Effects of parasites from salmon farms on productivity of wild salmon

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 108, Issue 35, 2011, Pages 14700-14704

  Krkošek, Martin ^a,b   Connors, Brendan M ^b,c   Morton, Alexandra ^b,d   Lewis, Mark A ^e   Dill, Lawrence M ^c   Hilborn, Ray ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b Salmon Coast Field Station British Columbia   (Canada)

^c SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d Raincoast Research Society   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; COPEPOD; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FISHERY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GROWTH RATE; NONHUMAN; ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA; ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH; PARASITE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALMON; SEA LOUSE INFESTATION;

ANIMALS; COPEPODA; FISHERIES; SALMON;

COPEPODA; LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS; ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA; ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH; PHTHIRAPTERA;

EID: 80052289287     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101845108     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Krkošek M., et al. (2007) Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon. Science 318:1772-1775.
2. Costello M.J. (2009) How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere. Proc Biol Sci 276: 3385-3394.
3. Costello M.J. (2006) Ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish. Trends Parasitol 22:475-483.
4. Hilborn R. (2006) Salmon-farming impacts on wild salmon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 15506-15510.
5. Morton A.B., Williams R. (2003) First report of a sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestation on juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, in nearshore habitat. Can Field Nat 117:634-641.
6. Krkošek M., Lewis M.A., Morton A., Frazer L.N., Volpe J.P. (2006) Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:15506-15510.
7. Price M.H.H., Morton A., Reynolds J.D. (2010) Evidence of farm-induced parasite infestations on wild juvenile salmon in multiple regions of coastal British Columbia, Canada. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 67:1925-1932.
8. Price M.H.H., et al. (2011) Sea louse infection of juvenile sockeye salmon in relation to marine salmon farms on Canada's west coast. PLoS ONE 6:e16851.
9. Morton A., Routledge R. (2005) Mortality rates for juvenile pink Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum O. keta salmon infested with sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis in the Broughton Archipelago. Alaska Fish Res Bull 11:146-152.
10. Krkošek M., et al. (2011) Fish farms, parasites, and predators: Implications for salmon population dynamics. Ecol Appl 21:897-914.
11. Connors B., Krkošek M., Ford J.S., Dill L.M. (2010) Coho salmon productivity in relation to salmon lice from infected prey and salmon farms. J Appl Ecol 47:1372-1377.
12. Krkošek M., Hilborn R. (2011) Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations and the productivity of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 68:17-29.
13. Krkosek M., Ford J.S., Morton A., Lele S., Lewis M.A. (2008) Response to comment on "Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon". Science 322:1790.
14. Riddell B.E., Beamish R.J., Richards L.R., Candy J.R. (2008) Comment on "Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon". Science 322:1790.
15. Marty G.D., Saksida S.M., Quinn T.J., 2nd (2010) Relationship of farm salmon, sea lice, and wild salmon populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:22599-22604.
16. Beamish R.J., et al. (2007) A proposed life history strategy for the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis in the subarctic Pacific. Aquaculture 264:428-440.
17. Dill L.M., Connors B., Losos C., Mages P. (2008) Comment on Beamish et al. "A proposed life history strategy for the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis in the subarctic Pacific. Aquaculture 286:154-155.
18. Brooks K.M., Jones S.R.M. (2008) Perspectives on pink salmon and sea lice: Scientific evidence fails to support the extinction hypothesis. Rev Fish Sci 16:403-412.
19. Krkošek M., Ford J.S., Lele S., Lewis M.A. (2008) Sea lice and pink salmon declines: A response to Brooks and Jones (2008). Rev Fish Sci 16:413-436.
20. Frazer L.N. (2008) Sea-cage aquaculture, sea lice, and declines of wild fish. Conserv Biol 23:599-607.
21. McVicar A.H. (2004) Management actions in relation to the controversy about salmon lice infections in fish farms as a hazard to wild salmonid populations. Aquacult Res 35: 751-758.
22. Naylor R., et al. (2005) Fugitive salmon: Assessing the risks of escaped fish from netpen aquaculture. Bioscience 55:427-437.
