Population genetics of an ecosystem-defining reef coral Pocillopora damicornis in the Tropical Eastern Pacific

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 8, 2011, Pages

  Combosch, David J ^a   Vollmer, Steven V ^a  

^a NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; CLONAL VARIATION; CORAL REEF; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; GENE FLOW; GENE STRUCTURE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GEOGRAPHY; HETEROZYGOSITY; INBREEDING; MICROSATELLITE MARKER; NONHUMAN; PANAMA; POCILLOPORA DAMICORNIS; POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATION DISPERSAL; POPULATION GENETICS; POPULATION STRUCTURE; SEAWATER UPWELLING; TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC; ANIMAL; ANTHOZOA; CLASSIFICATION; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; PACIFIC OCEAN; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TROPIC CLIMATE;

ANTHOZOA; POCILLOPORA DAMICORNIS;

ANIMALS; ANTHOZOA; ECOSYSTEM; GENE FLOW; GENETICS, POPULATION; GEOGRAPHY; PACIFIC OCEAN; PANAMA; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TROPICAL CLIMATE;

EID: 79961242536     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021200     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Soule M, (1973) The epistasis cycle: a theory of marginal populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 165-187.
2. Brown J, Stevens G, Kaufman D, (1996) The geographic range: size, shape, boundaries, and internal structure. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27: 597-623.
3. Vucetich J, Waite T, (2003) Spatial patterns of demography and genetic processes across the species' range: null hypotheses for landscape conservation genetics. Conservation Genetics 4: 639-645.
4. Slatkin M, (1987) Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science 236: 787.
5. Garcia-Ramos G, Kirkpatrick M, (1997) Genetic models of adaptation and gene flow in peripheral populations. Evolution 51: 21-28.
6. Wright S, (1931) Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16: 97-159.
7. Beatty G, McEvoy P, Sweeney O, Provan J, (2008) Range-edge effects promote clonal growth in peripheral populations of the one-sided wintergreen Orthilia secunda. Diversity and Distributions 14: 546-555.
8. Arnaud-Haond S, Teixeira S, Massa S, Billot C, Saenger P, et al. (2006) Genetic structure at range edge: low diversity and high inbreeding in Southeast Asian mangrove (Avicennia marina) populations. Molecular Ecology 15: 3515-3525.
9. Bergl R, Vigilant L, (2007) Genetic analysis reveals population structure and recent migration within the highly fragmented range of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Molecular Ecology 16: 501-516.
10. Noreen A, Harrison P, Van Oppen M, (2009) Genetic diversity and connectivity in a brooding reef coral at the limit of its distribution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: 3927.
11. Hoffmann A, Blows M, (1994) Species borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9: 223-227.
12. Lawton J, (1993) Range, population abundance and conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8: 409-413.
13. Budd AF, Pandolfi JM, (2010) Evolutionary novelty is concentrated at the edge of coral species distributions. Science 328: 1558-1561.
14. Templeton A, (1980) The theory of speciation via the founder principle. Genetics 94: 1011.
15. Carson H, Templeton A, (1984) Genetic revolutions in relation to speciation phenomena: the founding of new populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15: 97-132.
16. Darwin C, (1859) On the origins of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London John Murray.
17. Ekman S, (1935) Tiergeographie des Meeres: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft mbh.
18. Mayr E, (1954) Geographic speciation in tropical echinoids. Evolution pp. 1-18.
19. Lessios H, Robertson D, (2006) Crossing the impassable: genetic connections in 20 reef fishes across the eastern Pacific barrier. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273: 2201-2209.
20. Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Robertson DR, Paulay G, (1999) Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin Eucidaris in relation to land barriers and ocean currents. Evolution 53: 806-817.
21. Combosch D, Guzman H, Schuhmacher H, Vollmer S, (2008) Interspecific hybridization and restricted trans-Pacific gene flow in the Tropical Eastern Pacific Pocillopora. Molecular Ecology 17: 1304-1312.
22. Colborn J, Crabtree R, Shaklee J, Pfeiler E, Bowen B, (2001) The evolutionary enigma of bonefishes (Albula spp.): cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish. Evolution 55: 807-820.
23. Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Pearse JS, (2001) Population structure and speciation in tropical seas: Global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema. Evolution 55: 955-975.
24. McCartney M, Keller G, Lessios H, (2000) Dispersal barriers in tropical oceans and speciation in Atlantic and eastern Pacific sea urchins of the genus Echinometra. Molecular Ecology 9: 1391-1400.
25. Duda T, Lessios H, (2009) Connectivity of populations within and between major biogeographic regions of the tropical Pacific in Conus ebraeus, a widespread marine gastropod. Coral Reefs 28: 651-659.
26. Hughes TP, Bellwood DR, Connolly SR, (2002) Biodiversity hotspots, centres of endemicity, and the conservation of coral reefs. Ecology Letters 5: 775-784.
27. Glynn P, Ault J, (2000) A biogeographic analysis and review of the far eastern Pacific coral reef region. Coral Reefs 19: 1-23.
28. Veron JEN, (2000) Corals of the World. Townsville, Australia AIMS.
29. Briggs JC, (1974) Marine Zoogeography. New York McGraw-Hill.
30. Glynn P, Macintyre I, (1977) Growth rate and age of coral reefs on the Pacific coast of Panama. pp. 251-259 Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium.
31. Glynn P, Wellington G, (1983) Corals and Coral Reefs of the Galpagos Islands (with an annotated list of the scleractinian corals of the Galpagos by JW Wells). Berkeley California, USA University of California.
32. Guzman H, Cortes J, (1993) Arrecifes coralinos del Pacifico Oriental Tropical: revision y perspectivas- Coral reefs of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: review and perspectives. Revista de Biologia Tropical 41: 535-557.
33. Glynn P, Veron J, Wellington G, (1996) Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building coral ecology and biogeography. Coral Reefs 15: 71-99.
34. Highsmith RC, (1982) Reproduction by fragmentation in corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 7: 207-226.
35. Richmond R, (1987) Energetic relationships and biogeographical differences among fecundity, growth and reproduction in the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis. Bulletin of Marine Science 41: 594-604.
36. Stoddart JA, (1983) Asexual production of planulae in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Biology 76: 279-284.
37. Yeoh S, Dai C, (2010) The production of sexual and asexual larvae within single broods of the scleractinian coral, Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Biology 157: 351-359.
38. Glynn P, Gassman N, Eakin C, Cortes J, Smith D, et al. (1991) Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). I. Pocilloporidae. Marine Biology 109: 355-368.
39. Richmond R, Hunter C, (1990) Reproduction and recruitment of corals: Comparisons among the Caribbean, the Tropical Pacific, and the Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 60: 185-203.
40. Harrison P, Wallace C, (1990) Reproduction, dispersal, and recruitment of scleractinian corals. In: Dubinsky Z, editors. Ecosystems of the world: Coral reefs: Elseiver pp. 133-207.
41. Hellberg ME, (1995) Stepping-Stone Gene Flow in the Solitary Coral Balanophyllia Elegans- Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium at Different Spatial Scales. Marine Biology 123: 573-581.
42. Nishikawa A, Katoh M, Sakai K, (2003) Larval settlement rates and gene flow of broadcast-spawning (Acropora tenuis) and planula-brooding (Stylophora pistillata) corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 256: 87-97.
43. Ayre DJ, Hughes TP, (2000) Genotypic diversity and gene flow in brooding and spawning corals along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Evolution 54: 1590-1605.
44. Nishikawa A, (2008) Degree and Pattern of Gene Flow in Several Scleractinian Corals in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Southern Japan. Pacific Science 62: 413-421.
45. Hellberg M, (1996) Dependence of gene flow on geographic distance in two solitary corals with different larval dispersal capabilities. Evolution 50: 1167-1175.
46. Stoddart J, (1988) Historecognition and fine-scale spatial genetic structure in sessile benthic invertebrates. In: Grosberg R, Hedgecock D, Nelson K, editors. Invertebrate Historecognition New York Plenum Publishing Corporation pp. 111-125.
47. McFadden CS, Aydin KY, (1996) Spatial autocorrelation analysis of small-scale genetic structure in a clonal soft coral with limited larval dispersal. Marine Biology 126: 215-224.
