Wavelength conversion based on Raman-and non-resonant four-wave mixing in silicon nanowire rings without dispersion engineering

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 1078-1091

  Vermeulen, Nathalie ^a   Sipe, John E ^b   Lefevre, Yannick ^a   Debaes, Christof ^a   Thienpont, Hugo ^a  

^a VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Frequency conversion; optical mixing; phase matching; Raman scattering; silicon

Indexed keywords

DISPERSION ENGINEERING; NONRESONANT; OPTICAL MIXING; QUASI PHASE MATCHING; QUASI-PHASE MATCHES; SILICON NANOWIRES; SILICON RING; SPATIAL VARIATIONS;

CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; FOUR WAVE MIXING; MIXING; NANOWIRES; OPTICAL FREQUENCY CONVERSION; PHASE MATCHING;

DISPERSION (WAVES);

EID: 80051684977     PISSN: 1077260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2010.2086437     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. G. T. Reed, Silicon Photonics: The State of the Art. West Sussex, U.K. Wiley, 2008, ch. 9.
2. R. Claps, V. Raghunathan, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, "Anti-Stokes Raman conversion in silicon waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 11, no. 22, pp. 2862-2872, Nov. 2003.
3. D. Dimitropoulos, V. Raghunathan, R. Claps, and B. Jalali, "Phasematching and nonlinear optical processes in silicon waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 149-160, Jan. 2004.
4. V. Raghunathan, R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali, "Parametric raman wavelength conversion in scaled silicon waveguides," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2094-2102, Jun. 2005. (Pubitemid 41005098)
5. P.V.Koonath,D.R. Solli, andB. Jalali, "High efficiency CARS conversion in silicon," in CLEO/QELS, OSA Technical Digest, 2008, paper CThE3.
6. N. Vermeulen, C. Debaes, and H. Thienpont, "The behavior of CARS in anti-stokes raman converters operating at exact raman resonance," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 44, no. 11-12, pp. 1248-1255, Nov./Dec. 2008.
7. N.Vermeulen, C.Debaes, and H. Thienpont, "Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering in Raman lasers and Raman wavelength converters," Laser Photon. Rev., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 656-670, Sep. 2010.
8. R. L. Espinola, J. I. Dadap, R. M. Osgood, Jr., S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, "C-band wavelength conversion in silicon photonic wire waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 4341-4349, May 2005. (Pubitemid 40899333)
9. H. Fukuda, K. Yamada, T. Shoji, M. Takahashi, T. Tsuchizawa, T.Watanabe, J. Takahashi, and S. Itabashi, "Four-wave mixing in silicon wire waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 4629-4637, Jun. 2005. (Pubitemid 41029384)
10. Q. Lin, J. Zhang, P. M. Fauchet, and G. P. Agrawal, "Ultrabroadband parametric generation and wavelength conversion in silicon waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 4786-4799, May 2006. (Pubitemid 43815013)
11. M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner, J. E. Sharping, B. S. Schmidt, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, "Broad-band optical parametric gain on a silicon photonic chip," Nature, vol. 441, pp. 960-963, 2006. (Pubitemid 43980346)
12. Y.-H. Kuo, H. Rong, V. Sih, S. Xu, M. Paniccia, and O. Cohen, "Demonstration of wavelength conversion at 40 Gb/s data rate in silicon waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 14, no. 24, pp. 11721-11726, Nov. 2006. (Pubitemid 44826858)
13. M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner, R. Salem, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, "Broad-band continuous-wave parametric wavelength conversion in silicon nanowaveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 12949-12958, Oct. 2007. (Pubitemid 47538405)
14. Q. Lin, O. J. Painter, and G. P. Agrawal, "Nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides: Modeling and applications," Opt. Exp., vol. 15, no. 25, pp. 16604-16644, Nov. 2007. (Pubitemid 350262702)
15. W. Mathlouthi, H. Rong, and M. Paniccia, "Characterization of efficient wavelength conversion by four-wavemixing in sub-micron silicon waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 16, no. 21, pp. 16735-16745, Oct. 2008.
