Canadian initiatives to prevent hypertension by reducing dietary sodium

Nutrients

Volumn 3, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 756-764

  Campbell, Norm R C ^a   Willis, Kevin J ^b   L'Abbe, Mary ^c   Strang, Robert ^d   Young, Eric ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b Canadian Stroke Network   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d Department of Health and Wellness ^*  (Canada)

^e MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Hypertension; Nutrition; Public health; Salt; Sodium

Indexed keywords

AWARENESS; CANADA; EDUCATION PROGRAM; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NON PROFIT ORGANIZATION; NUTRITION EDUCATION; REVIEW; SODIUM INTAKE;

EID: 80052064312     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu3080756     Document Type: Review

References (31)

1. Eaton, S.B.; Konner, M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985, 312, 283-289.
2. Adrogué, H.J.; Madias, N.E. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N. Eng. J. Med. 2007, 356,1966-1978.
3. He, F.J.; MacGregor, G.A. A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2009, 23, 363-384.
4. Veith, I. The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine, 2nd ed.; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2002.
5. Meneton, P.; Jeunemaitre, X.; De Wardener, H.E.; Macgregor, G.A. Links between dietary salt intake, renal salt handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiol. Rev. 2005, 85, 675-715.
6. World Health Organization. Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009; pp. 1-70.
7. Denton, D.; Weisinger, R.; Mundy, N.I.; Wickings, E.J.; Dixson, A.; Moisson, P.; Pingard, A.M.; Shade, R.; Carey, D.; Ardaillou, R.; et al. The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. Nat. Med. 1995, 1, 1009-1016.
8. Elliott, P.; Walker, L.L.; Little, M.P.; Blair-West, J.R.; Shade, R.E.; Lee, R.; Rouquet, P.; Leroy, E.; Jeunemaitre, X.; Ardaillou, R.; et al. Change in salt intake affects blood pressure of chimpanzees. Implications for human populations. Circulation 2007, 116, 1563-1568.
9. Sacks, F.M.; Svetkey, L.P.; Vollmer, W.M.; Appel, L.J.; Bray, G.A.; Harsha, D.; Obarzanek, E.; Conlin, P.R.; Miller, E.R.; Simons-Morton, D.G.; et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344, 3-10.
10. Lifton, R.P.; Gharavi, A.G.; Geller, D.S. Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell 2001, 104, 545-556.
11. Weizhen, J.; Foo, J.N.; O'Roak, B.J.; Zhao, H.; Larson, M.G.; Simon, D.B.; Newton-Cheh, C.; State, W.; Levy, D.; Lifton, R.P. Rare independent mutations in renal salt handling genes contribute to blood pressure variation. Nat. Genet. 2008, 40, 592-599.
12. 13-LARG-mediated signaling in vascular smooth muscle is required for salt-induced hypertension. Nat. Med. 2008, 14, 64-68.
13. Machnik, A.; Neuhofer, W.; Jantsch, J.; Dahlmann, A.; Tammela, T.; Machura, K.; Park, J.K.; Beck, F.X.; Müller, D.N.; Derer, W.; et al. Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C-dependent buffering mechanism. Nat. Med. 2009, 15, 545-552.
14. Garriguet, D. Sodium consumption at all ages. Health Rep. 2007, 18, 47-52.
15. Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water; Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride and Sulfate; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2004; pp. 1-640.
16. Wilkins, K.; Campbell, N.; Joffres, M.; McAllister, F.; Marianne, N.; Quach, S.; Johansen, H.L.; Tremblay, M.S. Blood pressure in canadian adults. Health Rep. 2010, 21, 1-10.
17. World Health Organization. Reducing Salt Intake in Populations: Report of a WHO Forum and Technical Meeting; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2007; Volume 1, pp. 1-56.
18. Campbell, N.R.C. Canada chair in hypertension prevention and control: A pilot project. Can. J. Cardiol. 2007, 23, 557-560.
19. Government of Canada, Health Canada. Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide. Available online: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/index_e.html (accessed on 7 August 2011).
20. Hypertension Canada (Non Government Organization) Home Page. Available online: http://www.hypertension.ca (accessed on 7 August 2011).
21. Sodium Working Group. Sodium Reduction Strategy for Canada; Health Canada: Ottawa, Canada, 2010.
22. Joffres, M.; Campbell, N.R.C.; Manns, B.; Tu, K. Estimate of the benefits of a population-based reduction in dietary sodium additives on hypertension and its related health care costs in Canada. Can. J. Cardiol. 2007, 23, 437-443.
23. Penz, E.D.; Joffres, M.R.; Campbell, N.R. Reducing dietary sodium and decreases in cardiovascular disease in Canada. Can. J. Cardiol. 2008, 24, 497-501.
24. Hypertension Canada. Hypertension Canada Dietary Sodium Initiative. Available online: http://www.lowersodium.ca (accessed on 7 August 2011).
25. The Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations: The scientific summary-An annual update. Can. J. Cardiol. 2008, 24, 447-452.
26. Campbell, N. 2007 CHEP guidelines: An annual update. Can. J. Diagn. 2007, 24, 77-81.
27. Campbell, N.R.; Kaczorowski, J.; Lewanczuk, R.Z.; Feldman, R.; Poirier, L.; Kwong, M.M.; Lebel, M.; McAlister, F.A.; Tobe, S.W.; Canadian Hypertension Education Program. 2010 Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) recommendations: The scientific summary-An update of the 2010 theme and the science behind new CHEP recommendations. Can. J. Cardiol. 2010, 26, 236-240.
28. Canadian Stroke Network. Sodium 101-Get the Facts. Available online: http://www.sodium101.ca (accessed on 7 August 2011).
29. Canadian Institute for Health Research. Developing a Research Agenda to Support Sodium Reduction in Canada. Available online: http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/41968.html (accessed on 7 August 2011).
30. Decima Research. Canadians' and Health Care Professionals' Views on Sodium, Health Canada POR-08-21; PWGSC POR #117-08; Public Health Agency of Canada: Toronto, Canada, 2010.
31. Campbell, N.R.; Legowski, B.; Legetic, B. Mobilizing the Americas for dietary salt reduction. Lancet 2011, 377, 793-805.