메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 773-781

Pain assessment for children: Overcoming challenges and optimizing care

Author keywords

analgesic administration; Pain assessment; pain scale

Indexed keywords

AWARENESS; CHILD CARE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; EMERGENCY CARE; FACE, LEGS, ACTIVITY, CRY, AND CONSOLABILITY SCALE; FACES PAIN SCALE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; NEONATAL INFANT PAIN SCALE; OUCHER SCALE; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; REVIEW; SELF REPORT; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

EID: 80051779911     PISSN: 07495161     EISSN: 15351815     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e31822877f7     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (123)

References (90)
  • 2
    • 0030969416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain management in the emergency department: Patterns of analgesic utilization
    • Petrack EM, Christopher NC, Kriwinsky J. Pain management in the emergency department: patterns of analgesic utilization. Pediatrics. 1997;99(5):711-714. (Pubitemid 27193772)
    • (1997) Pediatrics , vol.99 , Issue.5 , pp. 711-714
    • Petrack, E.M.1    Christopher, N.C.2    Kriwinsky, J.3
  • 3
    • 12444325544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric procedural pain
    • Young KD. Pediatric procedural pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45(2):160-171.
    • (2005) Ann Emerg Med , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 160-171
    • Young, K.D.1
  • 5
    • 33646823756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain assessment for pediatric patients in the emergency department
    • DOI 10.1542/peds.2005-2046
    • Drendel AL, Brousseau DC, Gorelick MH. Pain assessment for pediatric patients in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 2006;117(5):1511-1518. (Pubitemid 46071377)
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.117 , Issue.5 , pp. 1511-1518
    • Drendel, A.L.1    Brousseau, D.C.2    Gorelick, M.H.3
  • 6
    • 34249742083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain in the Emergency Department: Results of the Pain and Emergency Medicine Initiative (PEMI) Multicenter Study
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.12.005, PII S1526590007000041
    • Todd KH, Ducharme J, Choiniere M, et al; PEMI Study Group. Pain in the emergency department: results of the pain and emergency medicine initiative (PEMI) multicenter study. J Pain. 2007;8(6):460-466. (Pubitemid 46843681)
    • (2007) Journal of Pain , vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp. 460-466
    • Todd, K.H.1    Ducharme, J.2    Choiniere, M.3    Crandall, C.S.4    Fosnocht, D.E.5    Homel, P.6    Tanabe, P.7
  • 8
    • 0000600684 scopus 로고
    • Pain relief in the pediatric patient
    • Swafford LI, Allan D. Pain relief in the pediatric patient. Med Clin North Am. 1968;52:131-135.
    • (1968) Med Clin North Am , vol.52 , pp. 131-135
    • Swafford, L.I.1    Allan, D.2
  • 9
    • 0023627371 scopus 로고
    • Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus
    • Anand K J S, Hickey PR. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1321-1329.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 1321-1329
    • Anand, K.J.S.1    Hickey, P.R.2
  • 10
    • 0031046446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10316-0
    • Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, et al. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet. 1997;349(9052):599-603. (Pubitemid 27101886)
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , Issue.9052 , pp. 599-603
    • Taddio, A.1    Katz, J.2    Ilersich, A.L.3    Koren, G.4
  • 11
    • 0347720980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive description of newborn distress behavior in response to acute pain (newborn male circumcision)
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2003.11.006
    • Warnock F, Sandrin D. Comprehensive description of newborn distress behavior in response to acute pain (newborn male circumcision). Pain. 2004;107(3):242-255. (Pubitemid 38083380)
    • (2004) Pain , vol.107 , Issue.3 , pp. 242-255
    • Warnock, F.1    Sandrin, D.2
  • 12
    • 0032189431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intrusive impact of anchors in children's faces pain scales
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00112-2, PII S0304395998001122
    • Champion C, Craig KD. An intrusive impact of anchors in children's faces pain scales. Pain. 1998;78:27-37. (Pubitemid 28451526)
    • (1998) Pain , vol.78 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-37
    • Chambers, C.T.1    Craig, K.D.2
  • 13
    • 0027343138 scopus 로고
    • Pain in children
    • Hester NO. Pain in children. Rec Adv Nurs Res. 1993;11:105-142.
