Modeling strategies of 3D woven composites: A review

Composite Structures

Volumn 93, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1947-1963

  Ansar, Mahmood ^a   Xinwei, Wang ^a   Chouwei, Zhou ^a  

^a NANJING UNIVERSITY OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS   (China)

Author keywords

3D woven composites; Elastic properties; Geometry; Impact behavior; Modeling; Strength

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITE MATERIALS; FRACTURE TOUGHNESS; GEOMETRY; MODELS;

3D WOVEN COMPOSITES; DESIGN AND ANALYSIS; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; IMPACT BEHAVIOR; MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR; MODELING TECHNIQUE; STRENGTH; TRANSVERSE PROPERTIES;

WEAVING;

EID: 80052297841     PISSN: 02638223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.03.010     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Clarke S. Engineered textile preforms for RTM: a comparison of braiding, knitting and weaving technologies. SAMPE J 1998;34:35-9.
2. Stobbe D, Mohamed M. 3D woven composites: cost and performance viability in commercial applications. In: 48th international SAMPE symposium, Long Beach, CA; 2003.
3. Cantwell WJ, Morton J. Impact resistance of composite materials - a review. Composites 1991;22(5):347-62.
4. Duarte A, Herszberg I, Paton R. Impact resistance and tolerance of interleaved tape laminates. Compos Struct 1999;47:753-8.
5. Walker L, Sohn MS, Hu XZ. Improving impact resistance of carbon-fibre composites through interlaminar reinforcement. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2002;33:893-902.
6. Lin TK, Wu SJ, Lai JG, Shyu SS. The effect of chemical treatment on reinforcement/matrix interaction in Kevlar-fibre/bismaleimide composites. Compos Sci Technol 2000;60(9):1873-8.
7. Li RZ, Ye L, Mai YW. Application of plasma technologies in fibre-reinforced polymer composites: a review of recent development. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 1997;28(1):73-86.
8. Mouritz AP. Review of z-pinned composite laminates. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2007;38:2383-97.
9. Chou S, Chen HE. The weaving methods of three-dimensional fabrics of advanced composite materials. Compos Struct 1995;33:159-72.
10. Quinn JP, Hill BJ, McIlhagger. An integrated design system for the manufacture and analysis of 3-D woven preforms. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2001;32:911-4.
11. Chiu CH, Cheng CC. Weaving method of 3D woven preforms for advanced composite materials. Text Res J 2003;73:37-41.
12. Chen X, Taylor LW, Tsai LJ. An overview on fabrication of three-dimensional woven textile preforms for composites. Text Res J 2011. doi:10.1177/ 004051751039247.
13. Byun JH, Chou TW. Modeling and characterization of textile structural composites: a review. J Strain Anal 1989;22(4):253-62.
14. Tan P, Tong L, Steven GP. Modeling for predicting the mechanical properties of textile composites - a review. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 1997;28A:903-22.
15. Ayranci C, Carey J. 2D braided composites: a review for stiffness critical applications. Compos Struct 2007;85:43-58.
16. Lomov S, Perie G, Ivanov DS, Verpoest I, Marsal D. Modeling threedimensional fabrics and three-dimensional reinforced composites: challenges and solutions. Text Res J 2010. doi:10.1177/004051751038516.
17. Verpoest I, Lomov SV. Virtual textile composites software Wisetex: integration with micro-mechanical, permeability and structural analysis. Compos Sci Technol 2005;65:2563-74.
18. Mouritz AP, Bannister MK, Falzon PJ, Leong KH. Review of applications for advanced three-dimensional fibre textile composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 1999;30:1445-61.
19. Kamiya R, Cheeseman BA, Popper P, Chou TW. Some recent advances in the fabrication and design of three-dimensional textile preforms: a review. Compos Sci Technol 2000;60:33-47.
20. Yi HL, Ding X. Conventional approach on manufacturing 3D woven preforms used for composites. J Ind Text 2004;34(1):39-50.
21. Guenon VA, Chou TW, Gillespie Jr JW. Toughness properties of a threedimensional carbon-epoxy composite. J Mater Sci Compos 1989;24:4168-75.
