Anti-American sentiment as a media effect? Arab media, political identity, and public opinion in the Middle East

Communication Research

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 684-709

  Nisbet, Erik C ^a   Myers, Teresa A ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Al Jazeera; anti Americanism; Arab; identity; Muslim; news; public opinion; television

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052011662     PISSN: 00936502     EISSN: 15523810     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0093650211405648     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Aday, S., Livingston, S., & Hebert, M. (2005). Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq War. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), 3-21.
2. Alozie, E. C. (2004) African perspective on events before the 2003 Iraq war. In R. Berenger's (Ed.), Global media go to war (pp. 39-56). Spokane, WA: Marquette.
3. Anderson, L. (1986). Religion and state in Libya: The politics of identity. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 483, 61-72.
4. Ayish, M. (2002). Political communication on Arab world television: Evolving patterns. Political Communication, 19, 137-154.
5. Ayish, M. (2008). The new Arab public sphere. Leipzig, Germany: Franke & Timme.
6. Ball-Rokeach S. J.The origins of media-system dependency, Communication Research. 1985;21 (3): 3-21.
7. Ball-Rokeach S. J,Defleur M. L.A dependency model of mass media effects.Communication Research. 1976;12:485-510.
8. Bowen, J. R. (2006). Anti-Americanism as schemas and diacritics in France and Indonesia. In P. Katzenstein & R. Keohane's (Eds.), Anti-Americanisms in world politics (pp. 227-250). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
9. Boyd, D. A. (2001). Saudi Arabia's international media strategy: Influence through multinational ownership. In Kai Hefez (Ed.), Mass media, politics and society in the Middle East (pp. 43-60). Creskill, N: Hampton.
10. Brewer M.The many faces of social identity: Implications for political psychology.Political Psychology. 2001;22:115-116.
11. Cherribi S.From Baghdad to Paris, Al Jazeera and the veil.Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2006;11 (2): 121-138.
12. Cho J.,Boyle M. P.,Keum H.,Shevy M. D.,McLeod D. M.,Shah D. V.,Pan Z.Media, terrorism, and emotionality: Emotional differences in media content and public reactions to the September 11th terrorist attacks.Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 2003;47:309-327.
13. Choueri, Y. M. (2000). Arab nationalism: A history. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
14. Coser L. A. The functions of social conflict. Glencoe, IL: Free Press; 1956:.
15. Dawisha A. Arab nationalism in the twentieth century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2003.
16. Dawn E.The formation of Pan-Arab ideology in the interwar years.International Journal of Middle East Studies. 1988;20 (1): 67-91.
17. Dittmer, L., & Kim, S. (1993). In search of a theory of national identity. In L. Dittmer & S. Kim (Eds.),China's quest for national identity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
18. DjerejianE. P. (2003, October1). Changing minds, winning peace. A report of the Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World, submitted to the Committee on Appropriations of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/r/adcompd/.
19. Downs A. An economic theory of democracy. New York, NY: Harper; 1957:.
20. Eickelman, D., & Anderson, J. W. (1999). Redefining Muslim publics. In D. Eickelman & J.W. Anderson (Eds.), New media in the Muslim world. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
21. Entman, R. M. (2008). Theorizing mediated public diplomacy: The U.S. case. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(2), 87-102.
22. Fandy, M. (2007). Uncivil war of words: Media and politics in the Arab world. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
23. FeuilheradeP. (2003, November25). Profile: Al Arabiya TV. BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3236654.stm.
24. Finnemore M.,Sikkink K.Taking stock: The constructivist research program in international relations and comparative politics.Annual Review of Political Science. 2001;4:391-416.
25. Gamson W.Talking politics. New York, NY: Cambridge; 1992:.
26. Goidel R. K.,Shields T.,Peffley M.Priming theory and RAS models: Toward an integrated perspective of media influence.American Politics Quarterly. 1997;25:287-318.
27. Hastie R.,Park B.The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line.Psychological Review. 1986;93:258-268.
28. Hafez K. Mass media in the Middle East: Patterns of political and societal change Mass media, politics and society in the Middle East. Hafez Kai, ed. Creskill, NJ: Hampton; 2001:1-20.
29. Howard J.Social psychology of identities.Annual Review of Sociology. 2000;26:367-395.
30. Huddy, L. (1997). Political identification as social identity. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
31. Huddy L.The social nature of political identity: Feminist image and feminist identity. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association; 1998 Washington, DC; 1998.
32. Huddy L.From social to political identity: A critical examination of social identity theory.Political Psychology. 2001;22:127-156.
33. Huddy, L. (2003). Group identity and political cohesion. In D. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 511-558). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
34. Huntington S. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster; 1996.
35. Isernia, P. (2006). Anti-Americanism in Europe during the Cold War. In P. Katzenstein & R. Keohane's (Eds.), Anti-Americanisms in world politics (pp. 57-92). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
36. Iyengar S.The accessibility bias in politics: Television news and public opinion.International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 1990;2 (1): 1-15.
37. Keohane, R. O., & Katzenstein, P. J. (2006). Varieties of anti-Americanisms: A framework for analysis. In P. Katzenstein & R. Keohane (Eds.), Anti-Americanisms in world politics (pp. 9-38). Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.