48. Miller K, (1998) Short-distance dispersal of black coral larvae: inference from spatial analysis of colony genotypes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 163: 225-233.
49. Costantini F, Fauvelot C, Abbiati M, (2007) Fine-scale genetic structuring in Corallium rubrum: evidence of inbreeding and limited effective larval dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 340: 109-119.
50. Underwood JN, Smith LD, Van Oppen MJH, Gilmour JP, (2007) Multiple scales of genetic connectivity in a brooding coral on isolated reefs following catastrophic bleaching. Molecular Ecology 16: 771-784.
51. Miller K, Ayre D, (2008) Population structure is not a simple function of reproductive mode and larval type: insights from tropical corals. Journal of Animal Ecology 77: 713-724.
52. Willis BL, Babcock RC, Harrison PL, Wallace CC, (1997) Experimental hybridization and breeding incompatibilities within the mating systems of mass spawning reef corals. Coral Reefs 16: S53-S65.
53. Heyward A, Babcock R, (1986) Self-and cross-fertilization in scleractinian corals. Marine Biology 90: 191-195.
54. Hedgecock D, (1994) Does variance in reproductive success limit effective population sizes of marine organisms. In: Beaumont A, editors. Genetics and evolution of aquatic organisms: Chapman & Hall pp. 122-134.
55. Ayre D, Hughes T, (2004) Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecology Letters 7: 273-278.
56. Miller K, Ayre D, (2008) Protection of genetic diversity and maintenance of connectivity among reef corals within marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 22: 1245-1254.
57. Miller K, Ayre D, (2004) The role of sexual and asexual reproduction in structuring high latitude populations of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis. Heredity 92: 557-568.
58. Ayre D, Miller K, (2004) Where do clonal coral larvae go? Adult genotypic diversity conflicts with reproductive effort in the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 277: 95-105.
59. Benzie J, Haskell A, Lehman H, (1995) Variation in the genetic composition of coral (Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora palifera) populations from different reef habitats. Marine Biology 121: 731-739.
60. Stoddart J, (1984) Genetic differentiation amongst populations of the coral Pocillopora damicornis off Southwest Australia. Coral Reefs 3: 149-156.
61. Ayre D, Hughes T, Standish R, (1997) Genetic differentiation, reproductive mode, and gene flow in the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 159: 175-187.
62. Sherman C, Ayre D, Miller K, (2006) Asexual reproduction does not produce clonal populations of the brooding coral Pocillopora damicornis on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 25: 7-18.
63. Adjeroud M, Tsuchiya M, (1999) Genetic variation and clonal structure in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis in the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan. Marine Biology 134: 753-760.
64. Souter P, Henriksson O, Olsson N, Grahn M, (2009) Patterns of genetic structuring in the coral Pocillopora damicornis on reefs in East Africa. BMC Ecology 9: 19.
65. Whitaker K, (2006) Genetic evidence for mixed modes of reproduction in the coral Pocillopora damicornis and its effect on population structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 306: 115-124.
66. Pinzón JH, LaJeunesse T, (2011) Species delimitation of common reef corals in the genus Pocillopora using nucleotide sequence phylogenies, population genetics and symbiosis ecology. Molecular Ecology 20: 311-325.
67. Glynn P, (1976) Some physical and biological determinants of coral community structure in the eastern Pacific. Ecological Monographs 46: 431-456.
68. Glynn P, (1977) Coral growth in upwelling and nonupwelling areas off the Pacific coast of Panama. Journal of Marine Research 35: 567-585.
69. Glynn P, Leyte Morales G, (1997) Coral reefs of Huatulco, West Mexico: reef development in upwelling Gulf of Tehuantepec. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45: 1033-1048.
70. Glynn P, Stewart R, (1973) Distribution of coral reefs in the Pearl Islands (Gulf of Panama) in relation to thermal conditions. Limnology and Oceanography 18: 367-379.
71. Glynn P, Stewart R, McCosker J, (1972) Pacific coral reefs of Panama: structure, distribution and predators. International Journal of Earth Sciences 61: 483-519.
