Latin American urban development into the twenty-first century: Towards a renewed perspective on the city

European Journal of Development Research

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 550-568

  Rodgers, Dennis ^a   Beall, Jo ^b   Kanbur, Ravi ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

^c Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics   (United States)

Author keywords

cities; Latin America; slums; urban development; urbanization

Indexed keywords

PERCEPTION; TWENTY FIRST CENTURY; URBAN DEVELOPMENT; URBANIZATION;

LATIN AMERICA;

EID: 80052147641     PISSN: 09578811     EISSN: 17439728     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/ejdr.2011.18     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Abers, R. (2000) Inventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil. Boulder, CO: Westview.
2. Angotti, T. (1995) The Latin American metropolis and the growth of inequality. NACLA Report on the Americas 28(4): 13-18.
3. Arana, A. (2005) How the street gangs took Central America. Foreign Affairs 84(3): 98-110. (Pubitemid 40652991)
4. Arias, E.D. (2006) Drugs and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro: Trafficking, Social Networks, and Public Security. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
5. Auyero, J. (2000) Poor People's Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
6. Avritzer, L. (2002) Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
7. Baiocchi, G. (2001) Brazilian cities in the nineties and beyond: New urban dystopias and utopias. Socialism and Democracy 15(2): 41-61.
8. Baiocchi, G. (2005) Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
9. Bastia, T. (2007) From mining to garment workshops: Bolivian migrants in Buenos Aires. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33(4): 655-669. (Pubitemid 46510973)
10. Bayat, A. and Biekart, K. (2009) Cities of extremes. Development and Change 40(5): 815-825
11. Beall, J., Guha-Khasnobis, B. and Kanbur, R. (eds.) (2010) Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Burdick, J. (1992) Rethinking the study of social movements: The case of Christian base communities in urban Brazil. In: A. Escobar and S.E. Alvarez (eds.) The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy and Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 171-184.
13. Butterworth, D. and Chance, J.K. (1981) Latin American Urbanization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
14. Caldeira, T.P.R. (1999) Fortified enclaves: The new urban segregation. In: J. Holston (ed.) Cities and Citizenship. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
15. Caldeira, T.P.R. (2000) City of Walls: Crime, Segregation and Citizenship in Sao Paulo. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
16. Cardoso, R. (1987) Movimentos sociais na America Latina. Revista Brasileira das Ciências Sociais 3(1): 27-37.
17. Castells, M. (1983) The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
18. Castles, S. and Miller, M.J. (2009) The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. New York: The Guilford Press.
19. Cerrutti, M. and Bertoncello, R. (2003) Urbanization and internal migration patterns in Latin America. Paper presented at the Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective; 4-7 June, Johannesburg, South Africa.
20. Chavez, D. and Goldfrank, B. (eds.) (2004) The Left in the City: Participatory Local Governments in Latin America. London: Latin American Bureau.
21. Cornelius, W.A. and Kemper, R.V. (eds.) (1978) Metropolitan Latin America: The Challenge and the Response. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
22. Crot, L. (2006) 'Scenographic' and 'cosmetic' planning: Globalization and territorial restructuing in Buenos Aires. Journal of Urban Affairs 28(3): 227-251. (Pubitemid 43941703)
23. Davis, D.E. (2009) Non-state armed actors, new imagined communities, and shifting patterns of sovereignty and insecurity in the modern world. Contemporary Security Policy 30(2): 221-245.
24. Davis, D.E. (2010) The political and economic origins of violence and insecurity in Latin America: Past trajectories and future prospects. In: E.D. Arias and D.M. Goldstein (eds.) Violent Democracies in Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 35-62.
25. Davis, M. (2006) Planet of Slums. London: Verso.
26. de Rivero, O. (1998) El Mito del Desarrollo: Los Paises Inviables en el Siglo XXI. Lima: Mosca Azul.
