Distribution of HCN in Titan's upper atmosphere from Cassini/VIMS observations at 3μm

Icarus

Volumn 214, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 584-595

  Adriani, A ^a   Dinelli, B M ^b   Lopez Puertas M ^c   Garcia Comas M ^c   Moriconi, M L ^b   D'Aversa, E ^a   Funke, B ^c   Coradini, A ^a  

^a INAF   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

^c INSTITUTO DE ASTROFÍSICA DE ANDALUCÍA CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

Atmospheres, Composition; Infrared observations; Radiative transfer

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051473636     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.04.016     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Achterberg R.K., Conrath B.J., Gierasch P.J., Flasar F.M., Nixon C.A. Titan's middle-atmospheric temperatures and dynamics observed by the Cassini composite infrared spectrometer. Icarus 2008, 194:263-277.
2. Acton C.H. Ancillary data services of NASA's navigation and ancillary information facility. Planet. Space Sci. 1996, 44(1):65-70.
3. Arnold G.S., Smith I.W.M. Vibrational relaxation of HCN(001) by the noble gases, O2, N2 and CO. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1981, 2(77):861-871.
4. Banaszkiewicz M., Lara L.M., Rodrigo R., Lopez-Moreno J.J., Molina-Cuberos G.J. A coupled model of Titan's atmosphere and ionosphere. Icarus 2000, 147:386-404.
5. Brown R.H., et al. The Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) investigation. Space Sci. Rev. 2004, 115:111-168.
6. Cannon B.D., Francisco J.S., Smith I.W.M. The relaxation of HCN(101) by V-T, R and V-V energy transfer. Chem. Phys. 1984, 89(1):141-150.
7. Carlotti M. Global fit approach to the analysis of limb-scanning atmospheric measurements. Appl. Opt. 1988, 27:3250-3254.
8. Carlotti M., Brizzi G., Papandrea E., Prevedelli M., Ridolfi M., Dinelli B.M., Magnani L. GMTR: Two-dimensional multi-target retrieval model for MIPAS-ENVISAT observations. Appl. Opt. 2006, 45(4):716-727.
9. Coustenis A., Bézard B. Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. Icarus 1995, 115:126-140.
10. Coustenis A., Salama A., Schulz B., Ott S., Lellouch E., Encrenaz Th., Gautier D., Feuchtgruber H. Titan's atmosphere from ISO mid-infrared spectroscopy. Icarus 2003, 161:383-403.
11. Cruikshank D.P., et al. Results from the Cassini VIMS investigation and revisions to the VIMS wavelength scale. Icarus 2010, 206:561-572.
12. Doege, M.C, Marsh, D.R, Brasseur, G.P, Mueller-Wodarg, I., Tokano, T, Newman, C.E., 2008. A 3-D Chemistry Transport Model for Titan's Thermosphere, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, p. A1336.
13. Edwards D.P., López-Puertas M., López-Valverde M.A. Non-Local thermodynamic equilibrium studies of the 15μm bands of CO2 for atmospheric remote sensing. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:14955-14977.
14. Filacchione, G., 2006. Calibrazioni a terra e prestazioni in volo di spettrometri ad immagine nel visibile e nel vicino infrarosso per l'esplorazione planetaria (On Ground Calibrations and in Flight Performances of VIS-NIR Imaging Spectrometers for Planetary Exploration). PhD Dissertation, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II. (in Italian). http://www.iasfroma.inaf.it/gianrico/phd/Filacchione_PHD_2006.pdf.
15. Filacchione G., et al. Saturn's icy satellites investigated by Cassini-VIMS I. Full-disk properties: 350-5100nm reflectance spectra and phase curves. Icarus 2007, 186:259-290.
16. Flasar F.M., et al. Titan's atmospheric temperatures, winds, and composition. Science 2005, 308:975-978.
17. Fulchignoni M., et al. In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of titan's environment. Nature 2005, 438:785-791.
18. Funke, B., Martín-Torres, F.J., López-Puertas, M., Höpfner, M., Hase, F., López-Valverde, M.A., García-Comas, M., 2002. A Generic Non-LTE Population Model for MIPAS-ENVISAT Data Analysis, vol. 4. Abstracts of the European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, 21-26 April 2002, CD-ROM. ISSN:1029-7006.
19. García-Comas, M., López-Puertas, M., Funke, B., Dinelli, B.M., Moriconi, M.L., Adriani, A., Coradini, A., Molina, A., 2011. The analysis of Titan CH4 3.3μm upper atmospheric emission as measured by Cassini/VIMS. Icarus, in press.
20. Geballe R., Kim S.J., Noll K.S., Griffith C.A. High-resolution 3 micron spectroscopy of molecules in the mesosphere and troposphere of Titan. Astrophys. J. 2003, 583:L39-L42.
21. Hanel H., et al. Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager 1. Science 1981, 212:192-200.
22. Harris G.J., Polyansky O.L., Tennyson J. Opacity data for HCN and HNC from a new ab initio line list. Astrophys. J. 2002, 578:657-663.
