Empathic and sympathetic orientations toward patient care: Conceptualization, measurement, and psychometrics

Academic Medicine

Volumn 86, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 989-995

  Hojat, Mohammadreza ^a   Spandorfer, John ^a   Louis, Daniel Z ^a   Gonnella, Joseph S ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051552930     PISSN: 10402446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31822203d8     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Linley PA, Joseph S. Therapy work and therapists' positive and negative well-being. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2007;26:385-403.
2. Shanafelt TD, West C, Zhao X, et al. Relationship between increased personal well-being and enhanced empathy among internal medicine residents. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:559-564. (Pubitemid 41026237)
3. West CP, Huschka MM, Novotny PJ, et al. Association of perceived medical errors with resident distress and empathy. JAMA. 2006; 296:1071-1078. (Pubitemid 44343527)
4. Hojat M, Louis DZ, Markham FW, Wender R, Rabinowitz C, Gonnella JS. Physicians' empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Acad Med. 2011;86:359-364. http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2011/03000/ Physicians-Empathy-and-Clinical-Outcomes-for.26.aspx. Accessed April 13, 2011.
5. Hojat M. Empathy in Patient Care: Antecedents, Development, Measurement, and Outcomes. New York, NY: Springer; 2007.
6. Nightingale SD, Yarnold PR, Greenberg MS. Sympathy, empathy, and physician resource utilization. J Gen Intern Med. 1991;6:420-423.
7. Kohut H. The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press; 1971.
8. Basch MF. Empathic understanding: A review of the concept and some theoretical considerations. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1983; 31:101-126. (Pubitemid 13108594)
9. Eisenberg N. Empathy and Related Emotional Response. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 1989.
10. Hoffman ML. The development of empathy. In: Rushton JP, Sorrentino RM, eds. Altruism and Helping Behavior: Social Personality Developmental Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1981:41-61.
11. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983;44:113-126.
12. Hodges SD, Wegner DM. Automatic and controlled empathy. In: Ickes WJ, ed. Empathic Accuracy. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1997:311-339.
13. Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, et al. The devil is in the third year: A longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Acad Med. 2009;84:1182-1191. http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2009/09000/ The-Devil-is-in-the-Third-Year-A-Longitudinal.12.aspx. Accessed April 13, 2011.
14. Davis MH. Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press; 1996.
15. Mehrabian A, Epstein N. A measure of emotional empathy. J Pers. 1972;40:525-543.
16. Morse JM, Mitcham C. Compathy: The contagion of physical distress. J Adv Nurs. 1997;26:649-657. (Pubitemid 127453282)
17. Hojat M. Ten approaches for enhancing empathy in health and human services cultures. J Health Hum Serv Adm. 2009;31: 412-450.
18. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Vergare M, Magee M. Physician empathy: Definition, components, measurement and relationship to gender and specialty. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1563-1569. (Pubitemid 35006738)
19. Hojat M, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, et al. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and preliminary psychometric data. Educ Psychol Meas. 2001;61:349-365.
20. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, et al. Empathy in medical students as related to academic performance, clinical competence, and gender. Med Educ. 2002;36:522-527. (Pubitemid 34595657)
21. Hojat M, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Gonnella JS, Magee M. Empathy scores in medical school and ratings of empathic behavior 3 years later. J Soc Psychol. 2005;14:663-672. (Pubitemid 41806957)
22. Anastasi A. Psychological Testing. 4th ed. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1976.
23. Morse JM, Mitcham C, Hupcey JE, Tason MC. Criteria for concept evaluation. J Adv Nurs. 1996;24:385-390. (Pubitemid 126440101)
24. Figley CR. Compassion Fatigue: Coping With Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel; 1995.
25. Brazeau CM, Schroeder R, Rovi S, Boyd L. Relationships between medical student burnout, empathy, and professionalism climate. Acad Med. 2010;85(suppl):S33-S36. http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2010/ 10001/Relationships-Between-Medical-Student-Burnout,.12.aspx. Accessed April 27, 2011.
26. Thomas MR, Dyrbye LN, Huntington JL, et al. How does distress and well-being relate to medical student empathy? A multicenter study. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:177-183. (Pubitemid 47308813)