72. Highsmith R, (1980) Geographic patterns of coral bioerosion: a productivity hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 46: 177-196.
73. Glynn P, Mate J, (1997) Field guide to the Pacific coral reefs of Panama pp. 145-166.
74. D'Croz L, Mate J, (2004) Experimental responses to elevated water temperature in genotypes of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis from upwelling and non-upwelling environments in Panama. Coral Reefs 23: 473-483.
75. Glynn P, D'Croz L, (1990) Experimental evidence for high temperature stress as the cause of El Nino-coincident coral mortality. Coral Reefs 8: 181-191.
76. Glynn P, (2001) History of significant coral bleaching events and insights regarding amelioration. In: Salm R, Coles S, editors. Coral Bleaching and Marine Protected Areas pp. 36-39 2001 29-31 May 2001;Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. Nature Conservancy, Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program.
77. Starger C, Barber P, Ambariyanto, Baker A, (2010) The recovery of coral genetic diversity in the Sunda Strait following the 1883 eruption of Krakatau. Coral Reefs pp. 1-19.
78. Vekemans X, Hardy O, (2004) New insights from fine-scale spatial genetic structure analyses in plant populations. Molecular Ecology 13: 921-935.
79. Birkeland C, (1977) The importance of rate of biomass accumulation in early successional stages of benthic communities to the survival of coral recruits: Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium. 1: 16-21.
80. Ulstrup K, Berkelmans R, Ralph P, Van Oppen M, (2006) Variation in bleaching sensitivity of two coral species across a latitudinal gradient on the Great Barrier Reef: the role of zooxanthellae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 314: 135-148.
81. Trenberth K, Hoar T, (1997) El Nino and climate change. Geophysical Research Letters 24: 3057-3060.
82. Glynn P, Mate J, Baker A, Calderon M, (2001) Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997/98 El Nino Southern Oscillation Event: spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982/83 event. Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 79-109.
83. Vollmer SV, Palumbi SR, (2007) Restricted gene flow in the Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicomis: Implications for the recovery of endangered reefs. Journal of Heredity 98: 40-50.
84. van Oppen M, Gates R, (2006) Conservation genetics and the resilience of reef-building corals. Molecular Ecology 15: 3863-3883.
85. Stoddart J, (1988) Coral populations fringing islands- larval connections. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39: 109-115.
86. Nunes F, Norris R, Knowlton N, (2009) Implications of isolation and low genetic diversity in peripheral populations of an amphi-Atlantic coral. Molecular Ecology 18: 4283-4297.
87. Christie M, Johnson D, Stallings C, Hixon M, (2010) Self-recruitment and sweepstakes reproduction amid extensive gene flow in a coral-reef fish. Molecular Ecology 19: 1042-1057.
88. Ruzzante D, Taggart C, Cook D, (1996) Spatial and temporal variation in the genetic composition of a larval cod (Gadus morhua) aggregation: cohort contribution and genetic stability. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 2695-2705.
89. Carlon DB, (1999) The evolution of mating systems in tropical reef corals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14: 491-495.
90. Palumbi S, (1995) Using genetics as an indirect estimator of larval dispersal. In: McEdward L, editors. Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae Boca Raton, FL CRC Press pp. 369-387.
91. Epperson B, (2003) Geographical genetics Princeton University Press.
92. Loveless M, Hamrick J, (1984) Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15: 65-95.
93. Born C, Hardy O, Chevallier H, Ossari S, Atteke C, et al. (2008) Small-scale spatial genetic structure in the Central African rainforest tree species Aucoumea klaineana: a stepwise approach to infer the impact of limited gene dispersal, population history and habitat fragmentation. Molecular Ecology 17: 2041-2050.
94. Gerrodette T, (1981) Dispersal of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans by demersal planular larvae. Ecology 62: 611-619.
95. Best B, Resing J, (1987) Active settlement of coral planulae: the effect of flow and swimming behavior on local recruitment. American Zoologist 127: 103A.
96. Carlon D, Olson R, (1993) Larval dispersal distance as an explanation for adult spatial pattern in two Caribbean reef corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 173: 247-263.