    • (1993) Rec Adv Nurs Res , vol.11 , pp. 105-142
    • Hester, N.O.1
  • 14
    • 0026811176 scopus 로고
    • Elephants dancing in my head: A developmental approach to children's concepts of specific pains
    • Harbeck C, Peterson L. Elephants dancing in my head: a developmental approach to children's concepts of specific pains. Child Dev. 1992;63(1):138-149.
    • (1992) Child Dev , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 138-149
    • Harbeck, C.1    Peterson, L.2
  • 15
    • 0027601625 scopus 로고
    • Pediatric pain assessment: Validation of a multidimensional tool
    • Robertson J. Pediatric pain assessment: validation of a multidimensional tool. Pediatr Nurs. 1993;19(3):209-213.
    • (1993) Pediatr Nurs , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 209-213
    • Robertson, J.1
  • 16
    • 14044273480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A normative analysis of the development of pain-related vocabulary in children
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.029
    • Stanford EA, Chambers CT, Craig KD. A normative analysis of the development of pain-related vocabulary in children [published online ahead of print January 26, 2005]. Pain. 2005;114(1-2):278-284. (Pubitemid 40279110)
    • (2005) Pain , vol.114 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 278-284
    • Stanford, E.A.1    Chambers, C.T.2    Craig, K.D.3
  • 17
    • 30444457255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of developmental factors in predicting young children's use of a self-report scale for pain
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2005.10.004, PII S0304395905005099
    • Stanford EA, Chambers CT, Craig KD. The role of developmental factors in predicting young children's use of self-report scale for pain. Pain. 2006;120:16-23. (Pubitemid 43077165)
    • (2006) Pain , vol.120 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 16-23
    • Stanford, E.A.1    Chambers, C.T.2    Craig, K.D.3
  • 18
  • 20
    • 0036136102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental differences in children's use of rating scales
    • DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.27
    • Chambers CT, Johnston C. Developmental differences in children's use of rating scales. J Pediatr Psychol. 2002;27(1):27-36. (Pubitemid 34019645)
    • (2002) Journal of Pediatric Psychology , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-36
    • Chambers, C.T.1    Johnston, C.2
  • 21
    • 64149086035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's self-report of pain intensity: What we know, where we are headed
    • von Baeyer CL. Children's self-report of pain intensity: what we know, where we are headed. Pain Res Manage. 2009;14(1):39-45.
    • (2009) Pain Res Manage , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-45
    • Von Baeyer, C.L.1
  • 22
    • 0034157815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relieving pain: What's in a name?
    • Franck LS. Relieving pain: what's in a name? Can J Nurs Res. 2000;31(4):9-16.
    • (2000) Can J Nurs Res , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 9-16
    • Franck, L.S.1
  • 23
    • 0025314818 scopus 로고
    • The faces pain scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties
    • DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(90)90018-9
    • Bieri D, Reeve RA, Champion GD, et al. The Faces Pain Scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties. Pa in. 1990;41(2):139-150. (Pubitemid 20179927)
    • (1990) Pain , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 139-150
    • Bieri, D.1    Reeve, R.A.2    Champion, G.D.3    Addicoat, L.4    Ziegler, J.B.5
  • 24
    • 0027670744 scopus 로고
    • The development of a tool to assess neonatal pain
    • Lawrence J, Alcock D, McGrath P, et al. The development of a tool to assess neonatal pain. Neonatal Netw. 1993;12(6):59-66.
    • (1993) Neonatal Netw , vol.12 , Issue.6 , pp. 59-66
    • Lawrence, J.1    Alcock, D.2    McGrath, P.3
  • 25
    • 0031953325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simultaneous comparison of three neonatal pain scales during common NICU procedures
    • DOI 10.1097/00002508-199803000-00006
    • Blauer T, Gerstmann D. A simultaneous comparison of three neonatal pain scales during common NICU procedures. Clin J Pain. 1998;14(1):39-47. (Pubitemid 28146047)
    • (1998) Clinical Journal of Pain , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-47
    • Blauer, T.1    Gerstmann, D.2
  • 27
    • 0031134960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The FLACC: A behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children
    • Merkel SI, Shayevitz JR, Voepel-Lewis T, et al. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997;23:293-297.
    • (1997) Pediatr Nurs , vol.23 , pp. 293-297
    • Merkel, S.I.1    Shayevitz, J.R.2    Voepel-Lewis, T.3
  • 28
    • 0038390593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical validation of FLACC: Preverbal patient pain scale
    • Manworren RC, Hynan LS. Clinical validation of FLACC: preverbal patient pain scale. Pediatr Nurs. 2003;29:140-146.
    • (2003) Pediatr Nurs , vol.29 , pp. 140-146
    • Manworren, R.C.1    Hynan, L.S.2
  • 29
    • 0023505993 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic responses to cutaneous pain in neonates
    • Brown L. Physiologic responses to cutaneous pain in neonates. Neonatal Netw. 1987;6(3):18-22.
    • (1987) Neonatal Netw , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 18-22
    • Brown, L.1
  • 30
    • 0027298833 scopus 로고
    • Physiological correlates of painful stimulation in preterm infants
    • Gonsalves S, Mercer J. Physiological correlates of painful stimulation in preterm infants. Clin J Pain. 1993;9(2):88-93. (Pubitemid 23198860)
    • (1993) Clinical Journal of Pain , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 88-93
    • Gonsalves, S.1    Mercer, J.2
  • 31
    • 0036737958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intranasal fentanyl reduces acute pain in children in the emergency department: A safety and efficacy study
    • Borland ML, Jacobs I, Geelhoed G. Intranasal fentanyl reduces acute pain in children in the emergency department: a safety and efficacy study. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2002;14(3):275-280.
    • (2002) Emerg Med (Fremantle) , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 275-280
    • Borland, M.L.1    Jacobs, I.2    Geelhoed, G.3
  • 32
    • 33748130392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported Pain Scores in the Emergency Department: Lack of Association with Vital Signs
    • DOI 10.1197/j.aem.2006.04.015, PII S1069656306008682
    • Marco CA, Plewa MC, Buderer N, et al. Self-reported pain scores in the emergency department: lack of association with vital signs [published online ahead of print August 10, 2006]. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(9):974-979. (Pubitemid 44308314)
    • (2006) Academic Emergency Medicine , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 974-979
    • Marco, C.A.1    Plewa, M.C.2    Buderer, N.3    Hymel, G.4    Cooper, J.5
  • 33
    • 0034038138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: A comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00530.x
    • Buttner W, Finke W. Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10:303-318. (Pubitemid 30331173)
    • (2000) Paediatric Anaesthesia , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 303-318
    • Buttner, W.1    Finke, W.2
  • 34
    • 27344449943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procedural distress in children with cancer: Self-report, behavioral observations, and physiological parameters
    • DOI 10.1097/01.ajp.0000146166.15529.8b
    • Walco GA, Conte PM, Laba LE, et al. Procedural distress in children with cancer: self-report, behavioral observations, and physiological parameters. Clin J Pain. 2005;21:484-490. (Pubitemid 41527737)
    • (2005) Clinical Journal of Pain , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 484-490
    • Walco, G.A.1    Conte, P.M.2    Labay, L.E.3    Engel, R.4    Zeltzer, L.K.5
  • 35
    • 0034968031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Faces Pain Scale - Revised: Toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1, PII S0304395901003141
    • Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, et al. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93(2):173-183. (Pubitemid 32568403)
    • (2001) Pain , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 173-183
    • Hicks, C.L.1    Von Baeyer, C.L.2    Spafford, P.A.3    Van Korlaar, I.4    Goodenough, B.5
  • 36
    • 0030942240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain in 4- to 6-year-old children receiving intramuscular injections: A comparison of the faces pain scale with other self-report and behavioral measures
    • DOI 10.1097/00002508-199703000-00009
    • Goodenough B, Addicoat L, Champion GD, et al. Pain in 4-to 6-year-old children receiving intramuscular injections: a comparison of the Faces Pain Scale with other self-report and behavioral measures. Clin J Pain. 1997;13(1):60-73. (Pubitemid 27164340)
    • (1997) Clinical Journal of Pain , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 60-73
    • Goodenough, B.1    Addicoat, L.2    Champion, G.D.3    McInerney, M.4    Young, B.5    Juniper, K.6    Ziegler, J.B.7
  • 37
    • 18144416916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faces scales for the measurement of postoperative pain intensity in children following minor surgery
    • DOI 10.1097/00002508-200505000-00011
    • Chambers CT, Hardial J, Craig KD, et al. Faces scales for the measurement of postoperative pain intensity in children following minor surgery. Clin J Pain. 2005;21(3):277-285. (Pubitemid 40617004)
    • (2005) Clinical Journal of Pain , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 277-285
    • Chambers, C.T.1    Hardial, J.2    Craig, K.D.3    Court, C.4    Montgomery, C.5
  • 38
    • 0032854430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: Children's and parents' ratings
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00086-X, PII S030439599900086X
    • Chambers CT, Giesbrecht K, Craig KD, et al. A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: children's and parents' ratings. Pain. 1999;83(1):25-35. (Pubitemid 29446154)
    • (1999) Pain , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-35
    • Chambers, C.T.1    Giesbrecht, K.2    Craig, K.D.3    Bennett, S.M.4    Huntsman, E.5
  • 40
    • 75449110979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the wong-baker FACES pain rating scale in pediatric emergency department patients [published online ahead of print December 9, 2009]
    • Garra G, Singer AJ, Taira BR, et al. Validation of the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale in pediatric emergency department patients [published online ahead of print December 9, 2009]. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(1):50-54.
    • (2010) Acad Emerg Med , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-54
    • Garra, G.1    Singer, A.J.2    Taira, B.R.3
  • 41
    • 0022959804 scopus 로고
    • Content validity of an instrument to measure young children's perceptions of the intensity of their pain
    • Beyer JE, Aradine CR. Content validity of an instrument to measure young children's perceptions of the intensity of their pain. J Pediatr Nurs. 1986;1(6):386-395.
    • (1986) J Pediatr Nurs , vol.1 , Issue.6 , pp. 386-395
    • Beyer, J.E.1    Aradine, C.R.2
  • 42
    • 0029862923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of reported changes in pain severity
    • DOI 10.1016/S0196-0644(96)70238-X
    • Todd KH, Funk KG, Funk JP, et al. Clinical significance of reported changes in pain severity. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27(4):485-489. (Pubitemid 26103814)
    • (1996) Annals of Emergency Medicine , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 485-489
    • Todd, K.H.1    Funk, K.G.2    Funk, J.P.3    Bonacci, R.4
  • 43
    • 0034943939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain management in children with and without cognitive impairment following spine fusion surgery
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.00686.x
    • Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR, et al. Pain management in children with and without cognitive impairment following spine fusion surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2001;11:453-458. (Pubitemid 32635325)
    • (2001) Paediatric Anaesthesia , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 453-458
    • Malviya, S.1    Voepel-Lewis, T.2    Tait, A.R.3    Merkel, S.4    Lauer, A.5    Munro, H.6    Farley, F.7
  • 45
    • 0242413643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caregivers' Beliefs Regarding Pain in Children with Cognitive Impairment: Relation Between Pain Sensation and Reaction Increases with Severity of Impairment
    • DOI 10.1097/00002508-200311000-00001
    • Breau LM, MacLaren J, McGrath PJ, et al. Caregivers' beliefs regarding pain in children with cognitive impairment: relation between pain sensation and reaction increases with severity of impairment. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:335-344. (Pubitemid 37377340)
    • (2003) Clinical Journal of Pain , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 335-344
    • Breau, L.M.1    MacLaren, J.2    McGrath, P.J.3    Camfield, C.S.4    Finley, G.A.5
  • 46
    • 0038582296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring pain in children with cognitive impairment: Pain response to surgical procedures
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00453-0, PII S0304395902004530
    • Terstegen C, Koot HM, de Boer JB, et al. Measuring pain in children with cognitive impairment: pain response to surgical procedures. Pain. 2003;103:187-198. (Pubitemid 36579098)
    • (2003) Pain , vol.103 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 187-198
    • Terstegen, C.1    Koot, H.M.2    De Boer, J.B.3    Tibboel, D.4
  • 49
    • 0036710316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain in children with cerebral palsy: Common triggers and expressive behaviors
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00123-9, PII S0304395902001239
    • Hadden KL, von Baeyer CL. Pain in children with cerebral palsy: common triggers and expressive behaviors. Pain. 2002;99:281-288. (Pubitemid 35247551)
    • (2002) Pain , vol.99 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 281-288
    • Hadden, K.L.1    Von Baeyer, C.L.2
  • 51
    • 0036828487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reliability and validity of the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment
    • Voepel-Lewis T, Merkel S, Tait AR, et al. The reliability and validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:1224-1229. (Pubitemid 35239112)
    • (2002) Anesthesia and Analgesia , vol.95 , Issue.5 , pp. 1224-1229
    • Voepel-Lewis, T.1    Merkel, S.2    Tait, A.R.3    Trzcinka, A.4    Malviya, S.5
  • 52
    • 33645287970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revised FLACC observational pain tool: Improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment
    • Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Burke C, et al. The revised FLACC observational pain tool: improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment. Pediatr Anesth. 2006;16:258-265.
    • (2006) Pediatr Anesth , vol.16 , pp. 258-265
    • Malviya, S.1    Voepel-Lewis, T.2    Burke, C.3
  • 53
    • 0346448019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric pain measurement using a visual analogue scale: A comparison of two teaching methods
    • Shields B, Cohen D, Harbeck-Weber C, et al. Pediatric pain measurement using a visual analogue scale: a comparison of two teaching methods. Clin Ped (Phil). 2003;42(3):227-234. (Pubitemid 36443752)
    • (2003) Clinical Pediatrics , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-234
    • Shields, B.J.1    Cohen, D.M.2    Harbeck-Weber, C.3    Powers, J.D.4    Smith, G.A.5
  • 56
    • 58149359760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response biases in preschool children's ratings of pain in hypothetical situations [published online ahead of print May 13, 2008]
    • von Baeyer CL, Forsyth SJ, Stanford EA, et al. Response biases in preschool children's ratings of pain in hypothetical situations [published online ahead of print May 13, 2008]. Eur J Pain. 2009;13(2):209-213.
    • (2009) Eur J Pain , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-213
    • Von Baeyer, C.L.1    Forsyth, S.J.2    Stanford, E.A.3
  • 57
    • 0032189431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intrusive impact of anchors in children's faces pain scales
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00112-2, PII S0304395998001122
    • Chambers CT, Craig KD. An intrusive impact of anchors in children's faces pain scales. Pain. 1998;78(1):27-37. (Pubitemid 28451526)
    • (1998) Pain , vol.78 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-37
    • Chambers, C.T.1    Craig, K.D.2
  • 59
    • 84986656892 scopus 로고
    • Post-operative pain in children: A review of the literature
    • Gillies MJ. Post-operative pain in children: a review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 1993;2:5-10.
    • (1993) J Clin Nurs , vol.2 , pp. 5-10
    • Gillies, M.J.1
  • 60
    • 3042791024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's memory for pain: Overview and implications for practice
    • von Naeyer CL, March TA, Rocha EM, et al. Children's memory for pain: overview and implications for practice. J Pain. 2004;5(5):241-249.
    • (2004) J Pain , vol.5 , Issue.5 , pp. 241-249
    • Von Naeyer, C.L.1    March, T.A.2    Rocha, E.M.3
  • 61
    • 0345829184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of stimulus duration on heat induced pain: The relationship between real-time and post-stimulus pain ratings
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2003.11.007
    • Koyama Y, Koyama T, Kroncke AP, et al. Effects of stimulus duration on heat induced pain: the relationship between real-time and post-stimulus pain ratings. Pa i n. 2004;107:256-266. (Pubitemid 38083381)
    • (2004) Pain , vol.107 , Issue.3 , pp. 256-266
    • Koyama, Y.1    Koyama, T.2    Kroncke, A.P.3    Coghill, R.C.4
  • 62
    • 51049086158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational pain assessment versus self-report in paediatric triage
    • Shavit I, Kofman M, Leder M, et al. Observational pain assessment versus self-report in paediatric triage. Emerg Med J. 2008;25:552-555.
    • (2008) Emerg Med J , vol.25 , pp. 552-555
    • Shavit, I.1    Kofman, M.2    Leder, M.3
  • 63
    • 0034991436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La douleur des enfants: Un mandat de changement
    • Brennan-Hunter AL. Children's pain: a mandate for change. Pain Res Manage. 2001;6(1):29-39. (Pubitemid 32496139)
    • (2001) Pain Research and Management , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-39
    • Brennan-Hunter, A.L.1
  • 66
    • 0036272169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parents and practitioners are poor judges of young children's pain severity
    • DOI 10.1197/aemj.9.6.609
    • Singer AJ, Gulla J, Thode HC Jr. Parents and practitioners are poor judges of young children's pain severity. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9(6):609-612. (Pubitemid 34596079)
    • (2002) Academic Emergency Medicine , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 609-612
    • Singer, A.J.1    Gulla, J.2    Thode Jr., H.C.3
  • 67
    • 0036286019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parent visual analogue scale ratings of children's pain do not reliably reflect pain reported by child
    • DOI 10.1097/00006565-200206000-00002
    • Kelly AM, Powell CV, Williams A. Parent visual analogue scale ratings of children's pain do not reliably reflect pain reported by child. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002;18(3):159-162. (Pubitemid 34694694)
    • (2002) Pediatric Emergency Care , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 159-162
    • Kelly, A.-M.1    Powell, C.V.2    Williams, A.3
  • 68
    • 0026599728 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of acute pediatric pain: Do child self-report, parent ratings, and nurse ratings measure the same phenomenon?
    • Manne SL, Jacobsen PB, Redd WH. Assessment of acute pediatric pain: do child self-report, parent ratings, and nurse ratings measure the same phenomenon? Pain. 1992;48(1):45-52.
    • (1992) Pain , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-52
    • Manne, S.L.1    Jacobsen, P.B.2    Redd, W.H.3
  • 69
    • 65349178331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paediatric pain assessment: Differences between triage nurse, child and parent
    • Rajasagaram U, Taylor DM, Braitberg G, et al. Paediatric pain assessment: differences between triage nurse, child and parent. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45(4):199-203.
    • (2009) J Paediatr Child Health , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 199-203
    • Rajasagaram, U.1    Taylor, D.M.2    Braitberg, G.3
  • 70
    • 0030003046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological barriers to optimal pain management in infants and children
    • DOI 10.1097/00002508-199606000-00009
    • McGrath PJ, Frager G. Psychological barriers to optimal pain management in infants and children. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:135-141. (Pubitemid 26181073)
    • (1996) Clinical Journal of Pain , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 135-141
    • McGrath, P.J.1    Frager, G.2
  • 71
    • 0004882303 scopus 로고
    • Nurse's attitudes to pain control and use of pain assessment scales
    • Scott I. Nurse's attitudes to pain control and use of pain assessment scales. Br J Nurs. 1992;1:595-599.
    • (1992) Br J Nurs , vol.1 , pp. 595-599
    • Scott, I.1
  • 72
    • 0024632335 scopus 로고
    • Temperament: A variable in children's pain management
    • Wallace MR. Temperament: a variable in children's pain management. Pediatr Nurs. 1989;15:118-121.
    • (1989) Pediatr Nurs , vol.15 , pp. 118-121
    • Wallace, M.R.1
  • 73
    • 33750972587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genuine, suppressed and faked facial expressions of pain in children
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.013, PII S0304395906003204
    • Larochette AC, Chambers CT, Craig KD. Genuine, suppressed and faked facial expressions of pain in children [published online ahead of print July 24, 2006]. Pa in. 2006;126(1-3):64-71. (Pubitemid 44751955)
    • (2006) Pain , vol.126 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 64-71
    • Larochette, A.-C.1    Chambers, C.T.2    Craig, K.D.3
  • 74
    • 0242351852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Unequal burden of pain: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain
    • Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, et al. The Unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Med. 2003;4(3):277-294.
    • (2003) Pain Med , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 277-294
    • Green, C.R.1    Anderson, K.O.2    Baker, T.A.3
  • 75
    • 34047248897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic identity predicts experimental pain sensitivity in African Americans and Hispanics
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.016, PII S0304395906006919
    • Rahim-Williams FB, Riley JL 3rd, Herrera D, et al. Ethnic identity predicts experimental pain sensitivity in African Americans and Hispanics [published online ahead of print February 12, 2007]. Pain. 2007;129(1-2):177- 184. (Pubitemid 46551380)
    • (2007) Pain , vol.129 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 177-184
    • Rahim-Williams, F.B.1    Riley III, J.L.2    Herrera, D.3    Campbell, C.M.4    Hastie, B.A.5    Fillingim, R.B.6
  • 76
    • 0037645281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helping Hispanic/Latino home health patients manage their pain
    • Duggleby W. Helping Hispanic/Latino home health patients manage their pain. Home Healthc Nurse. 2003;21(3):174-179.
    • (2003) Home Healthc Nurse , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 174-179
    • Duggleby, W.1
  • 77
    • 84942480330 scopus 로고
    • The effect of ethnicity on physician estimates of pain severity in patients with isolated extremity trauma
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.271.12.925
    • Todd KH, Lee T, Hoffman JR. The effect of ethnicity on physician estimates of pain severity in patients with isolated extremity trauma. JAMA. 1994;271(12):925-928. (Pubitemid 24083218)
    • (1994) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.271 , Issue.12 , pp. 925-928
    • Todd, K.H.1    Lee, T.2    Hoffman, J.R.3
  • 78
    • 31544448309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient and physician perceptions as risk factors for oligoanalgesia: A prospective observational study of the relief of pain in the emergency department
    • DOI 10.1197/j.aem.2005.08.008, PII S1069656305009565
    • Miner J, Biros MH, Trainor A, et al. Patient and physician perceptions as risk factors for oligoanalgesia: a prospective observational study of the relief of pain in the emergency department [published online ahead of print January 25, 2006]. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(2):140-146. (Pubitemid 43155819)
    • (2006) Academic Emergency Medicine , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 140-146
    • Miner, J.1    Biros, M.H.2    Trainor, A.3    Hubbard, D.4    Beltram, M.5
  • 80
    • 0029329986 scopus 로고
    • Race and gender as TMD risk factors in children
    • Widmalm SE, Christiansen RL, Gunn SM. Race and gender as TMD risk factors in children. Cranio. 1995;13(3):163-166.
    • (1995) Cranio , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 163-166
    • Widmalm, S.E.1    Christiansen, R.L.2    Gunn, S.M.3
  • 81
    • 0027511985 scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.269.12.1537
    • Todd KH, Samaroo N, Hoffman JR. Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia. JAMA. 1993;269:1537-1539. (Pubitemid 23086415)
    • (1993) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.269 , Issue.12 , pp. 1537-1539
    • Todd, K.H.1    Samaroo, N.2    Hoffman, J.R.3
  • 82
    • 0036211728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized clinical trial of analgesia in children with acute abdominal pain
    • DOI 10.1197/aemj.9.4.281
    • Kim MK, Strait RT, Satao TT, et al. A randomized clinical trial of analgesia in children with acute abdominal pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9(4):281-287. (Pubitemid 34274157)
    • (2002) Academic Emergency Medicine , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 281-287
    • Kim, M.K.1    Strait, R.T.2    Sato, T.T.3    Hennes, H.M.4
  • 83
    • 31944437176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early analgesia for children with acute abdominal pain
    • DOI 10.1542/peds.2005-0273
    • Green RS, Bullock B, Kabani A, et al. Early analgesia in children with acute abdominal pain. Pediatrics. 2005;116(4):978-983. (Pubitemid 44542828)
    • (2005) Pediatrics , vol.116 , Issue.4 , pp. 978-983
    • Green, R.1    Bulloch, B.2    Kabani, A.3    Hancock, B.J.4    Tenenbein, M.5
  • 84
    • 34548577853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and Impact of Intravenous Morphine Before Surgical Consultation in Children With Right Lower Quadrant Pain Suggestive of Appendicitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
    • DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.04.018, PII S0196064407005458
    • Bailey N, Bergeron S, Gravel J, et al. Efficacy and impact of intravenous morphine before surgical consultation in children with right lower quadrant pain suggestive of appendicitis: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(4):371-378. (Pubitemid 47391514)
    • (2007) Annals of Emergency Medicine , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 371-378
    • Bailey, B.1    Bergeron, S.2    Gravel, J.3    Bussieres, J.-F.4    Bensoussan, A.5
  • 86
    • 52049091040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of observed versus documented physician assessment and treatment of pain: The physician record does not reflect the reality [published online ahead of print March 14, 2008]
    • Chisholm CD, Weaver CS, Whenmouth LF, et al. A comparison of observed versus documented physician assessment and treatment of pain: the physician record does not reflect the reality [published online ahead of print March 14, 2008]. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52(4):383-389.
    • (2008) Ann Emerg Med , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 383-389
    • Chisholm, C.D.1    Weaver, C.S.2    Whenmouth, L.F.3
  • 87
    • 60749113248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does a pain scale improve pain assessment in the pediatric emergency department?
    • Kaplan CP, Sison C, Platt SL. Does a pain scale improve pain assessment in the pediatric emergency department? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(9):605-608.
    • (2008) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 605-608
    • Kaplan, C.P.1    Sison, C.2    Platt, S.L.3
  • 88
    • 70349328525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routine pain scoring does not improve analgesia provision for children in the emergency department
    • Jadav MA, Lloyd G, McLauchlan C, et al. Routine pain scoring does not improve analgesia provision for children in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2009;26(10):695-697.
    • (2009) Emerg Med J , vol.26 , Issue.10 , pp. 695-697
    • Jadav, M.A.1    Lloyd, G.2    McLauchlan, C.3
  • 89
    • 33845888260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physician Pain Reminder as an Intervention to Enhance Analgesia for Extremity and Clavicle Injuries in Pediatric Emergency
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.05.011, PII S1526590006008340
    • Rogovik AL, Rostami M, Hussain S, et al. Physician pain reminder as an intervention to enhance analgesia for extremity and clavicle injuries in pediatric emergency. J Pain. 2007;8(1):26-32. (Pubitemid 46026962)
    • (2007) Journal of Pain , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-32
    • Rogovik, A.L.1    Rostami, M.2    Hussain, S.3    Goldman, R.D.4
  • 90
    • 64149107319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putting pain assessment into practice: Why is it so painful?
    • Franck LS, Bruce E. Putting pain assessment into practice: why is it so painful? Pain Res Manag. 2009;14(1):13-20.
    • (2009) Pain Res Manag , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-20
    • Franck, L.S.1    Bruce, E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.