16. A. C. T.-Foster, M. A. Foster, R. Salem, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, "Frequency conversion over two-thirds of an octave in silicon nanowaveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1904-1908, Feb. 2010.
17. S. Gao, E.-K. Tien, Q. Song, Y. Huang, and O. Boyraz, "Ultra-broadband one-to-two wavelength conversion using low-phase-mismatching fourwave mixing in siliconwaveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 11898-11903, May 2010.
18. X. Liu, R. M. Osgood, Jr.,Y. A. Vlasov, andW. M. J. Green, "Mid-infrared optical parametric amplifier using silicon nanophotonicwaveguides," Nat. Photonics., vol. 4, pp. 557-560, May 2010.
19. S. Zlatanovic, J. S. Park, S. Moro, J. M. Chavez Boggio, I. B. Divliansky, N. Alic, S. Mookherjea, and S. Radic, "Mid-infrared wavelength conversion in silicon waveguides using ultracompact telecom-band-derived pump source," Nat. Photonics, vol. 4, pp. 561-564, May 2010.
20. P. P. Absil, J. V. Hryniewicz, B. E. Little, P. S. Cho, R. A. Wilson, L. G. Joneckis, and P.-T. Ho, "Wavelength conversion in GaAs micro-ring resonators," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 554-556, 2000.
21. A. C. Turner,M. A. Foster, A. L. Gaeta, andM. Lipson, "Ultra-low power parametric frequency conversion in a silicon microring resonator," Opt. Exp., vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 4881-4887, Mar. 2008. (Pubitemid 351483451)
22. H. Rong, S. Xu, O. Cohen, O. Raday, M. Lee, V. Sih, and M. Paniccia, "A cascaded silicon Raman laser," Nat. Photonics, vol. 2, pp. 170-174, 2008.
23. L. Razzari, D. Duchesne, M. Ferrera, R. Morandotti, S. Chu, B. E. Little, and D. J. Moss, "CMOS-compatible integrated optical hyper-parametric oscillator," Nat. Photonics, vol. 4, pp. 41-45, 2010.
24. T.-K. Liang, L.-R. Nunes, H.-K. Tsang, and M. Tsuchiya, "Theoretical analysis of continuous-waveRaman gain/lasing in siliconwirewaveguides without carrier extraction scheme," IEICE Electr. Expr., vol. 2, no. 16, pp. 440-445, Aug. 2005.
25. H. Rong, R. Jones, A. Liu, O. Cohen, D. Hak, A. Fang, and M. Paniccia, "A continuous-wave Raman silicon laser," Nature, vol. 433, pp. 725-728, 2005. (Pubitemid 40292977)
26. A. C. T.-Foster, M. A. Foster, J. S. Levy, C. B. Poitras, R. Salem, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lipson, "Ultrashort free-carrier lifetime in low-loss silicon nanowaveguide," Opt. Exp., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 3582-3591, Feb. 2010.
27. K. Ataka, T. Kottke, and J. Heberle, "Thinner, smaller, faster: IR techniques to probe the functionality of biological and biomimetic systems," Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., vol. 49, no. 32, pp. 5416-5424, Jul. 2010.
28. R. L. Frost, B. J. Reddy, and E. C. Keeffe, "An application of near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy to the study of selected minerals," Rad. Eff. Defect S., vol. 165, no. 3, pp. 193-205, 2010.
29. F. J. Calderon, V. A.-Martinez, D. D. Douds, J. B. Reeves, andM. F. Vigil, "Mid-infrared and near-infrared spectral properties of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root cultures," Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 494-500, 2009.
30. D. Mazzotti and S. Borri, "Low-power lamb-dip spectroscopy of very weak CO2 transitions near 4.25 μm," Opt. Lett., vol. 27, no. 14, pp. 1256-1258, Jul. 2002. (Pubitemid 34878672)
31. D. G. Lancaster, D. Richter, and F. K. Tittel, "Portable fiber-coupled diode-laser-based sensor for multiple trace gas detection," Appl. Phys. B, vol. 69, pp. 459-465, 1999. (Pubitemid 30514167)
32. Y. R. Shen, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003, ch. 10.
33. R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Second Edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2003, ch. 10.
34. N. Vermeulen, C. Debaes, A. A. Fotiadi, K. Panajotov, and H. Thienpont, "Stokes-anti-stokes iterative resonator method for modeling raman lasers," IEEE J. Quantum. Electron., vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 1144-1156, Nov. 2006.
35. M. Krause, H. Renner, and E. Brinkmeyer, "Analysis of Raman lasing characteristics in silicon-on-insulator waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 12, no. 23, pp. 5703-5710, Nov. 2004.
36. V. G. Bespalov and N. S. Makarov, "Quasi-phase matching generation of blue coherent radiation at stimulated Raman scattering," Opt. Comm., vol. 203, pp. 413-420, Mar. 2002.