22. Ishikawa T, Matsushima M, Banaksu K, Watanabe N, Sunakawa M. Experimental results of interlaminar fracture toughness and in-plane strength of 3-D woven carbon/epoxy plates. In: Proc of seminar of the Japan society for composite materials, Tokyo, Japan; 1996. p. 51-2 [in Japanese].
23. Mouritz AP, Baini C, Herszberg I. Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness properties of advanced textile fiberglass composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 1999;30:859-70.
24. Pearson JD, Zikray MA, Prabhugoud M, Peters K. Global-local assessment of low-velocity impact damage in woven composites. J Compos Mater 2007;41(23):2759-83.
25. Baucom JN, Zikry MA. Low-velocity impact damage progression in woven Eglass composite systems. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2005;36:658-64.
26. Bannister M, Herszberg I, Nicolaidis A, Coman F, Leong KH. The manufacture of glass/epoxy composites with multiplayer woven architectures. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 1998;29:293-300.
27. Lee B, Leong KH, Herszberg I. Effect of weaving on the tensile properties of carbon fibre tows and woven composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2001;20:652-70.
28. Lee L, Clark SR, Mouritz AP, Bannister MK, Herszberg I. Effect of weaving damage on the tensile properties of three-dimensional woven composites. Compos Struct 2002;57:405-13.
29. Clark SR, Mouritz AP, Lee L, Bannister MK. Fibre damage in the manufacture of advanced three-dimensional woven composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2003;34:963-70.
30. Potluri P, Manan A, Rashed K, Young RJ. Predictive modeling of textile composites. AIAA-2009-2656.
31. Curiskis JI, Durie A, Nicolaidis A, Herszberg I. Developments in multiaxial weaving for advanced composite materials. Proc ICCM-11 Text Compos Charact 1997;V:86-97.
32. Chou TW, Kamiya R, Cheeseman BA. An assessment of textile preform technology for structural composites. In: Proc of the ASME winter annual meeting; November 1998.
33. Bilisik AK. New method of weaving multiaxis three dimensional flat woven fabric: feasibility of prototype tube carrier weaving. Fibre Text East Eur 2009;17(677):63-9.
34. McIlhagger R, Hill BJ, Brown D, Limmer L. Construction and analysis of threedimensional woven composite materials. Compos Eng 1995;5(9):1187-97.
35. Limmer L, Weissenbach G, Brown D, McIlhagger R, Wallace E. The potential of 3-D woven composites exemplified in a composite component for a lower-leg prosthesis. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 1996;27A:271-7.
36. Soden JA, Weissenbach G, Hill BJ. The design and fabrication of 3D multi-layer woven T-section reinforcement. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 1999;30:213-20.
37. Baucom JN, Zikry MA, Qiu Y. Dynamic and quasi-static failure evolution of 3D woven cellular composite systems. J Reinf Plast Compos 2004;23(5):471-81.
38. Bannister MK. Development and application of advanced textile composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part L: J Mater: Des Appl 2004;218:253-60.
39. Grogan J, Tekalur SA, Shukla A, Bogdanovich A, Coffelt RA. Ballistic resistance of 2D and 3D woven sandwich composites. J Sandw Struct Mater 2007;9:283-302.
40. Chen X, Sun Y, Gong X. Design, manufacture, and experimental analysis of 3D honeycomb textile composites Part I: design and manufacture. Text Res J 2008;78(9):771-81.
41. Tekalur SA, Bogdanovich AE, Shukla A. Shockloading response of sandwich panels with 3-D woven E-glass composite skins and stitched foam core. Article in press. Compos Sci Technol 2008. 10.1016/ j.compscitech.2008.03.017.
42. Tian W, Zhu C, Wang S. Geometric model of three dimensional integrated cellular woven structures. Fibre Text East Eur 2009;17(273):17-23.
43. Yao L, Qiu Y. Design and fabrication of microstrip antennas integrated in three dimensional orthogonal woven composites. Compos Sci Technol 2009;69:1004-8.