27. De Soto, H. (1989) The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: Harper and Row.
28. Dunkerley, J. (2000) Americana: The Americas in the World, around 1850. London: Verso.
29. Earle, L.O. (2009) Occupying the Illegal City: Urban Social Movements and Social Citizenship in Sao Paulo. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science.
30. Eckstein, S (ed.) (1989) Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
31. Eckstein, S. (1977) The Poverty of Revolution: The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
32. Eckstein, S. (1990) Urbanization revisited: Inner-city slum of hope and squatter settlement of despair. World Development 18(2): 165-181
33. Escobar, A. and Alvarez, S.E. (eds.) (1992) The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
34. Fajnzylber, P., Lederman, D. and Loayza, N. (2002) Inequality and violent crime. Journal of Law and Economics 45(1): 1-40. (Pubitemid 36931714)
35. Fernandes, E. and Varley, A. (eds.) (1998) Illegal Cities: Law and Urban Change in Developing Countries. London: Zed Books.
36. Fernandes, E. (2007) Constructing the 'right to the city' in Brazil. Social and Legal Studies 16(2): 201-219.
37. Fischer, B. and McCann, B. (eds.) (forthcoming) From Villas Miseria to Colonias Populares: Cities of Poverty in Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
38. Fischer, K., Jager, J. and Parnreiter, C. (2003) Transformacion economica, politicas y produccion de la segregacion social en Chile y Mexico. Scripta Nova VII(146): 127, http://www.ub.es/geocrit/sn/sn-146(127).htm.
39. Fung, A. and Wright, E.O. (eds.) (2003) Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance. London: Verso.
40. Galeano, E. (1998) Patas Arriba: La Escuela del Mundo al Revés. Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno.
41. Gay, R. (2009) From popular movements to drug gangs to militias: An anatomy of violence in Rio de Janeiro. In: K. Koonings and D. Kruijt (eds.) Mega-cities: The Politics of Urban Exclusion and Violence in the Global South. London: Zed, pp. 29-51.
42. Germani, G. (1973) Urbanization, social change, and the great transformation. In: G. Germani (ed.) Modernization, Urbanization, and the Urban Crisis. New York: Little, Brown and Co., pp. 3-58.
43. Gilbert, A. (1994) The Latin American City. London: Latin American Bureau.
44. Gilbert, A. (2007) The return of the slum: Does language matter? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31(4): 697-713. (Pubitemid 350302453)
45. Gilbert, A. and Varley, A. (1991) Landlord and Tenant: Housing the Poor in Urban Mexico. London: Routledge.
46. Gilbert, A., Hardoy, J.E. and Ramirez, R. (eds.) (1982) Urbanization in contemporary Latin America. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
47. Gledhill, J. (1996) Putting the state back in without leaving the dialectics out: Social movements, elites, and neoliberalism. Paper presented to a session on 'Gramsci, Hegemony and the Critique of Anthropology', American Anthropological Association Meeting, San Francisco, November, http://jg.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/gramsci.pdf, accessed 8 May 2010.
48. Goldstein, D.M. (2003) Laughter out of Place: Race, Class, Violence and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
49. Goldstein, D.M. (2004) The Spectacular City: Violence and Performance in Urban Bolivia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
50. Gomes da Cunha, O.M. (1998) Black movements and the politics of identity in Brazil. In: S.E. Alvarez, E. Dagnino and A. Escobar (eds.) Cultures of Politics, Politics of Cultures: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 220-251.
51. Gonzalez Echevarria, R. (2003) Facundo: An introduction. In: D.F. Sarmiento, Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 1-16.
52. Gugler, J. (1982) Overurbanization reconsidered. Economic Development and Cultural Change 31(1): 173-189.
53. Guha-Khasnobis, B., Kanbur, R. and Ostrom, E. (eds.) (2006) Linking the Formal and Informal Economy: Concepts and Policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54. Gutmann, M.C. (2002) The Romance of Democracy: Compliant Defiance in Contemporary Mexico. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
55. Hannerz, U. (1969) Soulside: Inquiries into Ghetto Culture and Community. New York: Columbia University Press.
56. Hardoy, J.E. (1973) Pre-Columbian Cities. London: Allen and Unwin.
57. Hardoy, J.E. (ed.) (1975) Urbanization in Latin America: Approaches and Issues. New York: Anchor books.
58. Hart, J.K. (1973) Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies 11(1): 61-89.
59. Hauser, P.M. (ed.) (1961) Urbanization in Latin America. Paris: UNESCO.
60. Hernandez, F., Kellett, P. and Allen, L.K. (eds.) (2010) Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America. New York: Berghahn Books.
