Psychological Distress, Service Utilization, and Prescribed Medications among Youth with and without Histories of Involvement with Child Protective Services

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 398-409

  Hamilton, Hayley A ^a,b   Paglia Boak, Angela ^a   Wekerle, Christine ^a,c   Danielson, Anna Marie ^a   Mann, Robert E ^a,b  

^a CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Canada; Child protective services; Medications; Psychological distress; Service utilization

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051473243     PISSN: 15571874     EISSN: 15571882     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11469-011-9327-4     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Banks, M. H. (1983). Validation of the general health questionnaire in a young community sample. Psychological Medicine, 13, 349-353.
2. Beck, C. A., Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V. A., Wang, J. L., Currie, S. R., Maxwell, C. J., et al. (2005). Antidepressant utilization in Canada. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 799-807.
3. Beck, C. A., Williams, J. V. A., Wang, J. L., Kassam, A., El-Guebaly, N., Currie, S. R., et al. (2005). Psychotropic medication use in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 605-613.
4. Bensley, L. S., Spieker, S. J., van Eenwyk, J., & Schoder, J. (1999). Self-reported abuse history and adolescent problem behaviors. II. Alcohol and drug use. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 24, 173-180.
5. Breland-Noble, A. M., Elbogen, E. B., Farmer, E. M., Dubs, M. S., Wagner, H. R., & Burns, B. J. (2004). Use of psychotropic medications by youths in therapeutic foster care and group homes. Psychiatric Services, 55, 706-708.
6. Buckner, J. C., Beardslee, W. R., & Bassuk, E. L. (2004). Exposure to violence and low-income children's mental health: direct, moderated, and mediated relations. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 413-423.
7. Burge, P. (2007). Prevalence of mental disorders and associated service variables among Ontario children who are permanent wards. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 305-314.
8. Burns, B. J., Phillips, S. D., Wagner, H. R., Barth, R. P., Kolko, D. J., Campbell, Y., et al. (2004). Mental health need and access to mental health services by youths involved with child welfare: A national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 960-970.
9. Carbone, J. A., Sawyer, M. G., Searle, A. K., & Robinson, P. J. (2007). The health-related quality of life of children and adolescents in home-based foster care. Quality of Life Research, 16, 1157-1166.
10. Cheung, Y. (2002). Zero-inflated models for regression analysis of count data: a study of growth and development. Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1461-1469.
11. Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1263-1271.
12. Ellis, W. E., & Wolfe, D. A. (2009). Understanding the association between maltreatment history and adolescent risk behavior by examining popularity motivations and peer group control. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38, 1253-1263.
13. Falci, C. (2008). Gender trajectories of adolescent depressed mood: The dynamic role of stressors and resources. Advances in Life Course Research, 13, 137-160.
14. Farmer, E. M. Z., Burns, B. J., Chapman, M. V., Phillips, S. D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2001). Use of mental health services by youth in contact with social services. The Social Service Review, 75, 605-624.
15. Ferguson, D. G., Glesener, D. C., & Raschick, M. (2006). Psychotropic drug use with European American and American Indian children in foster care. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16, 474-481.
16. Fergusson, D. M., & Lynskey, M. T. (1997). Physical punishment/maltreatment during childhood and adjustment in young adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 617-630.
17. Fleming, J. E., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989). Prevalence of childhood and adolescent depression in the community. Ontario Child Health Study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 647-654.
18. Flynn, R. J., Ghazal, H., Legault, L., Vandermeulen, G., & Petrick, S. (2004). Use of population measures and norms to identify resilient outcomes in young people in care: An exploratory study. Child & Family Social Work, 9, 65-79.
19. Garland, A. F., Landsverk, J., Hough, R. L., & Ellis-Macleod, E. (1996). Type of maltreatment as a predictor of mental health service use for children in foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 675-688.
20. Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorius, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., et al. (1997). The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27, 191-197.
22. Harman, J. S., Childs, G. E., & Kelleher, K. J. (2000). Mental health care utilization and expenditures by children in foster care. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154, 1114-1117.