44. Du CZ, Zhong SS, Yao L, Qiu YP. Textile microstrip array antenna on threedimensional orthogonal woven composite. In: Proc of the fourth European conference on antennas and propagation (EuCAP) Barcelona Spain; 12-16 April 2010.
45. Chen XG, Yang D. Use of 3D angle-interlock woven fabric for seamless female body armor: Part 1: ballistics evaluation. Text Res J 2010;80(15):1581-8.
46. Cox BN, Dadkhah MS, Morris WL, Flintoff JG. Failure mechanisms of 3D woven composite in tension, compression and bending. Acta Metall Mater 1994;42:3967-84.
47. Brown D, Wu ZJ. Geometric modeling of orthogonal 3-D woven textiles. In: International conference for manufacturing of advanced composites (ICMAC), Belfast; 2001. p. 27-8.
48. Wu ZJ. Three-dimensional exact modeling of geometric and mechanical properties of woven composites. Acta Mech Solida Sin 2009;22(5):479-86.
49. Buchanan S, Grigorash A, Quinn JP, McIlhagger AT, Young C. Modeling the geometry of the repeat unit cell of three-dimensional weave architectures. J Text Instit 2009 [First published on: 17th November 2009 (iFirst) 1-7].
50. Quinn J, McIlhagger R, McIlhagger AT. A modified system for design and analysis of 3D woven preforms. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2003;34:503-9.
51. Chen X, Potiyaraj P. CAD/CAM of orthogonal and angle-interlock woven structures for industrial applications. Text Res J 1999;69(9):648-55.
52. Lomov SV, Gusakov AV, Huysmans G, Prodromou A, Verpoest I. Textile geometry preprocessor for meso-mechanical models of woven composites. Compos Sci Technol 2000;60:2083-95.
53. Brown D, Morgan M, McIlhagger R. A system for the automatic generation of solid models of woven structures. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2003;34:511-5.
54. Guo XF, Huang G, Wang R. Geometric model of three dimensional orthogonal woven fabric structures. Acta Mater Compos Sin 2005;22(4):183-7 [in Chinese].
55. Miao XY, Gu BH, Zheng TY. Geometrical and mathematical characterization of 3-D orthogonal woven fabric architecture. Fibre Compos 2007;38(4):38-42 [in Chinese].
56. Cheng YJ, Jiao GQ, Wang B, Liu W. Elastic behavior analysis of 3D angleinterlock woven ceramic composites. Acta Mech Solida Sin 2006;19(2):152-9.
57. Kuo WS, Pon BJ. Elastic moduli and damage evolution of three-axis woven fabric composites. J Mater Sci 1997;32:5445-55.
58. Buchanan S, Grigorash A, Archer E, McIlhagger A. Analytical elastic stiffness model for 3D orthogonal interlock composites. Compos Sci Technol 2010. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.05.01.
59. Tong L, Mouritz AP, Bannister MK. 3D fibre reinforced polymer composites. Elsevier; 2002. ISBN: 0-08-043938-1.
60. Sadd MH. Elasticity theory, applications, and numerics. Elsevier; 2005. ISBN: 0-12-605811-3.
61. Bogdanovich AE. Three-dimensional continuum micro-, meso- and macromechanics of textile composites. TEXCOMP-8 2006:T56-1-13.
62. Christensen RM. Mechanics of composite materials. Dover Publications. Reprint ed.; 2005. ISBN-13: 978-0486442396.
63. Tarnopol'skii YM, Polyakov VA, Zhigun IG. Composite materials reinforced with a system of three straight mutually orthogonal fibres. 1-Calculation of the elastic characteristics. Polym Mech 1973;5:853-60.
64. Kregers AF, Melbardis YG. Determination of the deformability of threedimensional reinforced composites by the stiffness averaging method. Polym Mech 1978;1:25-31.
65. Kregers AF, Teters GA. Determination of the elasto-plastic properties of spatially reinforced composites by the averaging method. Mech Compos Mater 1981;17:25-31.