61. Hoberman, L.S. and Socolow, S.M. (eds.) (1986) Cities and Society in Colonial Latin America. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
62. Holston, J. (1989) The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Braśilia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
63. Holston, J. (2008) Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
64. Holston, J. and Appadurai, A. (1999) Cities and citizenship. In: J. Holston (ed.) Cities and Citizenship. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 1-18.
65. Hume, M. (2009) The Politics of Violence: Gender, Conflict, and Community in El Salvador. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
66. Jelin, E. (ed.) (1990) Women and Social Change in Latin America. London: Zed.
67. Jones, G.A. (1994) The Latin American city as contested space: A manifesto. Bulletin of Latin American Research 13(1): 1-12. (Pubitemid 24391111)
68. Jones, G.A. (2006) Culture and politics in the 'Latin American' city. Latin American Research Review 41(1): 241-260.
69. Jones, G.A. and Moreno-Carranco, M. (2007) Megaprojects: Beneath the pavement, excess. City 11(2): 144-164.
70. Jones, G.A. and Rodgers, D. (eds.) (2009) Youth Violence in Latin America: Gangs and Juvenile Justice in Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
71. Jutersonke, O., Muggah, R. and Rodgers, D. (2009) Gangs, urban violence, and security interventions in Central America. Security Dialogue 40(4-5): 373-397.
72. Kemper, R.V. (1971) Rural-urban migration in Latin America: A framework for the comparative analysis of geographical and temporal patterns. International Migration Review 5(1): 36-47.
73. Kemper, R.V. (2002) Urbanization in Latin America. In: M. Ember and C.R. Ember (eds.) Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures: Cities and Cultures around the World. Danbury, CT: Grolier Publishing, pp. 88-100.
74. Klich, I. and Lesser, J. (eds.) (1998) Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. London: Frank Cass.
75. Koonings, K. (2009) Surviving regime change? Participatory democracy and the politics of citizenship in Porto Alegre, Brazil. In: P. Silva and H. Cleuren (eds.) Widening Democracy: Citizens and Participatory Schemes in Brazil and Chile. Leiden: Brill, pp. 203-224.
76. Koonings, K. and Kruijt, D. (eds.) (2004) Armed Actors: Organised Violence and State Failure in Latin America. London: Zed Books.
77. Koonings, K. and Kruijt, D. (eds.) (2007) Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America. London: Zed.
78. Kowarick, L. (1980) A Espoliação Urbana. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra
79. Kowarick, L. (ed.) (1994) Social Struggles and the City: The Case of São Paulo. New York: Monthly Review Press.
80. Kruijt, D. and Koonings, K. (1999) Introduction: Violence and fear in Latin America. In: K. Koonings and D. Kruijt (eds.) Societies of Fear: The Legacy of Civil War, Violence and Terror in Latin America. London: Zed, pp. 1-30.
81. Kruijt, D. and Koonings, K. (2009) The rise of megacities and the urbanization of informality, exclusion and violence. In: K. Koonings and D. Kruijt (eds.) Mega-cities: The Politics of Urban Exclusion and Violence in the Global South. London: Zed, pp. 8-26.
82. Lancaster, R.N. (1988) Thanks to God and the Revolution: Popular Religion and Class Consciousness in the New Nicaragua. New York: Columbia University Press.
83. Lattes, A.E., Rodriguez, J. and Villa, M. (2003) Population dynamics and urbanization in Latin America: Concepts and data limitations. In: T. Champion and G. Hugo (eds.) New Forms of Urbanization: Beyond the Urban-Rural Dichotomy. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, pp. 89-111.