37. J. Kim, O. Boyraz, J. H. Lim, and M. N. Islam, "Gain enhancement in cascaded fiber parametric amplifier with quasi-phase matching: Theory and experiment," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 247-251, Feb. 2001. (Pubitemid 32456300)
38. A. Liu, H. Rong, R. Jones, O. Cohen, D. Hak, and M. Panniccia, "Optical amplification and lasing by stimulated Raman scattering in silicon waveguides," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1440-1455, Mar. 2006.
39. J. Zhang, Q. Lin, G. Piredda,R.W.Boyd, G. P. Agrawal, and P.M. Fauchet, "Anisotropic nonlinear response of silicon in the near-infrared region," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, pp. 071113-1-071113-3, 2007.
40. Z. Yang, P. Chak, A. D. Bristow, H. M. van Driel, R. Iyer, J. S. Aitchison, A. L. Smirl, and J. E. Sipe, "Enhanced second-harmonic generation in AlGaAs microring resonators," Opt. Lett., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 826-828, 2007. (Pubitemid 46397427)
41. D.-X. Xu, A. Densmore, P. Waldron, J. Lapointe, E. Post, A. Delage, S. Janz, P. Cheben, J. H. Schmid, and B. Lamontagne, "High bandwidth SOI photonic wire ring resonators using MMI couplers," Opt. Exp., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 3149-3155, Mar. 2007. (Pubitemid 46457178)
42. H. Rong, S. Xu, Y.-H. Kuo, V. Sih, O. Cohen, O. Raday, and M. Paniccia, "Monolithic integrated ring resonator Raman silicon laser and amplifier," in Proc. SPIE, 2007, vol. 6485, pp. 648511-1-648511-8.
43. B. A. Daniel andG. P.Agrawal, "Vectorial nonlinear propagation in silicon nanowire waveguides: Polarization effects," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 956-965, May 2010.
44. X. Chen, N. C. Panoiu, and R. M. Osgood, Jr., "Theory of Ramanmediated pulsed amplification in silicon-wirewaveguides," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 160-170, Feb. 2006.
45. V. S. Afshar and T. M. Monro, "A full vectorial model for pulse propagation in emerging waveguides with subwavelength structures Part I: Kerr nonlinearity," Opt. Exp., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2298-2318, Feb. 2009.
46. N. Vermeulen, C. Debaes, P. Muys, and H. Thienpont, "Mitigating heat dissipation in Raman lasers using coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 99, pp. 093903-1-093903-4, Aug. 2007.
47. H. Fukuda, K. Yamada, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, H. Shinojima, and S. Itabashi, "Ultrasmall polarization splitter based on silicon wire waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 14, no. 25, pp. 12401-12408, Dec. 2006. (Pubitemid 44907583)
48. X. Liu, W. M. Green, X. Chen, I.-W. Hsieh, J. I. Dadap, Y. A. Vlasov, and R. M. Osgood, Jr., "Conformal dielectric overlayers for engineering dispersion and effective nonlinearity of silicon nanophotonic wires," Opt. Lett., vol. 33, no. 24, pp. 2889-2891, Dec. 2008.
49. Y. R. Shen, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003, ch. 26.
50. A. M. Darwish, E. P. Ippen, H. Q. Le, J. P. Donnelly, and S. H. Groves, "Optimization of four-wave mixing conversion efficiency in the presence of nonlinear loss," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 737-739, Aug. 1996.
51. (2010, Nov.). [Online]. Available: http://www.roithner-laser.com/ld- midir.html
52. A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. vanDriel, "Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850-2200 nm," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, pp. 191104-1-191104-3, 2007.
53. A. C. Turner, C. Manolatou, B. S. Schmidt, M. Lipson, M. A. Foster, J. E. Sharping, and A. L. Gaeta, "Tailored anomalous group-velocity dispersion in silicon channel waveguides," Opt. Exp., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 4357-4362, May 2006. (Pubitemid 43727624)
54. S. Xiao, M. H. Khan, H. Shen, and M. Qi, "Compact silicon microring resonators with ultra-low propagation loss in the C band," Opt. Exp., vol. 15, no. 22, pp. 14467-14475, Oct. 2007. (Pubitemid 350071985)
55. V. Raghunathan, R. Shori, O. M. Stafsudd, and B. Jalali, "Nonlinear absorption in silicon and the prospects of mid-infrared silicon Raman lasers," Phys. Stat. Sol. (A), vol. 203, no. 5, p. R38-R40, 2006.
56. J. Ye and J. L. Hall, "Cavity ringdown heterodyne spectroscopy: High sensitivity with microwatt light power," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 061802-1-061802-4, Jun. 2000.