66. Yang JM, Ma CL, Chou TW. Fibre inclination model of three-dimensional textile structural composites. J Compos Mater 1986;20:473-84.
67. Whitney TJ, Chou TW. Modeling of 3-D angle-interlock textile structural composites. J Compos Mater 1989;23(9):891-911.
68. Cox BN, Dadkhah MS. The macroscopic elasticity of 3D woven composites. J Compos Mater 1995;29(6):785-819.
69. Nagai K, Yokoyama A, Maekawa ZI, Hamada H. The stress analysis method for three-dimensional composite materials. Appl Compos Mater 1994;1:197-216.
70. Tan P, Tong L, Steven GP. A 3D modeling technique for predicting the linear elastic properties open-packing woven fabric unit cell. In: 9th international conference on composite structure, Paisley, Scotland; 1-3 September 1997.
71. Tan P, L Tong, GP Steven. Modeling approaches for 3D orthogonal woven composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 1998;17(6):545-77.
72. Tan P, L Tong, GP Steven. Models for predicting thermomechanical properties of three-dimensional orthogonal woven composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 1999;18(2):151-85.
73. Tan P, Tong L, Steven GP. Micro-mechanics models for mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of 3D angle-interlock woven composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 1999;30A:637-48.
74. Brandt J, Drechsler K, Mohamed M, Gu P. Manufacture and performance of carbon/epoxy 3-D woven composites. In: 37th international SAMPE symposium; 9-12 March 1992. p. 864-77.
75. Tan P, Tong L, Steven GP. Mechanical behavior of 3-D orthogonal woven Eglass/epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2001;20(4):274-303.
76. Naik NK, Azad SNM, Prasad PD, Thuruthimattan BJ. Stress and failure analysis of 3D orthogonal interlock woven composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2001;20(17):1485-523.
77. Naik NK, Azad SNM, Prasad PD. Stress and failure analysis of 3D angle interlock woven composites. J Compos Mater 2002;36(1):93-123.
78. Naik NK, Sridevi E. An analytical method for thermoelastic analysis of 3D orthogonal interlock woven composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2002;21:1149-91.
79. Yushanov SP, Bogdanovich AE. Manufacturing and property analysis of a novel class of 3-D woven composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 1999;12: 70-82.
80. Abolinsh DS. Compliance tensor for an elastic material reinforced in two directions. Polym Mech 1996;2(3):372-9.
81. Wu ZJ, Brown D, Davies JM. An analytical modeling technique for predicting the stiffness of 3-D orthotropic laminated fabric composites. Compos Struct 2002;56:407-12.
82. Sankar BV, Marry RV. Analytical method for micromechanics of textile composites. Compos Sci Technol 1997;57(6):703-13.
83. Chen ZR, Yu SW, Feng XQ, Meng L, Lin Y. Evaluation of thermo-elastic properties of three-dimensional orthogonal woven composites. Compos Part B: Eng 2002;33:241-51.
84. Sheng SZ, Hoa SV. Modeling of 3D angle interlock woven fabrics. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 2003;16:45-58.
85. Hartranft DP, Majidi A, Chou TW. Modeling and characterization of throughthe-thickness properties of 3D woven composites. In: Poe Jr CC, Harris, CE, editors. Mechanics of textile composites conference. NASA Conference Publication 3311, Part 1. p. 251-313.
86. Huang D, Abdi F. Analytical characterization and damage progression of three dimensional composites. AIAA 2006-2174.
87. Murthy PLN, Chamis CC. Integrated Composite Analyser (ICAN): Users and Programmer's Manual NASA Technical paper 1986.
88. Yu YM, Wang XJ, Li YC, Wang ZH. Cell model of 3D orthogonal woven composite and its application. Acta Mater Compos Sin 2009;26(4):181-5 [in Chinese].
89. Hage CEI, Younes R, Aboura Z, Benzeggagh ML, Zoaeter M. Analytical and numerical modeling of mechanical properties of orthogonal 3D CFRP. Compos Sci Technol 2009;69:111-6.
90. Pankow M, Waas AM, Yen CF, Ghiorse S. A new lamination theory for layered textile composites that account for manufacturing induced effects. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2009;40:1991-2003.