84. Lazar, S. (2008) El Alto, Rebel City: Self and Citizenship in Andean Bolivia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
85. Leacock, E. (1971) The Culture of Poverty: A Critique. New York: Simon and Schuster.
86. Leeds, A. (1994) Cities, Classes, and the Social Order. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
87. Leeds, E. (1996) Cocaine and parallel polities in the Brazilian urban periphery: Constraints on local-level democratization. Latin American Research Review 31(3): 47-83.
88. Lehmann, D. (1991) Democracy and Development in Latin America: Economies, Politics and Religion in the Postwar Period. Cambridge: Polity Press.
89. Lewis, O. (1959) Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty. New York: Basic Books.
90. Lewis, O. (1961) The Children of Sánchez: Autobiography of a Mexican Family. New York: Random House.
91. Lewis, O. (1966) La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty-San Juan and New York. New York: Random House.
92. Lewis, W.A. (1954) Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor. Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 22(2): 139-191.
93. Liebel, M. (2004) Pandillas juveniles en Centroamerica o la dificil busqueda de justicia en una sociedad violenta. Desacatos 14: 85-104.
94. Lloyd, P. (1979) Slums of Hope? Shanty Towns of the Third World. London: Penguin.
95. Lloyd, P. (1980) The 'Young Towns' of Lima: Aspects of Urbanization in Peru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96. Lobo, S. (1982) A House of My Own: Social Organization in the Squatter Settlements of Lima, Peru. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
97. Lomnitz, L.A. (1977) Networks and Marginality: Life in a Mexican Shantytown. New York: Academic Press
98. Londono, J.-L., Gaviria, A. and Guerrero, R. (eds.) (2000) Asalto al Desarrollo: Violencia en América Latina. Washington DC: IADB.
99. Lopes de Souza, M. (2006) Together with the state, despite the state, against the state: Social movements as 'critical urban planning agents'. City 10(3): 327-342.
100. Lopez Levy, M. (2004) We are Millions: Neo-liberalism and New Forms of Political Action in Argentina. London: Latin American Bureau.
101. Low, S.M. (1995) Indigenous architecture and the Spanish American Plaza in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean. American Anthropologist 97(4): 748-762. (Pubitemid 126005361)
102. Maloney, W. (2001) Informality Revisited. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 2965.
103. Mangin, W. (1967) Latin American squatter settlements: A problem and a solution. Latin American Research Review 2(3): 65-98.
104. Mangin, W. (ed.) (1970) Peasants in Cities: Readings in the Anthropology of Urbanization. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
105. McCann, B. (2006) The political evolution of Rio de Janeiro's favelas: Recent works. Latin American Research Review 41(3): 149-163.
106. Melucci, A. (1996) Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
107. Mendez, J.E., O'Donnell, G. and Pinheiro, P.S. (eds.) (1999) The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
108. Morse, R.M. (1965) Recent research on Latin American urbanization: A selective survey with commentary. Latin American Research Review 1(1): 35-74.
109. Morse, R.M. (1974) Trends and patterns of Latin American urbanization, 1750-1920. Comparative Studies in Society and History 16(4): 416-447.
110. Morse, R.M. and Hardoy, J.E. (eds.) (1992) Rethinking the Latin American city. Washington DC; Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
111. Moser, C.O.N. (1978) Informal sector or petty commodity production: Dualism or dependence in urban development? World Development 6(9-10): 1041-1064.
112. Moser, C.O.N. (2009) Ordinary Families, Extraordinary Lives: Assets and Poverty Reduction in Guayaquil, 1978-2004. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
113. Moser, C.O.N. and McIlwaine, C. (2004) Encounters with Violence in Latin America: Urban Poor Perceptions from Colombia and Guatemala. London: Routledge.
