Elastic deformation and energy loss of flapping fly wings

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 214, Issue 17, 2011, Pages 2949-2961

  Lehmann, Fritz Olaf ^a   Gorb, Stanislav ^b   Nasir, Nazri ^a   Schützner, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Calliphora vicina; Energy recycling; Flexural stiffness; Insect flight; Local bending moment; Wing deformation power

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; ELASTICITY; FLY; FLYING; FORELIMB; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; DIPTERA; ELASTICITY; FLIGHT, ANIMAL; WING;

ANIMALIA; CALLIPHORA VICINA; HEXAPODA;

EID: 80051762101     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.045351     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Andersen, S. O. and Weis-Fogh, T. (1964). Resilin, a rubber-like protein in arthropod cuticle. Adv. Insect Physiol. 2, 1-65.
2. Balint, C. N. and Dickinson, M. H. (2004). Neuromuscular control of aerodynamic forces and moments in the blowfly, Calliphora vicina. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 3813-3838. (Pubitemid 39622970)
3. Bender, J. A. and Dickinson, M. H. (2006). A comparison of visual and halteremediated feedback in the control of body saccades in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 4597-4606. (Pubitemid 46033356)
4. Biewener, A. A. and Roberts, T. J. (2000). Muscle and tendon contributions to force, work, and elastic energy savings: a comparative perspective. Exerc. Sports Sci. Rev. 28, 99-107.
5. Birch, J. M. and Dickinson, M. H. (2003). Spanwise flow and the attachment of the leading-edge vortex on insect wings. Nature 412, 729-733. (Pubitemid 32771994)
6. Bos, F. M., Lentink, D., Van Oudheusden, B. W. and Bijl, H. (2008). Influence of wing kinematics on aerodynamic performance in hovering insect flight. J. Fluid Mech. 5941, 341-368.
7. Casey, T. M. and Ellington, C. P. (1989). Energetics of insect flight. In Energy Transformations in Cells and Organisms (ed. W. Wieser and E. Gnaiger), pp. 200-210. Stuttgart: Thieme.
8. Combes, S. A. and Daniel, T. L. (2003a). Into thin air: contributions of aerodynamic and inertial-elastic forces to wing bending in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2999-3006. (Pubitemid 37073836)
9. Combes, S. A. and Daniel, T. L. (2003b). Flexural stiffness in insect wings I. Scaling and the influence of wing venation. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2979-2987. (Pubitemid 37073834)
10. Combes, S. A. and Daniel, T. L. (2003c). Flexural stiffness in insect wings II. Spatial distribution and dynamic wing bending. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2989-2997. (Pubitemid 37073835)
11. Dickinson, M. H. and Lighton, J. R. B. (1995). Muscle efficiency and elastic storage in the flight motor of Drosophila. Science 268, 87-89.
12. Dickinson, M. H., Lehmann, F. O. and Sane, S. P. (1999). Wing rotation and the aerodynamic basis of insect flight. Science 284, 1954-1960. (Pubitemid 29309436)
13. Du, G. and Sun, M. (2010). Effects of wing deformation on aerodynamic forces in hovering hoverflies. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 2273-2283.
14. Ellington, C. P. (1984a). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. II. Morphological parameters. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 17-40.
15. Ellington, C. P. (1984b). The aerodynamics of insect flight. III. Kinematics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 41-78.
16. Ellington, C. P. (1984c). The aerodynamics of insect flight. VI. Lift and power requirements. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 145-181.
17. Ennos, A. R. (1988). The inertial cause of wing rotation in Diptera. J. Exp. Biol. 140, 161-169.
18. Ennos, A. R. (1989). Inertial and aerodynamic torques on the wings of Diptera in flight. J. Exp. Biol. 142, 87-95.
19. Fry, S. N., Sayaman, R. and Dickinson, M. H. (2003). The aerodynamics of free-flight maneuvers in Drosophila. Science 300, 495-498.
20. Gorb, S. N. (1999). Serial elastic elements in the damselfly wing: mobile vein joints contain resilin. Naturwissenschaften 86, 552-555. (Pubitemid 29533692)
21. Haas, F., Gorb, S. N. and Wootton, R. J. (2000a). Elastic joints in dermapteran hind wings: materials and wing folding. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 29, 137-146. (Pubitemid 32056540)
22. Haas, F., Gorb, S. N. and Blickhan, R. (2000b). The function of resilin in beetle wings. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 1375-1381. (Pubitemid 30612365)
23. Hedenström, A., Ellington, C. P. and Wolf, T. J. (2001). Wing wear, aerodynamics and flight energetics in bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): an experimental study. Funct. Ecol. 15, 417-422. (Pubitemid 32752266)
24. Hepburn, H. R. and Chander, H. D. (1976). Material properties of arthropod cuticles: the arthrodial membranes. J. Comp. Physiol. 109, 177-198.
25. Ho, S., Nassef, H., Pornsinsirirak, N., Tai, Y. C. and Ho, C. M. (2003). Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers. Prog. Aerospace Sci. 39, 635-681.
26. Jensen, M. and Weis-Fogh, T. (1962). A rubber-like protein in insect cuticle. J. Exp. Biol. 37, 889-907.
27. Kesel, A. B., Philippi, U. and Nachtigall, W. (1998). Biomechanical aspects of the insect wing: an analysis using the finite element method. Comput. Biol. Med. 281, 423-437. (Pubitemid 28481522)
28. Lehmann, F.-O. (2001). The efficiency of aerodynamic force production in Drosophila. J. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 131, 77-88. (Pubitemid 34072126)
29. Lehmann, F.-O. and Dickinson, M. H. (1997). The changes in power requirements and muscle efficiency during elevated force production in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 1133-1143. (Pubitemid 27185695)
30. Lehmann, F.-O. and Dickinson, M. H. (1998). The control of wing kinematics and flight forces in fruit flies (Drosophila spp.). J. Exp. Biol. 201, 385-401.
31. Lehmann, F.-O. and Pick, S. (2007). The aerodynamic benefit of wing-wing interaction depends on stroke trajectory in flapping insect wings. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 1362-1377. (Pubitemid 46761993)
32. Lichtwark, G. A. and Barclay, C. J. (2010). The influence of tendon compliance on muscle power output and efficiency during cyclic contractions. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 707-714.
33. Liu, H. and Kawachi, K. (1998). A numerical study of insect flight. J. Comput. Phys. 146, 124-156. (Pubitemid 128347119)
34. Lv, S., Dudek, D. M., Cao, Y., Balamurali, M. M., Gosline, J. and Li, H. (2010). Designed biomaterials to mimic the mechanical properties of muscles. Nature 465, 69-73.
35. Maybury, W. J. and Lehmann, F.-O. (2004). The fluid dynamics of flight control by kinematic phase lag variation between two robotic insect wings. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4707-4726. (Pubitemid 40180750)
36. Miller, L. A. and Peskin, C. S. (2005). A computational fluid dynamics of 'clap and fling' in the smallest insects. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 195-212. (Pubitemid 40307224)
37. Nachtigall, W. (1966). Die Kinematik der Schlagflügelbewegungen von Dipteren. Methodische und analytische Grundlagen zur Biophysik des Insektenflugs. Z. Vgl. Physiol. 52, 155-211.
38. Nachtigall, W. and Roth, W. (1983). Correlations between stationary measurable parameters of wing movement and aerodynamic force production the blowfly (Calliphora vicina R.-D.). J. Comp. Physiol. 150, 251-260.
39. Neville, A. C. (1960). Aspect of the flight mechanics on anisopterous dragonflies. J. Exp. Biol. 37, 631-656.
40. Pfau, H. K. (1986). Untersuchungen zur Konstruktion, Funktion und Evolution des Flugapparates der Libellen (Insecta, Odonata). Tijdschr. Entomol. 1293, 35-123.
41. Ramamurti, R. and Sandberg, W. C. (2002). A three-dimensional computational study of the aerodynamic mechanisms of insect flight. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1507-1518. (Pubitemid 34853474)