91. Cox BN, Carter WC, fleck NA. A binary model of textile composites: I formulation. Acta Metall Mater 1994;42:3463-79.
92. Xu J, Cox BN, McGlockton MA, Carter WC. A binary model of textile composites: II the elastic regime. Acta Metall Mater 1995;43(9):3511-24.
93. Kim SJ, Lee CS, Shin H. Virtual experimental characterization of 3D orthogonal woven composite materials. AIAA-2001-1570.
94. Kim SJ, Ji KH, Paik SH. Numerical simulation of mechanical behavior of composite structures by supercomputing technology. Adv Compos Mater 2008;17:373-407.
95. Lee CS, Chung SW, Shin H, Kim SJ. Virtual material characterization of 3D orthogonal woven composite materials by large-scale computing. J Compos mater 2005;39:851-63.
96. Wang XF, Wang XW, Zhou GM, Zhou CW. Multi-scale analyses of 3D woven composite base on periodicity boundary conditions. J Compos mater 2007;41(4):1773-88.
97. Xia Z, Zhang Y, Ellyin F. A unified periodical boundary conditions for representative volume elements of composites and applications. Int J Solid Struct 2003;40(8):1907-21.
98. Xia Z. On the selection of repeated unit cell model and application of unified periodic boundary conditions in micro-mechanical analysis of composites. Int J Solid Struct 2006;43(2):266-78.
99. Tong L, Tan P, Steven GP. Effect of yarn waviness on strength of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composite materials. J Reinf Plast Compos 2002;21(2):153-73.
100. Bahei-El-Din YA, Rajendran AM, Zikry MA. A material model for multi-scale analysis of textile composites. AIAA 2003-1476.
101. Bahei-El-Din YA, Rajendran AM, Zikry MA. A micromechanical model for damage progression in woven composite systems. Int J Solid Struct 2004;41:2307-30.
102. McGlockton MA, Cox BN, McMeeking RM. A binary model of textile composites: III high failure strain and work of fracture in 3D weaves. J Mech Phys Solid 2003;51:1573-600.
103. Nagai K, Yokoyama A, Maekawa ZI, Hamada H. Strength analysis for threedimensional fibre reinforced composites. Adv Perform Mater 1995;2:161-76.
104. Thuruthimattan BJ, Naik NK. Mechanical characterization of hybrid 3D orthogonally woven composites. AIAA-98-1809.
105. Tan P, Tong L, Steven GP. Behavior of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. Part II. FEA and analytical modeling approaches. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2000;31:273-81.
106. Bogdanovich AE. Progressive failure modeling and strength predictions of 3-D woven composites. AIAA 2009-2658.
107. Yang C, Kim YK, Qidwai UA, Wilson AR. Related strength properties of 3D fabrics. Text Res J 2004;74:634-9.
108. Quek SC, Waas AM. Instabilities in braided textile composites under uniaxial compressive and biaxial loading. In: 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ACS structures, structural dynamics and materials conference; 2002.
109. Quek SC, Waas AM, Shahwan KW, Agaram V. Compressive response and failure of braided textile composites: Part 2-computations. Int J Non-linear Mech 2004;39:649-63.
110. Quek SC, Waas AM, Shahwan KW, Agaram V. Compressive response and failure of braided textile composites: Part 2-experiments. Int J Non-linear Mech 2004;39:635-48.
111. Song S, Waas AM, Shahwan KW, Xiao X, Faruque O. Braided textile composites under compressive loads: modeling the response, strength and degradation. Compos Sci Technol 2007;67:3059-70.
112. Song S, Waas AM, Shahwan KW, Faruque O, Xiao X. Compression response of 2D braided textile composites: single cell and multiple cell micromechanics based strength predictions. J Compos Mater 2008;42(23):2461-82.
113. Huang H, Waas AM. Compressive response of Z-pinned woven glass fiber textile composite laminates: modeling and computation. Compos Sci Technol 2009;69:2338-44.