114. Moser, C.O.N. and McIlwaine, C. (2006) Latin American urban violence as a development concern: Towards a framework for violence reduction. World Development 34(1): 89-112. (Pubitemid 43055439)
115. Mumford, L. (1996[1937]) What is a City? In: R.T. LeGates and F. Stout (eds.) The City Reader. London: Routledge.
116. O'Donnell, G. (1999) Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
117. Pearce, J. (1998) From civil war to 'civil society': Has the end of the Cold War brought peace to Central America? International Affairs 74(3): 587-615.
118. Peattie, L.R. (1970) The View from the Barrio. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
119. Penglase, R.B. (2005) The shutdown of Rio de Janeiro: The poetics of drug trafficker violence. Anthropology Today 21(5): 3-6.
120. Perlman, J.E. (1976) The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
121. Perlman, J.E. (2010) Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
122. Perreault, T. and Martin, P. (2005) Geographies of neoliberalism in Latin America. Environment and Planning A 37(2): 191-201.
123. Pineo, R.F. and Baer, J.A. (eds.) (1998) Cities of Hope: People, Protests, and Progress in Urbanizing Latin America 1870-1930. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
124. Portes, A. (1972) Rationality in the slum: An essay on interpretive sociology. Comparative Studies in Society and History 14(3): 268-286.
125. Portes, A. and Benton, L. (1984) Industrial development and labor absorption: A reinterpretation. Population and Development Review 10(4): 589-611.
126. Portes, A. and Roberts, B.R. (2005) The free-market city: Latin American urbanization in the years of the neoliberal experiment. Studies in Comparative International Development 40(1): 43-82. (Pubitemid 41679447)
127. Portes, A., Roberts, B.R. and Grimson, A. (2005) Ciudades Latinoamericanas: Un Analysis Comparativo en el Umbral del Nuevo Siglo. Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros.
128. Rakowski, C.A. (ed.) (1994) Contrapunto: The Informal Sector Debate in Latin America. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
129. Risør, H. (2010) Twenty hanging dolls and a lynching: Defacing dangerousness and enacting citizenship in El Alto, Bolivia. Public Culture 22(3): 465-485.
130. Roberts, B.R. (1978) City of Peasants: The Political Economy of Urbanization in the Third World. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
131. Roberts, B.R. (1989) Urbanization, migration, and development. Sociological Forum 4(4): 665-691.
132. Roberts, B.R. (2010) Moving on and moving back: Rethinking inequality and migration in the Latin American city. Journal of Latin American Studies 42(3): 587-614.
133. Roberts, B.R. and Portes, A. (2006) Coping with the free market city: Collective action in six Latin American cities at the end of the twentieth century. Latin American Research Review 41(2): 57-83. (Pubitemid 44063653)
134. Roberts, B.R. and Wilson, R.H. (eds.) (2009) Urban Segregation and Governance in the Americas. New York: Palgrave.
135. Rodgers, D. (1999) Youth Gangs and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Survey. Washington DC: World Bank. Latin America and Caribbean Region Sustainable Development Urban Peace Program Working Paper no. 4.
136. Rodgers, D. (2004) Disembedding the city: Crime, insecurity, and spatial organisation in Managua, Nicaragua. Environment and Urbanization 16(2): 113-124.
137. Rodgers, D. (2006a) Living in the shadow of death: Gangs, violence, and social order in urban Nicaragua, 1996-2002. Journal of Latin American Studies 38(2): 267-292. (Pubitemid 44274707)
138. Rodgers, D. (2006b) The state as a gang: Conceptualising the governmentality of violence in contemporary Nicaragua. Critique of Anthropology 26(3): 315-330. (Pubitemid 44267562)
139. Rodgers, D. (2007) Managua. In: K. Koonings and D. Kruijt (eds.) Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America. London: Zed, pp. 71-85.
140. Rodgers, D. (2008) An Illness Called Managua. London: CSRC. London School of Economics Crisis States Research Centre Working Paper no. 37.2, http://www2.lse.ac.uk/international Development/research/crisisStates/download/ wp/wpSeries2/wp372.pdf, accessed 27 March 2011.