97. Richmond R, (1985) Variations in the population biology of Pocillopora damicornis across the Pacific. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress 6: 101-106.
98. Carpizo-Ituarte E, Vizcaino-Ochoa V, Chi-Barrag·n G, Tapia-Vazquez O, Cupul-Magana A, et al. (2010) Evidence of sexual reproduction in the hermatypic corals Pocillopora damicornis, Porites panamensis, and Pavona gigantea in Banderas Bay, Mexican Pacific. Ciencias Marinas 37: 97-112.
99. Miller K, Mundy C, (2003) Rapid settlement in broadcast spawning corals: implications for larval dispersal. Coral Reefs 22: 99-106.
100. Babcock R, Bull G, Harrison P, Heyward A, Oliver J, et al. (1986) Synchronous Spawnings of 105 Scleractinian Coral Species on the Great-Barrier-Reef. Marine Biology 90: 379-394.
101. van Woesik R, (2009) Calm before the spawn: global coral spawning patterns are explained by regional wind fields. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: 715-722.
102. Willis B, Oliver J, (1990) Direct tracking of coral larvae- implications for dispersal studies of plaktonic larvae in topographically complex environments. Ophelia 32: 145-162.
103. Kinzie R, (1993) Spawning in the reef corals Pocillopora verrucosa and Pocillopora eydouxi at Sesoko Island, Okinawa. Galaxea 11: 93-105.
104. Krupp D, (1983) Sexual reproduction and early development of the solitary coral Fungia scutaria (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Coral Reefs 2: 159-164.
105. Gilmour J, (2002) Substantial asexual recruitment of mushroom corals contributes little to population genetics of adults in conditions of chronic sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 235: 81-91.
106. Zhao R, Xia H, Bao-Rong L, (2009) Fine-scale genetic structure enhances biparental inbreeding by promoting mating events between more related individuals in wild soybean (Glycine soja; Fabaceae) populations. American Journal of Botany 96: 1138-1147.
107. Heywood J, (1991) Spatial analysis of genetic variation in plant populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 335-355.
108. Hardy O, Vekemans X, (1999) Isolation by distance in a continuous population: reconciliation between spatial autocorrelation analysis and population genetics models. Heredity 83: 145-154.
109. Calderon I, Ortega N, Duran S, Becerro M, Pascual M, et al. (2007) Finding the relevant scale: clonality and genetic structure in a marine invertebrate (Crambe crambe, Porifera). Molecular Ecology 16: 1799-1810.
110. Blanquer A, Uriz M, Caujape-Castells J, (2009) Small-scale spatial genetic structure in Scopalina lophyropoda, an encrusting sponge with philopatric larval dispersal and frequent fission and fusion events. Marine Ecology Progress Series 380: 95-102.
111. Pemberton A, Hansson L, Craig S, Hughes R, Bishop J, (2007) Microscale genetic differentiation in a sessile invertebrate with cloned larvae: investigating the role of polyembryony. Marine Biology 153: 71-82.
112. Yund PO, O'Neil PG, (2000) Microgeographic genetic differentiation in a colonial ascidian (Botryllus schlosseri) population. Marine Biology 137: 583-588.
113. David G, Marshall D, Riginos C, (2010) Latitudinal variability in spatial genetic structure in the invasive ascidian, Styela plicata. Marine Biology 157: 1955-1965.
114. Neigel J, Avise J, (1983) Clonal diversity and population structure in a reef-building coral, Acropora cervicornis: self-recognition analysis and demographic interpretation. Evolution pp. 437-453.
115. Baums IB, Miller MW, Hellberg ME, (2006) Geographic variation in clonal structure in a reef-building Caribbean coral, Acropora palmata. Ecological Monographs 76: 503-519.
116. Eckert C, Barrett S, (1993) Clonal reproduction and patterns of genotypic diversity in Decodon verticillatus. American Journal of Botany 80: 1175-1182.
117. Herlihy C, Eckert C, (2002) Genetic cost of reproductive assurance in a self-fertilizing plant. Nature 416: 320-323.
