Modeling pre-evacuation delay by evacuees in World Trade Center Towers 1 and 2 on September 11, 2001: A revisit using regression analysis

Fire Safety Journal

Volumn 46, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 414-424

  Sherman, M F ^a   Peyrot, M ^a   Magda, L A ^b   Gershon, R R M ^b  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MARYLAND   (United States)

^b Department of Sociology ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Decision making; Evacuation; Predictors of pre evacuation delay; World Trade Center

Indexed keywords

CIVIL DEFENSE; DISASTER PREVENTION; DISASTERS; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; LINEAR REGRESSION; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK PERCEPTION; TOWERS;

DECISIONS MAKINGS; EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS; ENVIRONMENTAL CUES; EVACUATION; LINEAR REGRESSION MODELLING; PERCEIVED RISK; PRE EVACUATIONS; PREDICTOR OF PRE-EVACUATION DELAY; SEPTEMBER 11; WORLD TRADE CENTER;

TALL BUILDINGS;

EID: 80052261755     PISSN: 03797112     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. E.D. Kuligowski, and D.S. Mileti Modeling pre-evacuation delay by occupants in World Trade Center Towers 1 and 2 on September 11, 2001 Fire Safety Journal 44 2009 487 496 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.10.001
2. D. Canter, J. Breaux, and J. Sime Domestic, multiple occupancy and hospital fires D. Canter, Fires and Human Behaviour 1980 Wiley New York
3. J.L. Bryan Behavioral response to fire and smoke P.J. DiNenno, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering 3rd ed. 2002 National Fire Protection Association Quincy 111 117
4. B. Latane, and J.M. Darley The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesnt he Help? 1970 Appleton-Century Crofts New York
5. L. Bickman, P. Edelman, M.A. McDaniel, Model of Human Behavior in a Fire Emergency. Report NBS GCR 78-120, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, 1977.
6. P. Brennan Bushfire Threat: Response in a Small Community 1998 Center for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering, Victoria University of Technology Melbourne, Australia
7. J.K. Lathrop Two fires demonstrate evacuation problems in high-rise buildings Fire Journal 70 1976 65 70
8. R.F. Fahy, G. Proulx, Human behavior in the World Trade Center evacuation, Fire Safety Science, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Interscience Communications Ltd., 1997, pp. 713724. doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.5-713.
9. G. Proulx Movement of people: the evacuation timing P.J. DiNenno, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering 3rd ed. 2002 National Fire Protection Association Quincy 3342 3365
10. G. Proulx, R.F. Fahy, The time delay to start evacuation: review of five case studies, Fire Safety Science, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, 1997, pp. 783793. doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.5-783.
11. G. Proulx, I.MA. Reid, and N.R. Cavan Human Behavior Study, Cook County Administration Building Fire, October 17, 2003, Chicago, IL 2004 National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Canada
12. W. Saunders, Occupant decision making in office building fire emergencies: experimental results, Fire Safety Science, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Interscience Communications Ltd., 1997, pp. 771781.
13. J.D. Averill, D.S. Mileti, R.D. Peacock, E.D Kuligowski, N. Groner, G. Proulx, P.A. Reneke, H.E. Nelson, Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications, Report NCSTAR 1-7. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2005. http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-7.pdf.
14. J.L. Bryan Human behavior in the fire situation Journal of Fire and Flammability 6 1975 17 27
15. E.J. Baker Predicting response to hurricane warnings: a reanalysis of data from four studies Mass Emergencies 4 1979 9 24
16. R.R. Dynes The Accident at Three Mile Island: Report of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Task Force 1979 Executive Office of the President Washington, DC
17. C.B. Flynn Three Mile Island Telephone Survey: Preliminary Report on Procedures and Findings 1979 Mountain West Research Tempe, AZ
18. J.M. Bateman, and B. Edwards Gender and evacuation: a closer look at why women are more likely to evacuate for hurricanes Natural Hazards Review 3 2002 107 117 10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2002)3:3(107)
19. B.E. Aguirre, W.A. Anderson, S. Balandran, B.E. Peters, and H.M. White Saragosa, Texas, Tornado, May 22, 1987: An Evaluation of the Warning System 1991 National Academy Press Washington
20. R.W. Perry, M.K. Lindell, Twentieth-CenturyVolcanicity at Mt. St. Helens: The Routinization of Life Near an Active Volcano, School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 1986.
21. R.W. Perry Citizen Evacuation in Response to Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Threats 1981 Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Seattle, WA
22. O. Wiegman, E. Komilis, B Cadet, H. Boer, and J.M. Gutteling The response of local residents in a chemical hazard warning: prediction of behavioral intentions in Greece, France and the Netherlands International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 10 1992 499 515