23. Hastings P.W., Osborn M.K., Sadowski C.M., Smith I.W.M. Vibrational relaxation of HCN(002). J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 78(6):3893-3898.
24. Hourdin F., Lebonnois S., Luz D., Rannou P. Titan's stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:E12005. 10.1029/2004JE002282.
25. Kim S.J., Geballe T.R., Noll K.S., Courtin Regis. Clouds, haze, and CH4, CH3D, HCN, and C2H2 in the atmosphere of Titan probed via 3μm spectroscopy. Icarus 2005, 173:522-532.
26. Krasnopolsky V.A. The photochemical model of Titan's atmosphere and ionosphere: A version without hydrodynamic escape. Planet. Space. Sci. 2010, 58:1507-1515.
27. Lavvas P.P., Coustenis A., Vardavas I.M. Coupling photochemistry with haze formation in Titan's atmosphere. Part II: Results and validation with Cassini/Huygens data. Planet. Space Sci. 2008, 56:67-99.
28. Liang M.C., Yung Y.L., Shemansky D.E. Photolytically generated aerosols in the mesosphere and thermosphere of Titan. Astrophys. J. 2007, 66(1):L199-L202.
29. Marten A., Hidayat T., Biraud Y., Moreno R. New millimeter heterodyne observations of Titan: vertical distributions of nitriles HCN, HC3N, CH3CN, and the isotopic ratio 15N/14N in its atmosphere. Icarus 2002, 158:532-544.
30. McCord T.B., et al. Cassini VIMS observations of the Galilean satellites including the VIMS calibration procedure. Icarus 2004, 172:104-126.
31. Niemann H.B., et al. The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe. Nature 2005, 438:779-784.
32. Rodgers C.D. Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics 2000, vol. 2. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, pp. 65-100.
33. Rothman L., et al. The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 2009, 110:533-572.
34. Seo H., Kim S.J., Kim J.H., Geballe T.R., Courtin R., Brown L.R. Titan at 3 microns: Newly identified spectral features and an improved analysis of haze opacity. Icarus 2009, 199:449-457.
35. Shemansky D.E., Stewart A.I.F., West R.A., Esposito L.W., Hallett J.T., Liu X. The Cassini UVIS stellar probe of the Titan atmosphere. Science 2005, 308:978-982.
36. Srinivasan N.K., Gupte K.S., Kiefer J.H. Shock-tube study of relaxation in HCN. J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 129(7):074309-1-074309-6.
37. Stiller G.P., von Clarmann T., Funke B., Glatthor N., Hase F., Höpfner M., Linden A. Sensitivity of trace gas abundances retrievals from infrared limb emission spectra to simplifying approximations in radiative transfer modelling. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 2002, 72:249-280.
38. Strobel D.F., Shemansky D.E. EUV emissions from Titan's upper atmosphere: Voyager 1 encounter. J. Geophys. Res. 1982, 87:1361-1368.
39. Teanby N.A., et al. Vertical profiles of HCN, HC3N, and C2H2 in Titan's atmosphere derived from Cassini/CIRS data. Icarus 2007, 186:364-384.
40. Teanby N.A., et al. Global and temporal variations in hydrocarbons and nitriles in Titan's stratosphere for northern winter observed by Cassini/CIRS. Icarus 2008, 193:595-611.
41. Tobiska W.K., Woods T., Eparvier F., Viereck R., Floyd L., Bouwer D., Rottman G., White O.R. The SOLAR2000 empirical solar irradiance model and forecast tool. J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys. 2000, 62:1233-1250.
42. Vervack R.J., Sandel B.R., Strobel D.F. New perspectives on Titan's upper atmosphere from a reanalysis of the Voyager 1 UVS solar occultations. Icarus 2004, 170:91-112.
43. Vinatier S., et al. Analysis of Cassini/CIRS limb spectra of Titan acquired during the nominal mission I. Hydrocarbons, nitriles and CO2 vertical mixing ratio profiles. Icarus 2010, 205:559-570.
44. Waite Jr., J.H., Young, D.T., Coates, A.J., Crary, F.J., Magee, B.A., Mandt, K.E., Westlake, J.H., 2008. The source of heavy organics and aerosols in Titan's atmosphere. In: Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 251. doi:10.1017/S1743921308021844.
45. Wilson E.H., Atreya S.K. Current state of modeling the photochemistry of Titan's mutually dependent atmosphere and ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:E06002. doi:10,1029/2003JE002181.
46. Yelle R.V. Non-LTE models of Titan's upper atmosphere. Astrophys. J. 1991, 383:380-400.
47. Yelle R.V., Griffith C.A. HCN fluorescence on Titan. Icarus 2003, 166:107-115.
48. Yelle, R.V., Strobel, D.F., Lellouch, E., Gautier, D., 1997. Engineering models for Titan's atmosphere. In: Huygens Science, Payload, and Mission, ESA SP, vol. 1177. ESTEC Publications Division, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
49. Yelle R.V., Borggren N., de la Haye V., Kasprzak W.T., Niemann H.B., Müller-Wodarg I., Waite J.H. The vertical structure of Titan's upper atmosphere from Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer measurements. Icarus 2006, 182:567-576.