23. Hazel, N. A., Hammen, C., Brennan, P. A., & Najman, J. (2008). Early childhood adversity and adolescent depression: The mediating role of continued stress. Psychological Medicine, 38, 581-589.
24. Horowitz, L. A., Putnam, F. W., Noll, J. G., & Trickett, P. K. (1997). Factors affecting utilization of treatment services by sexually abused girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 35-48.
25. Hussey, J. M., Chang, J. J., & Kotch, J. B. (2006). Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics, 118, 933-942.
26. James, S., Landsverk, J., Slyment, D. J., & Leslie, L. K. (2004). Predictors of outpatient mental health service use-The role of foster care placement change. Mental Health Services Research, 6, 127-141.
27. Kessler, R. C., Pecora, P. J., Williams, J., Hiripi, E., O'Brien, K., English, D., et al. (2008). Effects of enhanced foster care on the long-term physical and mental health of foster care alumni. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 625-633.
28. Kolko, D. J., Baumann, B. L., & Caldwell, N. (2003). Child abuse victims' involvement in community agency treatment: service correlates, short-term outcomes, and relationship to reabuse. Child Maltreatment, 8, 273-287.
29. Leslie, L. K., Raghavan, R., Zhang, J., & Aarons, G. A. (2010). Rates of psychotropic medication use over time among youth in child welfare/child protective services. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 20, 135-143.
30. Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2006). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata. College Station: Stata Press.
31. MacMillan, H. L., Jamieson, E., & Walsh, C. A. (2003). Reported contact with child protection services among those reporting child physical and sexual abuse: Results from a community survey. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1397-1408.
32. McMillen, J. C., Scott, L. D., Zima, B. T., Ollie, M. T., Munson, M. R., & Spitznagel, E. (2004). Use of mental health services among older youths in foster care. Psychiatric Services, 55, 811-817.
33. Oates, R. K., O'Toole, B. I., Lynch, D. L., Stern, A., & Cooney, G. (1994). Stability and change in outcomes for sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 945-953.
34. Olfson, M., & Marcus, S. C. (2009). National patterns in Antidepressant medication treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 848-856.
35. Olfson, M., Marcus, S. C., Weissman, M. M., & Jensen, P. S. (2002). National trends in the use of psychotropic medications by children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 514-521.
36. Ontario Child and Family Services Act. (1990). Child and Family Services Act 1990 of Ontario. Last amended 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2010, from http://www. e-laws. gov. on. ca/html/statutes/English/elaws_statutes_90c11_e. htm.
37. Paglia-Boak, A., Mann, R. E., Adlaf, E. M., & Rehm, J. (2009). Drug use among Ontario students, 1977-2009: Detailed OSDUHS findings. (CAMH Research Document Series No. 27). Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
38. Raghavan, R., Zima, B. T., Andersen, R. M., Leibowitz, A. A., Schuster, M. A., & Landsverk, J. (2005). Psychotropic medication use in a national probability sample of children in the child welfare system. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 97-106.
39. Rao, U., Hammen, C., & Daley, S. E. (1999). Continuity of depression during the transition to adulthood: A 5-year longitudinal study of young women. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 908-915.
40. Shin, S. H., Edwards, E. M., & Heeren, T. (2009). Child abuse and neglect: Relations to adolescent binge drinking in the national longitudinal study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Study. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 277-280.
41. Smith, C. O., Thompson, M. P., Johnson, K., Nitsche, A. M., & Kaslow, N. J. (2009). Service utilization patterns of maltreated and nonmaltreated children from low-income, African-American families. Psychiatric Services, 60, 1386-1389.
42. StataCorp. (2009). Stata Statistical Software: Release 11. 0. College Station: StataCorp.
43. Staudt, M. M. (2003). Mental health services utilization by maltreated children: Research findings and recommendations. Child Maltreatment, 8, 195-203.
44. Tait, R. J., Hulse, G. K., & Robertson, S. I. (2002). A review of the validity of the General Health Questionnaire in adolescent populations. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 550-557.
45. Trocmé, N., MacLaurin, B., Fallon, B., Daciuk, J., Billingsley, D., Tourigny, M., et al. (2001). Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect: Final report (Cat. H49-151/200E). Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
46. Zima, B. T., Bussing, R., Crecelius, G. M., Kaufman, A., & Belin, T. R. (1999). Psychotropic medication use among children in foster care: Relationship to severe psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1732-1735.
47. Zito, J. M., Safer, D. J., Sai, D., Gardner, J. F., Thomas, D., Coombes, P., et al. (2008). Psychotropic medication patterns among youth in foster care. Pediatrics, 121, e157-e163.