118. Glynn P, Colgan M, (1992) Sporadic disturbances in fluctuating coral reef environments: El Nino and coral reef development in the eastern Pacific. Integrative and Comparative Biology 32: 707-718.
119. Glynn P, (1985) El Nino-associated disturbance to coral reefs and post-disturbance mortality by Acanthaster planci. Marine Ecology Progress Series 26: 4.
120. Glynn P, (1990) Coral mortality and disturbances to coral reefs in the tropical eastern Pacific. Elsevier oceanography series 52: 55-126.
121. Eakin C, Glynn P, (1996) Low tidal exposures and reef mortalities in the eastern Pacific. Coral Reefs 15: 120.
122. LaJeunesse T, Reyes-Bonilla H, Warner M, (2007) Spring 'bleaching' among Pocillopora in the Sea of Cortez, Eastern Pacific. Coral Reefs 26: 265-270.
123. Glynn P, (1973) Acanthaster: effect on coral reef growth in Panama. Science 180: 504.
124. Glynn P, (1988) Predation on coral reefs: some key process, concepts and research directions. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium 1: 51-62.
125. Guzman H, Cortes J, Glynn P, Richmond R, (1990) Coral mortality associated with dinoflagellate blooms in the eastern Pacific (Costa Rica and Panama). Marine Ecology Progress Series 60: 299-303.
126. Fukami H, Budd A, Levitan D, Jara J, Kersanach R, et al. (2004) Geographic differences in species boundaries among members of the Montastraea annularis complex based on molecular and morphological markers. Evolution 58: 324-337.
127. Magalon H, Samadi S, Richard M, Adjeroud M, Veuille M, (2004) Development of coral and zooxanthella-specific microsatellites in three species of Pocillopora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) from French Polynesia. Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 206-208.
128. Starger CJ, Yeoh SSR, Dai CF, Baker AC, Desalle ROB, (2007) Ten polymorphic STR loci in the cosmopolitan reef coral, Pocillopora damicornis. Molecular Ecology Notes.
129. Schuelke M, (2000) An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments. Nature Biotechnology 18: 233-234.
130. Peakall R, Smouse PE, (2006) GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 288-295.
131. van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson W, Willis D, Shipley P, (2004) MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 535-538.
132. Guo SW, Thompson EA, (1992) A Monte-Carlo Method for Combined Segregation and Linkage Analysis. American Journal of Human Genetics 51: 1111-1126.
133. Raymond M, Rousset F, (1995) Genepop (Version-1.2)- Population-Genetics Software for Exact Tests and Ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity 86: 248-249.
134. Rice W, (1989) Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43: 223-225.
135. Wright S, (1951) The genetical structure of populations. Annuals Eugenetics 15: 323-354.
136. Kimura M, Crow J, (1964) The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics 49: 725.
137. Slatkin M, (1995) A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics 139: 457.
138. Kimura M, Ohta T, (1978) Stepwise mutation model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 75: 2868.
139. Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM, (1992) Analysis of Molecular Variance Inferred from Metric Distances among DNA Haplotypes- Application to Human Mitochondrial-DNA Restriction Data. Genetics 131: 479-491.
140. Orloci L, (1978) Multivariante analysis in vegetation research. The Hange-Boston 135.
141. Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P, (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945-959.
142. Jakobsson M, Rosenberg NA, (2007) CLUMPP1: CLUster Matching and Permutation Program Version 1.1 Bioinformatics 23: 1801-1806.
143. Rosenberg NA, (2004) DISTRUCT: a program for the graphical display of population structure. Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 137-138.
144. Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J, (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14: 2611-2620.
145. Hardy OJ, Vekemans X, (2002) SPAGeDi: a versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels. Molecular Ecology Notes 2: 618-620.
146. Loiselle B, Sork V, Nason J, Graham C, (1995) Spatial genetic structure of a tropical understory shrub, Psychotria officinalis (Rubiaceae). American Journal of Botany 82: 1420-1425.
147. Ritland K, (1996) Estimators for pairwise relatedness and individual inbreeding coefficients. Genetical Research 67: 175-185.
148. Sokal R, Wartenberg D, (1983) A test of spatial autocorrelation analysis using an isolation-by-distance model. Genetics 105: 219.