23. P.S. Houts, M.K. Lindell, T. Weittu, P.D. Cleary, G. Tokuhata, and C.B. Flynn The protective action decision model applied to evacuation during the Three Mile Island Crisis International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2 1984 27 39
24. D. Liverman, and J.P. Wilson The Mississauga train derailment and evacuation, 10 - 16 November 1979 Canadian Geographer 25 1981 365 375
25. E.R. Danzig, P.W. Thayer, and L.R. Galater The effects of a threatening rumor on a disaster-stricken community 1958 Disaster Research Group, National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC
26. T.E. Drabek Social processes in disaster: family evacuation Social Problems 16 1969 336 349
27. R.K. Leik, M. Carter, and J.P. Clark Community Response to Minneapolis, MN: Natural Hazard Warnings: Final Report University of Minnesota 1981
28. T.E. Drabek, Disaster Evacuation and the Tourist Industry, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 1994.
29. G.O. Rogers Some Policy Implications of Human Components of Emergency Warning 1985 Center for Social and Urban Research, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA
30. T.W. Hodler Residents preparedness and response to the Kalamazoo Tornado Disasters 6 1982 44 49 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1982.tb00743.x
31. J.L. Irish, and B. Falconer Reaction to flood warning R.L. Heathcote, B.G. Thom, Natural Hazards in Australia 1979 Australian Academy of Science 313 329
32. D.S. Mileti, and C. Fitzpatrick Causal sequence of risk communication in the Parkfield Earthquake prediction experiment Risk Analysis 12 1992 393 400 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1992.tb00691.x
33. D.S. Mileti, and C. Fitzpatrick Great Earthquake Experiment: Risk Communication and Public Action 1993 Westview Press Boulder
34. D.S. Mileti, J.D. Darlington, C. Fitzpatrick, and P.W. OBrien Communicating Earthquake Risk: Societal Response to Revised Probabilities in the Bay Area 1993 Hazards Assessment Laboratory, Department of Sociology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO
35. S. Gwynne, E.R Galea, J. Parke, and J. Hickson The collection and analysis of pre-evacuation times from evacuation trials and their application to evacuation modeling Fire Technology 39 2003 173 195 10.1023/A:1024212214120 (Pubitemid 37388114)
36. P.G. Wood The Behaviour of People in Fires, Report Fire Research Note No. 953 1972 Loughborough University of Technology England, UK
37. J.L. Bryan A review of the examination and analysis of the dynamics of human behavior in the fire at the MGM Grand Hotel, Clark County, Nevada, as determined from a selected questionnaire population Fire Safety Journal 5 1983 233 240 10.1016/0379-7112(83)90021-8
38. J.H. Sorensen, and D.S. Mileti Warning and evacuation: answering some basic questions Industrial and Environmental Crisis Quarterly 2 1988 195 209
39. E.J. Baker Predicting response to hurricane warnings: a reanalysis of data from four studies Mass Emergemcies 4 1979 9 24
40. G.O. Windham, E.I. Posey, P.G. Ross, and B. Spencer Reaction to Storm Threat During Hurricane Elosie 1977 Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University Starkville, MS
41. J.H. Sorensen, and D.S. Mileti Warning systems for nuclear power plant emergencies Nuclear Safety Journal 30 1989 358 370 (Pubitemid 21660066)
42. P. Brennan, Timing human response to real fires, Fire Safety Science, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Interscience Communications Ltd., 1997, pp. 807818.
43. G. Proulx Evacuation time and movement in apartment buildings Fire Safety Journal 24 1995 229 246 10.1016/0379-7112(95)00023-M
44. T.J. Shields, and K.E. Boyce A study of evacuation from large retail stores Fire Safety Journal 35 2000 25 49 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00013-8
45. D. Tong, and D. Canter The decision to evacuate: a study of the motivations which contribute to evacuation in the event of a fire Fire Safety Journal 9 1985 257 265 10.1016/0379-7112(85)90036-0 (Pubitemid 15525415)
46. R.R.M. Gershon, L.A. Magda, H.E.M. Riley, M. Sherman, The World Trade Center evacuation study: factors associated with initiation and length of time for evacuation, Fire and Materials, in press. doi:10.1002/fam.1080.
47. R.R.M. Gershon, K.A. Qureshi, M.S. Rubin, and V.H. Raveis Factors associated with high-rise evacuation: qualitative results from the World Trade Center Prehospital Disaster Medicine 22 2007 165 173
48. K.A Qureshi, R.R.M. Gershon, E. Smailes, V.H. Raveis, B. Murphy, F. Matzner, and A.R. Fleischman Roadmap for the protection of disaster research participants: findings from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22 2007 486 493
49. R.R.M. Gershon, M.S. Rubin, K.A. Qureshi, A.N. Canton, and F.J. Matzner Participatory action research methodology in disaster research: results from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2 2008 142 149
50. R.R.M. Gershon, K.A. Qureshi, B. Barocas, J. Pearson, and S.A. Dopson Worksite emergency preparedness: lessons from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study R.J. Burke, C.L. Cooper, International Terrorism and Threats to Security 2008 Edward Elgar Publishing Cheltenham, UK 232 266