23. Krkošek M. (2010) Sea lice and salmon in Pacific Canada: Ecology and policy. Front Ecol Environ 86:201-209.
24. Gudjonsson S., Scarnecchia D.L. (2009) "Even the evil need a place to live": Wild salmon, salmon farming, and zoning of the Icelandic coastline. Fisheries 34:477-486.
25. Paisley L.G., et al. (2010) An overview of aquaculture in the Nordic countries. J World Aquacult Soc 41:1-17.
26. Connors B.M., Lagasse C., Dill L.M. (2011) What's love got to do with it? Ontogenetic drivers of dispersal in a marine ectoparasite. Behav Ecol 22:588-593.
27. Connors B.M., Krkosek M., Dill L.M. (2008) Sea lice escape predation on their host. Biol Lett 4:455-457.
28. Pike A.W., Wadsworth S.L. (1999) Sealice on salmonids: Their biology and control. Adv Parasitol 44:233-337.
29. Connors B.M., Hargreaves B., Jones S.R.M., Dill L.M. (2010) Predation intensifies parasite exposure in a salmonid food chain. J Appl Ecol 47:1365-1371.
30. Jones S.R.M., Hargreaves N.B. (2009) Infection threshold to estimate Lepeophtheirus salmonis-associated mortality among juvenile pink salmon. Dis Aquat Organ 84: 131-137.
31. Beamish R.J., et al. (2006) Exceptional marine survival of pink salmon that entered the marine environment in 2003 suggests that farmed Atlantic salmon and Pacific salmon can coexist successfully in a marine ecosystem on the Pacific coast of Canada. ICES J Mar Sci 63:1326-1337.
32. Krkošek M. (2010) Host density thresholds and disease control for fisheries and aquaculture. Aquacult Environ Interact 1:21-32.
33. Lloyd-Smith J.O., et al. (2005) Should we expect population thresholds for wildlife disease? Trends Ecol Evol 20:511-519.
34. Hogans W.E. (1995) Infection Dynamics of Sea Lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepodae: Caligidae) Parasitic on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Cultured in Marine Waters of the Lower Bay of Fundy (Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2067) (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada).
35. Morton A., Routledge R., Peet C., Ladwig A. (2004) Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection rates on juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon in the nearshore marine environment of British Columbia, Canada. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:147-157.
36. Morton A., Routledge R.D., Williams R. (2005) Temporal patterns of sea louse infestation on wild Pacific salmon in relation to the fallowing of Atlantic salmon farms. N Am J Fish Manage 25:811-821.
37. Krkošek M., Morton A., Volpe J.P., Lewis M.A. (2009) Sea lice and salmon population dynamics: Effects of exposure time for migratory fish. Proc Biol Sci 276:2819-2828.
38. Beamish R.J., Mahnken C., Neville C.M. (2004) Evidence that reduced early marine growth is associated with lower marine survival of Coho salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 133:26-33.
39. Nagel L., Zanuttig M., Forbes M.R. (2011) Escape of parasitic water mites from dragonfly predators attacking their damselfly hosts. Can J Zool 89:213-218.
40. Grenfell B.T., Dobson A.P. (1995) Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK).
41. Mueter F.J., Peterman R.M., Pyper B.J. (2002) Opposite effects of ocean temperature on survival rates of 120 stocks of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in northern and southern areas. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:456-463.
42. Peterman R.M. (1977) Simple mechanism that causes collapsing stability regions in exploited salmonid populations. J Fish Res Board Can 34:1130-1142.
43. Quinn T.P. (2005) The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout (Univ of Washington Press, Seattle).
44. Morton A.M., Routledge R., Krkošek M. (2008) Sea lice infestation of wild juvenile salmon and herring associated with fish farms off the east central coast of Vancouver Island, BC. N Am J Fish Manage 28:523-532.
45. Werkman M., Green D.M., Murray A.G., Turnbull J.F. (2011) The effectiveness of fallowing strategies in disease control in salmon aquaculture assessed with an SIS model. Prev Vet Med 98:64-73.
46. Murray A.G., et al. (2010) Epidemiological investigation into the re-emergence and control of an outbreak of infectious salmon anaemia in the Shetland Islands, Scotland. Dis Aquat Organ 91:189-200.
47. Olivares J., Marshall S.H. (2010) Determination of minimal concentration of Piscirickettsia salmonis in water columns to establish a fallowing period in salmon farms. J Fish Dis 33:261-266.
48. Ricker W.E. (1954) Stock and recruitment. J Fish Res Board Can 11:559-623.
49. Pyper B.J., Mueter F.J., Peterman R.M., Blackbourn D.J., Wood C.C. (2001) Spatial covariation in survival rates of Northeast Pacific pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:1501-1515.
50. Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference (Springer, New York).