ADHD in adults: Current treatment trends with consideration of abuse potential of medications

Journal of Psychiatric Practice

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 241-250

  Mao, Alice R ^a   Babcock, Thomas ^b   Brams, Matthew ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b SHIRE   (United States)

Author keywords

abuse potential; adult; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); education; functional impairment; long acting preparation; medication; occupation; short acting preparation; social functioning; stimulant

Indexed keywords

AMFEPRAMONE; AMPHETAMINE; AMPHETAMINE PLUS DEXAMPHETAMINE; ATOMOXETINE; COCAINE; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE; DIAMORPHINE; GUANFACINE; LISDEXAMFETAMINE; LONG ACTING DRUG; METHAMPHETAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; PHENTERMINE; SHORT ACTING DRUG;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BLOOD PRESSURE; DRIVING ABILITY; DRUG ABUSE PATTERN; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; EDUCATION PROGRAM; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EUPHORIA; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; JOB PERFORMANCE; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PSYCHIATRIST; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SMOKING HABIT; SOCIAL STATUS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; WORK ENVIRONMENT; WORK SCHEDULE;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CHILD; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; HUMANS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80051763199     PISSN: 15274160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.pra.0000400261.45290.bd     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
2. Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:894-921.
3. Weiss G, Hechtman LT. Hyperactive children grown up: ADHD in children, adolescents and adults, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.
4. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, et al. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:565-76. (Pubitemid 23203567)
5. Rasmussen P, Gillberg C. Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: A controlled, longitudinal, community-based study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39:1424-31.
6. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, et al. The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2002;111:279-89. (Pubitemid 34441206)
7. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Moulton JL, 3rd. Persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adulthood: What have we learned from the prospective follow-up studies? J Atten Disord 2003;7:93-100. (Pubitemid 38160973)
8. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV. Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:816-8. (Pubitemid 30249663)
9. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 development: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (314.0x). Available at www.dsm5.org/ ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision. aspx?rid=383, accessed January 31, 2011.
10. Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:716-23. (Pubitemid 44464584)
11. US Census Bureau. Annual estimates of the population by selected age groups and sex for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005 (NC-EST2005-02). Available at www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NC-EST2005- sa.html, accessed May 18, 2011.
12. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, et al. Young adult follow- up of hyperactive children: Antisocial activities and drug use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004;45:195-211. (Pubitemid 38240269)
13. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, et al. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: Adaptive functioning in major life activities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:192-202. (Pubitemid 43151524)
14. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, et al. Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:524-40. (Pubitemid 43764229)
15. Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L, et al. Hyperactive children as young adults: Driving abilities, safe driving behavior, and adverse driving outcomes. Accid Anal Prev 2007, 39:94-105. (Pubitemid 44633822)
16. de Graaf R, Kessler RC, Fayyad J, et al. The prevalence and effects of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the performance of workers: Results from the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Occup Environ Med 2008;65:835-42.
17. Concerta (methylphenidate hydrochloride) extendedrelease tablets. Full prescribing information. Titusville, NJ: McNeil Pediatrics 2010.
18. Focalin XR (dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride) extendedrelease capsules. Full prescribing information. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals; 2010.
19. Adderall XR (mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product). Full prescribing information. Wayne, PA: Shire Pharmaceuticals; 2010.
20. Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate). Full prescribing information. Wayne, PA: Shire Pharmaceuticals 2010.
21. Strattera (atomoxetine hydrochloride). Full prescribing information. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company 2010.
22. Cascade E, Kalali AH, Weisler RH. Short-acting versus long-acting medications for the treatment of ADHD. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2008;5:24-7.
23. Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther 2001;23:1296-310. (Pubitemid 32804122)
24. Boyd CJ, McCabe SE. Coming to terms with the nonmedical use of prescription medications. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2008;3:22.
25. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Stimulant ADHD medications: Methylphenidate and amphetamines. NIDA InfoFacts; June 2009.
26. Klein-Schwartz W, McGrath J. Poison centers experience with methylphenidate abuse in pre-teens and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42:288-94. (Pubitemid 39592084)
27. Bright GM. Abuse of medications employed for the treatment of ADHD: Results from a large-scale community survey. Medscape J Med 2008;10:111.
28. Volkow ND, Ding YS, Fowler JS, et al. Is methylphenidate like cocaine? Studies on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:456-63.
29. Swanson JM, Volkow ND. Serum and brain concentrations of methylphenidate: Implications for use and abuse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2003;27:615-21. (Pubitemid 37414910)
30. Volkow ND, Swanson JM. Variables that affect the clinical use and abuse of methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1909-18. (Pubitemid 39619623)
31. Parasrampuria DA, Schoedel KA, Schuller R, et al. Assessment of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects related to abuse potential of a unique oral osmoticcontrolled extended-release methylphenidate formulation in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2007;47:1476-88. (Pubitemid 350115303)
32. Kollins SH, Rush CR, Pazzaglia PJ, et al. Comparison of acute behavioral effects of sustained-release and immediate- release methylphenidate. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;6:367-74. (Pubitemid 29001514)
33. Greenhill LL, Pliszka S, Dulcan MK, et al. Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41:26S-49S.
34. What is the street value of 50 and 70 mg Vyvanse and 25 mg Strattera? Answers.com. Available at: wiki.answers .com/Q/What-is-the
35. What is the street value of Adderall 30 mg? Answers.com. Available at: wiki.answers.com/Q/What-is-the
36. Faraone SV, Upadhyaya HP. The effect of stimulant treatment for ADHD on later substance abuse and the potential for medication misuse, abuse, and the potential for medication misuse, abuse, and diversion. Physicians Postgraduate Press (Medfair.com). Available at www.medfair. com/content/cme/lectures/eview/ adhd-sud /faraone-transcript/#title, accessed May 18, 2011.
37. Cone EJ. Ephemeral profiles of prescription drug and formulation tampering: Evolving pseudoscience on the Internet. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006;83:S31-9.
38. Wilens TE. Impact of ADHD and its treatment on substance abuse in adults. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:38-45.
39. Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, et al. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: Two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:112-20. (Pubitemid 36126473)
40. Adler LA, Spencer T, Brown TE, et al. Once-daily atomoxetine for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A 6-month, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29:44-50.
41. Parasrampuria DA, Schoedel KA, Schuller R, et al. Do formulation differences alter abuse liability of methylphenidate? A placebo-controlled, randomized, double- blind, crossover study in recreational drug users. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:459-67. (Pubitemid 47415043)
42. Jasinski DR, Gonzalez M, Peoples KA, et al. Human pharmacology and abuse potential of transdermal methylphenidate in adults. Presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 19-24, 2007; San Diego, CA.
43. Cowles BJ. Update on the management of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Patient considerations and the role of lisdexamfetamine. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009;5:943-8.
44. Jasinski DR, Krishnan S. Human pharmacology of intravenous lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: Abuse liability in adult stimulant abusers. J Psychopharmacol 2009;23: 410-8.
45. Jasinski DR, Faries DE, Moore RJ, et al. Abuse liability assessment of atomoxetine in a drug-abusing population. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;95:140-6.
46. Heil SH, Holmes HW, Bickel WK, et al. Comparison of the subjective, physiological, and psychomotor effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in light drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;67:149-56. (Pubitemid 34722402)
47. Lile JA, Stoops WW, Durell TM, et al. Discriminative-stimulus, self-reported, performance, and cardiovascular effects of atomoxetine in methylphenidate-trained humans. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;14:136-47. (Pubitemid 43988631)
48. Cascade EF, Kalali AH, Feifel D. Strattera: Ups, downs, and emerging uses. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2007;4:23.
49. Feifel D. Expert commentary-Prescribing trends for Strattera. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2007;4:24-5.
50. Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. A comparison of the efficacy of medications for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect sizes. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:754-63.
51. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Ciccone PE, et al. PET study examining pharmacokinetics, detection and likeability, and dopamine transporter receptor occupancy of shortand long-acting oral methylphenidate. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:387-95. (Pubitemid 44469379)
52. Jasinski DR, Gonzalez MA, Rubin J. Abuse-related liking and abuse potential of methylphenidate transdermal system. Presented at 2nd International Congress on ADHD; May 21-24, 2009; Vienna, Austria.
53. Jasinski DR, Krishnan S. Abuse liability and safety of oral lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in individuals with a history of stimulant abuse. J Psychopharmacol 2009;23: 419-27.