141. Rodgers, D. (2009) Slum wars of the 21st century: Gangs, Mano Dura, and the new urban geography of conflict in Central America. Development and Change 40(5): 949-976.
142. Rodgers, D. (2010) Contingent democratisation: The rise and fall of participatory budgeting in Buenos Aires. Journal of Latin American Studies 42(1): 1-27.
143. Rodgers, D. and Muggah, R. (2009) Gangs as non-state armed groups: The Central American case. Contemporary Security Policy 30(2): 301-317
144. Rodgers, G. (ed.) (1989) Urban Poverty and the Labour Market: Access to Jobs and Incomes in Asian and Latin American Cities. Geneva: ILO.
145. Rolnik, R. (2001) Territorial exclusion and violence: The case of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Geoforum 32(4): 471-482. (Pubitemid 32863552)
146. Rotker, S. (ed.) (2002) Citizens of Fear: Urban Violence in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
147. Sabatini, F. and Arenas, F. (2000) Entre el Estado y el mercado: Resonancias geograficas y sustentabilidad social en Santiago de Chile. EURE 26(79): 95-113.
148. Santos, B. de S. (1995) Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. London, Routledge.
149. Sarmiento, D.F. (2003) Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
150. Smith, G. (1989) Livelihood and Resistance: Peasants and the Politics of Land in Peru. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
151. Sovani, N.V. (1964) The analysis of 'over-urbanization'. Economic Development and Cultural Change 12(2): 113-122.
152. Stokes, S.C. (1991) Politics and Latin America's urban poor: Reflections from a Lima shantytown. Latin American Research Review 26(2): 75-101.
153. Svampa, M. (2001) Los que Ganaron: La Vida en los Countries y Barrios Privados. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos.
154. Thomas, J.J. (1995) Surviving in the City: The Urban Informal Sector in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.
155. Toynbee, A. (1970) Cities on the Move. London: Oxford University Press.
156. Tsuda, T. (2001) When identities become modern: Japanese immigrants in Brazil and the global contextualization of identity. Ethnic and Racial Studies 24(3): 412-432. (Pubitemid 34004446)
157. Turner, J.C. (1968) Housing priorities, settlement patterns, and urban development in modernizing countries. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 34(6): 354-363.
158. Turner, J.C. (1969) Uncontrolled urban settlement: Problems and policies. In: G. Breese (ed.) The City in Newly Developing Countries: Readings on Urbanism and Urbanization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
159. UN-Habitat. (2003) The Challenge of the Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003. London: Earthscan.
160. UN-Habitat. (2007) Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007. London: Earthscan.
161. Valentine, C.A. (1968) Culture and Poverty: Critique and Counter-proposals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
162. Valladares, L. and Prates Coelho, M. (1995) Urban Research in Latin America: Towards a Research Agenda. UNESCO Management of Social Transformations (MOST) Discussion Paper no. 4, http://www.unesco.org/most/valleng.html, accessed 25 April 2010.
163. Velez-Ibanez, C.G. (1983) Rituals of Marginality: Politics, Process, and Culture Change in Central Urban Mexico. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
164. Wade, P. (1997) Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto.
165. Walton, J. (1978) Guadalajara: Creating the divided city. In: W.A. Cornelius and R.V. Kemper (eds.) Metropolitan Latin America: The Challenge and the Response. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
166. Walton, J. (1979) From cities to systems: Recent research on Latin American urbanization. Latin American Research Review 14(1): 159-169.
167. Whittier, N. (2002) Meaning and structure in social movements. In: D.S.Meyer, N.Whittier and B.Robnett (eds.) Social Movements: Identity, Culture and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 289-308.
168. Wolff, J. (2007) (De-)Mobilising the marginalised: A comparison of the Argentine Piqueteros and Ecuador's indigenous movement. Journal of Latin American Studies 39(1): 1-29.
169. Wright, T. (2000) Gay organizations, NGOs, and the globalization of sexual identity: A Bolivian case. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 5(2): 89-111.
170. Zaluar, A. (2004) Integração perversa: Pobreza e Tráfico de Drogras. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV.