Total testosterone in young men is more closely associated than free testosterone with prostate cancer disparities

Therapeutic Advances in Urology

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 99-106

  Alvarado, Louis Calistro ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

age related testosterone decline; hormone dependent disease; prostate cancer disparities; total and free testosterone

Indexed keywords

TESTOSTERONE;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER REGISTRY; CANCER RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POPULATION SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 80051759957     PISSN: 17562872     EISSN: 17562880     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1756287211405706     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Alvarado L.C. (2010) Population differences in the testosterone levels of young men are associated with prostate cancer disparities in older men. Am J Hum Biol 22: 449–455.
2. Bolelli G. Muti P. Micheli A. Sciajno R. Franceschetti F. Krogh V. (1995) Validity for epidemiological studies of long-term cryoconservation of steroid and protein hormones in serum and plasma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4: 509–513.
3. Boots L.R. Potter S. Potter D. Azziz R. (1998) Measurement of total serum testosterone levels using commercially available kits: high degree of between-kit variability. Fertil Steril 69: 286–292.
4. Curado M.P. Edwards B. Shin H.R. Storm H. Ferlay J. Heanue M. (eds) (2007) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol. IX, IARC Scientific Publications No. 160, Lyon, IARC.
5. Damber J.-E. Tomic R. Bergman B. Bergh A. (1979) Increased concentration of testosterone in testis artery blood as compared to peripheral venous blood in man. Int J Androl 2: 315–318.
6. Ettinger B. Sidney S. Cummings S.R. Libanati C. Bikle D.D. Tekawa I.S. (1997) Racial differences in bone density between young adult black and white subjects persist after adjustment for anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical differences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 429–434.
7. Feldman B.J. Feldman D. (2001) The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 1: 34–45.
8. Free M.J. (1977) Blood supply to the testis and its role in local exchange and transport of hormones in the male reproductive tract. In: Johnson A.D. Gomes W.R. (eds) The Testis Vol. 4, Academic Press: New York, 39–84.
9. Gat Y. Gornish M. Heiblum M. Joshua S. (2008) Reversal of benign prostate hyperplasia by selective occlusion of impaired venous drainage in the male reproductive system: novel mechanism, new treatment. Andrologia 40: 273–281.
10. Gat Y. Joshua S. Gornish M.G. (2009) Prostate cancer: a newly discovered route for testosterone to reach the prostate: Treatment by super-selective intraprostatic androgen deprivation. Andrologia 5: 305–315.
11. Grönberg H. (2003) Prostate cancer epidemiology. Lancet 361: 859–864.
12. Hsing A.W. (2001) Hormones and prostate cancer: what's next? Epidemiol Rev 23: 42–58.
13. Jakobsson J. Ekström L. Inotsume N. Garle M. Lorentzon M. Ohlsson C. (2006) Large differences in testosterone excretion in Korean and Swedish men are strongly associated with a UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 2B17 polymorphism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 687–693.
14. Jasieńska G. Thune I. (2001) Lifestyle, hormones, and risk of breast cancer. BMJ 322: 586–587.
15. Jasieńska G. Thune I. Ellison P.T. (2000) Energetic factors, ovarian steroids and the risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 9: 231–239.
16. Kapoor P. Luttrell B.M. Williams D. (1993) The free androgen index is not valid for adult males. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 45: 325–326.
17. Kehinde E.O. Akanji A.O. Memon A. Bashir A.A. Daar A.S. Al-Awadi K.A. (2006) Prostate cancer risk: The significance of differences in age related changes in serum conjugated and unconjugated steroid hormone concentrations between Arab and Caucasian men. Int Urol Nephrol 38: 33–44.
18. Lewis J.G. Nakajin S. Ohno S. Warnock A. Florkowski C.M. Elder P.A. (2005) Circulating levels of isoflavones and markers of 5alpha-reductase activity are higher in Japanese compared with New Zealand males: what is the role of circulating steroids in prostate disease? Steroids 70: 974–979.
19. Lookingbill D.P. Demers L.M. Wang C. Leung A. Rittmaster R.S. Santen R.J. (1991) Clinical and biochemical parameters of androgen action in normal healthy Caucasian versus Chinese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72: 1242–1248.
20. Matsumoto A.M. (2001) The testis. In: Felig F. Frohman L.A. (eds) Endocrinology and Metabolism 4th., McGraw-Hill Professional: New York, 635–706.
21. Morley J.E. Patrick P. Perry H.M. III (2002) Evaluation of assays available to measure free testosterone. Metabolism 51: 554–559.
22. Morris P.D. Malkin C.J. Channer K.S. Jones T.H. (2004) A mathematical comparison of techniques to predict biologically available testosterone in a cohort of 1072 men. Eur J Endocrinol 151: 241–249.
23. Nishihara M. Suzuki Y. (1980) Androgen distribution in male rats. Endocrinol Jpn 27: 637–642.
24. Platz E.A. Giovannucci E. (2004) The epidemiology of sex steroid hormones and their signaling and metabolic pathways in the etiology of prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92: 237–253.
25. Roddam A.W. Allen N.E. Appleby P. Key T.J. (2008) for the Endogenous Hormones and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 100: 170–183.
26. Rohrmann S. Nelson W.G. Rifai N. Brown T.R. Dobs A. Kanarek N. (2007) Serum estrogen, but not testosterone, levels differ between black and white men in a nationally representative sample of Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 2519–2525.
27. Rosner W. (2001) An extraordinarily inaccurate assay for free testosterone is still with us. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 2903–2903.
28. Rosner W. Auchus R.J. Azziz R. Sluss P.M. Raff H. (2007) Position statement: Utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 405–413.
29. Ross R.K. Bernstein L. Judd H. Hanisch R. Pike M. Henderson B. (1986) Serum testosterone levels in healthy young black and white men. J Natl Cancer Inst 76: 45–48.
30. Ross R.K. Bernstein L. Lobo R.A. Shimizu H. Stanczyk F.Z. Pike M.C. (1992) 5-alpha-reductase activity and risk of prostate cancer among Japanese and US white and black males. Lancet 339: 887–889.
31. Santner S.J. Albertson B. Zhang G.Y. Zhang G.H. Santulli M. Wang C. (1998) Comparative rates of androgen production and metabolism in Caucasian and Chinese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 2104–2109.
32. Steiger J.H. (1980) Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychol Bull 87: 245–251.
33. Tsai C.J. Cohn B.A. Cirillo P.M. Feldman D. Stanczyk F.Z. Whittemore A.S. (2006) Sex steroid hormones in young manhood and the risk of subsequent prostate cancer: a longitudinal study in African-Americans and Caucasians (United States). Cancer Causes Control 17: 1237–1244.
34. Vermeulen A. Verdonck L. Kaufman J.M. (1999) A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 3666–3672.
35. Williams E.J. (1959) The comparison of regression variables. J R Statist Soc B 21: 396–399.
36. Winters S.J. Brufsky A. Weissfeld J. Trump D.L. Dyky M.A. Hadeed V. (2001) Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and body composition in young adult African American and Caucasian men. Metabolism 50(10): 1242–1247.
37. Winters S.J. Kelley D.E. Goodpaster B. (1998) The analog free testosterone assay: are the results in men clinically useful? Clin Chem 44: 2178–2182.
38. Wright N.M. Renault J. Willi S. Veldhuis J.D. Pandey J.P. Gordon L. (1995) Greater secretion of growth hormone in black than in white men: possible factor in greater bone mineral density–a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80: 2291–2297.