114. Huang H, Waas AM. Compressive response of Z-pinned woven glass fiber textile composite laminates: experiments. Compos Sci Technol 2009;69:2331-7.
115. Huang H, Waas AM. Modeling and predicting the compression strength limiting mechanisms in Z-pinned textile composites. Compos Part B: Eng 2009;40:530-9.
116. Richardson MOW, Wisheart MJ. Review of low velocity impact properties of composite materials. Composite Part A 1996;27A:1123-31.
117. Garnich MR, Akula VMK. Review of degradation models for progressive failure analysis of fibre reinforced polymer composites. Appl Mech Rev 2009;62:010801.
118. Baucom JN, Zikry MA. Evolution of failure mechanisms in 2D and 3D woven composite systems under quasi-static perforation. J Comp Mater 2003;37:1651-74.
119. Baucom JN, Zikry MA, Rajendran AM. Low-velocity impact damage accumulation in woven S2-glass composite systems. Compos Sci Technol 2006;66:1229-38.
120. Lv L, Sun B, Qiu Y, Gu B. Energy absorption and failure modes of 3D orthogonal hybrid woven composite struck by flat-ended rod. Polym Compos 2006:410-6.
121. Luo YS, Lv L, Sun B, Qiu Y, Gu B. Transverse impact behavior and energy absorption of three-dimensional orthogonal hybrid woven composites. Compos Struct 2007;81:202-9.
122. Wang X, Hu B, Feng Y, Liang F, Mo J, Xiong J, et al. Low velocity impact properties of 3D woven basalt/aramid hybrid composites. Compos Sci Technol 2008;68:444-50.
123. Walter TR, Subhash G, Sankar BV, Yen CF. Damage modes in 3D glass fibre epoxy woven composites under high rate of impact loading. Compos Part B: Eng 2009;40:584-9.
124. Gan JC. Experimental research of three-dimensional orthogonal woven composites under quasi-static penetration and FEM simulation. Fibre Compos 2007;48(4):48-52 [in Chinese].
125. Ji C, Sun B, Qiu Y, Gu B. Impact damage of 3D orthogonal woven composite circular plates. Appl Compos Mater 2007;14:343-62.
126. Naik NK, Meduri S. Polymer-matrix composites subjected to low-velocity impact: effect of laminate configuration. Compos Sci Technol 2001;61:1429-36.
127. Bahei-El-Din YA, Zikry MA. Impact induced deformation fields in 2D and 3D woven composites. Compos Sci Technol 2003;63:923-42.
128. Ji KH, Kim SJ. Dynamic direct numerical simulation of woven composites for low velocity impact. J Compos Mater 2007;41:175-200.
129. Lv L, Gu B. Transverse impact damage and energy absorption of threedimensional orthogonal hybrid woven composite: experiment and FEM simulation. J Compos Mater 2008;42:1763-86.
130. Hao A, Sun B, Qiu Y, Gu B. Dynamic properties of 3-D orthogonal woven composite T-beam under transverse impact. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2008;39:1073-82.
131. Hu H, Sun B Sun H, Gu B. A comparative study of the impact response of 3D textile composites and aluminum plates. J Compos Mater 2009 (iFirst); 0(0): 1-27. 10.1177/0021998309347577.
132. Sun B, Liu Y, Gu B. A unit cell approach of finite element calculation of ballistic impact damage of 3-D orthogonal woven composite. Compos Part B: Eng 2009;40:552-60.
133. Li Z, Sun B, Gu B. FEM simulation of 3D angle-interlocked woven composite under ballistic impact from unit cell approach. Compos Mater Sci 2010;49:171-83.
134. Hur HK, Park J, Kapania RK. Ballistic resistance of 3-D orthogonal woven textile composites with helically twisted z-strands. AIAA 2009-2358.
135. Pankow M, Waas AM, Yen CF, Ghiorse S. Shock loading of 3D woven composites: a validated finite element investigation. Compos Struct 2011;93(5):1347-62.
136. Pankow M, Justusson B, Salvi A, Waas AM. Shock response of 3D woven composites: an experimental investigation. Compos Struct 2011;93(5):1337-46.