:345-351.
126. Spencer D.W., Brewer P.G. Vertical advection diffusion and redox potentials as controls on the distribution of manganese and other trace metals dissolved in waters of the Black Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 1971, 76:5877-5892.
127. Strakhov N.M. Geochemical evolution of the Black Sea in the Holocene. Litholog. Mineral Resour. (Eng. Trans. of Litologiya i Poleznye Iskopaemye) 1971, 3(3-17):263-274.
128. Stanev E.V., Bowman M.J., Peneva E.L., Staneva J.V. Control of intermediate water mass formation by dynamics and topography: Comparison of numerical simulations, surveys and satellite data. J. Mar. Res. 2003, 61:59-99.
129. Stumm W., Morgan J.J. Aquatic Chemistry 1996, J. Wiley, New York.
130. Svitoch A.A., Yanina T.A., Antonova V.M., van der Plicht J. The Khvalynian Fauna of the Manych Depression. Dokl. Akad. Nauk 2008, 421:689-693.
131. Tambiev S.B. New data on the constituents and chemical composition of the suspended and freely sinking particulate matter in Black Sea waters. Particle Flux in the Ocean 1987, 41-54. University of Hamburg, Hamburg. E.T. Degens, E. Izdar, S. Honjo (Eds.).
132. Thom N. A hydrologic model of the Black and Caspian Seas oin ther late Pleistocene and early-middle Holocene. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29:2989-2995.
133. Twining B.S., Baines S.B., Fisher N.S. Element stoichiometries of individual plankton cells collected during the Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX). Limnol. Oceanogr. 2004, 49:2115-2128.
134. U.S. Minerals Yearbook Area Reports: International, vol. III 1984, US Dept. Interior, Washington, DC, pp. 147-155.
135. Wall D. and Dale B. (1974) Dinoflagellates in Late Quaternary deep-water sediments of the Black Sea. In The Black Sea - Geology, Chemistry and Biology (eds. E. T. Degens and D. A. Ross). Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 20, Tulsa, OK. pp. 364-380.
136. Wang M.-H., Wang D.-Z., Wang G.-Z., Haung X.-G., Hong H.-S. Influence of N, P additions on the transfer of nickel from phytoplankton to copepods. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 148:679-687.
137. Wedepohl K.H. Environmental influences on the chemical composition of shales and clays. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 1971, 307-331. Pergamon, Oxford. L.H. Ahrens, F. Press, S.K. Runcorn, H.C. Urey (Eds.).
138. Wedepohl K.H. The composition of the continental crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:1217-1232.
139. Whitfield M. Interactions between phytoplankton and trace metals in the ocean. Adv. Mar. Biol. 2001, 41:1-128.
140. Yakushev E.V., Casnovnikov V.K., Murray J.W., Pakhomova S.V., Podymov O.I., Stunzhas P.A. Vertical hydrochemical structure of the Black Sea. Handbook Environ. Chem. 2008, 5:277-307.
141. Yanko-Hombach V., Gilbert A.S., Panin N., Dolukhanov P.M. The Black Sea Flood Question 2007, Springer, Berlin.
142. Yanko-Hombach V. Controversy over the great flood hypothesis in the Black Sea in light of geological, paleontological, and archaeological evidence. Quat. Int. 2007, 167-168:91-113.
143. Yiĝiterhan O., Murray J.W. Trace metal composition of particulate matter of the Danube River and Turkish rivers draining into the Black Sea. Mar. Chem. 2008, 111:63-76.
144. Yilmaz A., Tugrul Ç., Polat S., Ediger D., Çoban Y., Morkoç E. On the production, elemental composition (C, N, P) and distribution of photosynthetic organic matter in the southern Black Sea. Hydrobiology 1998, 363:141-156.
145. Yücesoy F., Ergin M. Heavy-metal geochemistry of surface sediments from the southern Black Sea shelf and upper slope. Chem. Geol. 1992, 99:265-287.
146. Zhan B., Wong C.S., Johnson K.W. Distribution of dissolved and particulate trace metals in anoxic seawater, Saanich Inlet, BC, Canada. Chin. J. Oceanolo. Limnol. 1992, 10:75-83.