42. Ramamurti, R. and Sandberg, W. C. (2007). A computational investigation of the three-dimensional unsteady aerodynamics of Drosophila hovering and manoeuvring, J. Exp. Biol. 210, 881-896. (Pubitemid 46569819)
43. Roberts, T. J., Marsh, R. L., Weyand, P. G. and Taylor, C. R. (1997). Muscular force in running turkeys: the economy of minimizing work. Science 275, 1113-1115. (Pubitemid 27097307)
44. Rüppell, G. (1989). Kinematic analysis of symmetrical flight manoeuvres of Odonata. J. Exp. Biol. 144, 13-42.
45. Sane, S. P. and Dickinson, M. H. (2001). The control of flight force by a flapping wing: lift and drag production. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 2607-2626. (Pubitemid 34861399)
46. Sane, S. and Dickinson, M. H. (2002). The aerodynamic effects of wing rotation and a revised quasi-steady model of flapping flight. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1087-1096. (Pubitemid 34853772)
47. Shyy, W., Liang, Y., Tang, J., Liu, H., Trizila, O., Stanford, B., Bernal, L., Cesnik, C., Friedmann, P. and Ifju, P. (2008). Computational aerodynamics of low Reynolds number plunging, pitching and flexible wings. Acta Mech. Sinica 24, 351-374.
48. Smith, S. M. (1996). Biological control with trichogramma: advantage, successes and potential of their use. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41, 375-406.
49. Steppan, S. J. (2000). Flexural stiffness patterns of butterfly wings (Papilionoidea). J. Res. Lepidoptera 35, 61-77.
50. Sun, M. and Lan, S. L. (2004). A computational study of the aerodynamic forces and power requirements of dragonfly (Aeshna juncea) hovering. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 1887-1901. (Pubitemid 38826062)
51. Sun, M. and Tang, J. (2002). Unsteady aerodynamic force generation by a model fruit fly wing flapping motion. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 55-70. (Pubitemid 34861259)
52. Tu, M. S. and Dickinson, M. H. (1996). The control of wing kinematics by two steering muscles of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina. J. Comp. Physiol. A 178, 813-830. (Pubitemid 126573540)
53. Vanella, M., Fitzgerald, T., Preidikman, S., Balaras, E. and Balachandran, B. (2009). Influence of flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of a hovering wing. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 95-105.
54. Walker, J. A. (2002). Rotational lift: something different or more of the same. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 3783-3792. (Pubitemid 36059031)
55. Walker, S. M., Taylor, G. K. and Thomas, A. L. R. (2009). Deformable wing kinematics in the desert locust: how and why do camber, twist and topography vary through the stroke. J. R. Soc. Interface 6, 735-747.
56. Wang, H., Zeng, L., Liu, H. and Chunyong, Y. (2003). Measuring wing kinematics, flight trajectory and body attitude during forward flight and turning manoeuvres in dragonflies. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 745-757. (Pubitemid 36229930)
57. Wootton, R. J. (1991). The function morphology of the wing of Odonata. Adv. Odonatol 5, 153-169.
58. Wootton, R. J. (1992). Functional morphology of insect wings. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37, 113-140.
59. Wootton, R. J. (1993). Leading edge section and asymmetric twisting in the wings of flying butterflies (Insecta, Papilionoidea). J. Exp. Biol. 180, 105-117.
60. Wootton, R. J., Evans, K. E., Herbert, R. and Smith, C. W. (2000). The hind wing of the desert locust (Schistocerca Forskal). I. Functional morphology and mode of operation. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2921-2931.
61. Young, J., Walker, S. M., Bomprey, R. J., Taylor, G. K. and Thomas, A. L. R. (2009). Details of insect wing design and deformation enhance aerodynamic function and flight efficiency. Science 325, 1549-1552.
62. Zanker, J. M. (1990). The wing beat of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Kinematics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 327, 1-18.
63. Zhao, L., Huang, Q., Deng, X. and Sane, P. S. (2009). Aerodynamic effects of flexibility in flapping wings. J. R. Soc. 7, 485-497.