38. Kiely R.,Bechhofer F.,Stewart R.,McCrone D.The markers and rules of Scottish national identity.Sociological Review. 2001;49 (1): 33-55.
39. Kim S.,Scheufele D. A.,Shanahan J. E.Agenda-setting, priming, framing and second-levels in local politics.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. 2002;79 (1): 7-25.
40. Kohut A.,Stokes B. America against the world. New York, NY: Times; 2006.
41. KullS. (2007a). Muslim public opinion on US policy, attacks on civilians and Al Qaeda. Washington, DC: Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University of Maryland. Retrieved from http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/START_Apr07_rpt.pdf.
42. KullS. (2007b). Negative attitudes toward the United States in the Muslim world: Do they matter?Washington, DC: Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University of Maryland. Retrieved from http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brmiddleeastnafricara/361.php?lb=brme&pnt=361&nid=&id=.
43. Long J. S. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 1997:.
44. Lynch M.Voices of the new Arab public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East politics today. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 2006a:.
45. Lynch, M. (2006b). Anti-Americanisms in the Arab world. In P. Katzenstein & R. Keohane (Eds.), Anti-Americanisms in world politics (pp. 196-224). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
46. McDaniel E. L.,Nooruddin I.,Shortle A. F.Divine boundaries: How religion shapes citizen attitudes toward immigrants.American Politics Research. 2010;38 (6): 1-29.
47. McLeod J. M.,Pan Z.,Rucinski D. M. Framing a complex issue: A case of social construction of meaning. Paper presented at the annual conference of the annual conference of the International Communication Association; 1989 San Francisco.
48. McQuail D.2000). McQuail's mass communication theory (4th ed.). London, UK: SAGE.
49. Media Tenor (2006, March) Where's the difference?New York, NY: Media Tenor. Retrieved from http://www.mediatenor.com/case_studies.php?startRow=41#Al_Arabiya_Al_Jazeera_0106.pdf.
50. Miles H. Al Jazeera: The inside story of the Arab news channel that is challenging the West. New York, NY: Grove; 2005.
51. Moaddel M.The study of Islamic culture and politics: An overview and assessment.Annual Review of Sociology. 2002;28:359-386.
52. Monroe K. R.,Hankin J.,Van Vechten R. B.The psychological foundations of identity politics.Annual Review of Political Science. 2000;3:419-447.
53. Morgan D. L.,Schwalbe M. L.Mind and the self in society-linking social structure and social cognition.Social Psychology Quarterly. 1990;53:148-164.
54. Moy P.,Scheufele D. A.,Eveland P.,McLeod J.Support for the death penalty and rehabilitation: Question order or communication effect?.Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2001;31:2230-2255.
55. Nisbet E. C.,Myers T.Challenging the state: Transnational TV and political identity in the Middle East.Political Communication. 2010;27 (4): 1-20.
56. Nisbet E. C.,Shanahan J.Anti-Americanism as a communication problem? Foreign media and public opinion toward the United States in Europe and the Middle East.American Journal of Media Psychology. 2008;1 (1): 7-35.
57. Nisbet E. C.,Nisbet M. C.,Scheufele D. A.,Shanahan J.Public diplomacy, television news, and Muslim opinion.Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2004;9 (2): 11-37.
58. Nossek, H. (2007). Our news and their news: The role of national identity in the coverage of foreign news. In H. Nossek, A. Sreberny, and P. Sonwalker's (Eds.), Media and political violence (pp. 41-64) Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
59. Pintak L. Reflections in a bloodshot lens. London, UK: Pluto; 2006:.
60. Pollock D. The Arab street: Public opinion in the Arab world. Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy; 1992:.
61. Popkin S. The reasoning voter. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1991.
62. Price V. Social identification and public opinion: effects of communicating group conflict.Public Opinion Quarterly. 1989;53:197-224.
63. Razi G. H.Legitimacy, religion, and nationalism in the Middle East.American Political Science Review. 1990; 84 (1): 69-91.
64. Rugh W. Arab mass media. Westport, CT: Praeger; 2004:.
65. Sadowski Y.Political Islam: Asking the wrong questions?.Annual Review of Political Science. 2006;9:215-240.
66. Scheufele D.Agenda-setting, priming, and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication.Mass Communication & Society. 2000;3:297-316.
67. Seib, P. (2005). The news media and "the clash of civilizations" In P. Seib's (Ed.), Media and conflict in the twenty-first century (pp. 217-234) New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillian.
68. Simon B.,Klandermans B.Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis.American Psychologist. 2001;56:319-331.
69. Telhami S.Arab public opinion and the Gulf War.Political Science Quarterly. 1993;108:437-452.
70. Telhami, S. (2002). The stakes: America and the Middle East. Cambridge, MA: Westview.
71. Telhami, S., & Barnett, M. (2002). Introduction: Identity and foreign policy in the Middle East. In S. Telhami & M. Barnett (Eds.), Identity and foreign policy in the Middle East (pp. 1-25). Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
72. U. S. Government Accounting Office. (2006, May). 2006 U.S. public diplomacy: State department efforts to engage Muslim audiences lack certain communication elements and face significant challenges (GAO Publication GAO-06-535). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06535.pdf.
73. Van Deburg W. L. Modern Black nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan. New York: New York University Press; 1997:.
74. Walsh K. C. Talking about politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2004:.
75. Zaller J. The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1992:.
76. Zayani M. Introduction: The Al Jazeera phenomenon. Boulder, CO: Paradigm; 2005:.