Effect of carbon nanofibers on the cure kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin: Thermal and chemorheological modelling

Composites Science and Technology

Volumn 71, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1507-1516

  Monti, Marco ^a   Puglia, Debora ^a   Natali, Maurizio ^a   Torre, Luigi ^a   Kenny, José M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^b INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE POLÍMEROS   (Spain)

Author keywords

A. Nanocomposites; B. Curing; Cure kinetics; D. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); D. Rheology

Indexed keywords

A. NANOCOMPOSITES; B. CURING; CURE KINETICS; D. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC); D. RHEOLOGY;

CARBON NANOFIBERS; CURING; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; ESTERS; KINETICS; NANOCOMPOSITES; REACTION KINETICS; RHEOLOGY; STYRENE; TESTING; UNSATURATED POLYMERS; VISCOSITY;

POLYESTER RESINS;

EID: 79961209113     PISSN: 02663538     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.06.010     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Lee D.S., Han C.D. A chemorheological model for the cure of unsaturated polyester resin. Polym Eng Sci 1987, 27:955-963.
2. Yang Y.S., James Lee L. Microstructure formation in the cure of unsaturated polyester resins. Polymer 1988, 29:1793-1800.
3. Kenny J.M., Maffezzoli A., Nicolais L. A model for the thermal and chemorheological behavior of thermoset processing: (II) unsaturated polyester based composites. Compos Sci Technol 1990, 39:339-358.
4. Chiu Y.Y., Saito R., James Lee L. Modification of unsaturated polyester resins for viscosity control. Polymer 1996, 37:2179-2190.
5. Martín J.L., Cadenato A., Salla J.M. Comparative studies on the non-isothermal DSC curing kinetics of an unsaturated polyester resin using free radicals and empirical models. Thermochim Acta 1997, 306:115-126.
6. De la Caba K., Guerrero P., Mondragon I., Kenny J.M. Comparative study by and DSC FTIR - techniques of an unsaturated polyester resin cured at different temperatures. Polym Int 1998, 45:333-338.
7. Kenny J.M. Determination of autocatalytic kinetic model parameters describing thermoset cure. J Appl Polym Sci 1994, 51:761-764.
8. Abdalla M., Dean D., Robinson P., Nyairo E. Cure behavior of epoxy/MWCNT nanocomposites: the effect of nanotube surface modification. Polymer 2008, 49:3310-3317.
9. Xu W.B., Zhou Z.F., He P.S., Pan W.P. Cure behavior of epoxy resin-MMT-DETA nanocomposite. J Therm Anal Calorim 2004, 78:113-124.
10. Terenzi A., Vedova C., Lelli G., Mijovic J., Torre L., Valentini L., et al. Chemorheological behaviour of double-walled carbon nanotube-epoxy nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 2008, 68:1862-1868.
11. Xie H., Liu B., Yuan Z., Shen J., Cheng R. Cure kinetics of carbon nanotube/tetrafunctional epoxy nanocomposites by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 2004, 42:3701-3712.
12. Hossain Beheshty M., Vafayan M., Poorabdollah M. Shrinkage control and kinetics behaviour of clay-unsaturated polyester nanocomposites. Iran Polym J 2006, 15:841-849.
13. Xu L., James Lee L. Kinetic analysis and mechanical properties of nanoclay reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) resins cured at low temperatures. Polym Eng Sci 2005, 45:496-509.
14. Bashir MA. Effect of nanoclay dispersion on the processing of polyester nanocomposites, Master of Engineering thesis. McGill University; 2008.
15. Cheng Y., Chen D., Wang C., He P. Cure behavior of UP/org-MMT/MEKP/nanocomposites by the dynamic torsional method. J Appl Polym Sci 2005, 97:1-7.
16. Rajabian M., Beheshty M.H. Rheology and flow behavior of suspensions of nanosized plate-like particles in polyester resins at the startup of shear flows. Polym Compos 2009, 30:399-407.
17. Zhou Y., Yang X., Jia D. Nonisothermal curing kinetics and physical properties of unsaturated polyester modified with EA-POSS. Polym Int 2007, 56:267-274.
18. Gao J., Dong C., Du Y. Reaction kinetics and physical properties of unsaturated polyester modified with methylacyloxylpropyl-POSS. Int J Polym Mater 2010, 59:1-14.
19. Gao J, Li S, Kong D. Cure behavior of unsaturated polyester/modified montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Polym Res. doi:10.1007/s10965-010-9456-7.
20. Monti M., Terenzi A., Natali M., Gaztelumendi I., Markaide N., Kenny J.M., et al. Development of unsaturated polyester matrix-carbon nanofibers nanocomposites with improved electrical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2010, 117:1658-1666.
21. Battisti A., Skordos A.A., Partridge I.K. Percolation threshold of carbon nanotubes filled unsaturated polyesters. Compos Sci Technol 2010, 70:633-637.
22. Kayatin M.J., Davis V.A. Viscoelasticity and shear stability of single-walled carbon nanotube/unsaturated polyester resin dispersions. Macromolecules 2009, 42:6624-6632.
23. Battisti A., Skordos A.A., Partridge I.K. Monitoring dispersion of carbon nanotubes in a thermosetting polyester resin. Compos Sci Technol 2009, 69:1516-1520.
24. Battisti A., Skordos A.A., Partridge I.K. Dielectric monitoring of carbon nanotube network formation in curing thermosetting nanocomposites. J Phys Appl Phys 2009, 42:155402.
25. Seyhan A.T., Tanoglu M., Schulte K. Tensile mechanical behavior and fracture toughness of MWCNT and DWCNT modified vinyl-ester/polyester hybrid nanocomposites produced by 3-roll milling. Mat Sci Eng A - Struct 2009, 523:85-92.
26. Seyhan A.T., De la Vega A., Tanoglu M., Schulte K. Thermal curing behavior of MWCNT modified vinyl ester-polyester resin suspensions prepared with 3-roll milling technique. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 2009, 47:1511-1522.
27. Simsek Y., Ozyuzer L., Seyhan A., Tanoglu M., Schulte K. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity in double-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotube/polyester nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 2007, 42:9689-9695.
28. Wu S., Masaharu I., Natsuki T., Ni Q. Electrical conduction and percolation behavior of carbon nanotubes/UPR nanocomposites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2006, 25:1957-1966.
29. Natsuki T., Ni Q., Wu S. Temperature dependence of electrical resistivity in carbon nanofiber/unsaturated polyester nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci 2008, 48:1345-1350.
30. Wu S., Natsuki T., Kurashiki K., Ni Q., Masaharu I., Fujii Y. Conductivity stability of carbon nanofiber/unsaturated polyester nanocomposites. Adv Compos Mater 2007, 16:195-206.
31. Vera-Agullo J., Glória-Pereira A., Varela-Rizo H., Luis Gonzalez J., Martin-Gullon I. Comparative study of the dispersion and functional properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes and helical-ribbon carbon nanofibers in polyester nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 2009, 69:1521-1532.
32. Ton-That M.T., Cole K.C., Jen C.K., Franca D.R. Polyester cure monitoring by means of different techniques. Polym Compos 2000, 21:605-618.
33. Cadenato A., Salla J.M., Ramis X., Morancho J.M., Marroyo L.M., Martin J.L. Determination of gel and vitrification times of thermoset curing process by means of TMA, DMTA and DSC techniques. J Therm Anal 1997, 49:269-279.
34. Legros N., Jen C.K., Ihara I. Ultrasonic evaluation and application of oriented polymer rods. Ultrasonics 1999, 37:291-297.
35. Lionetto F., Rizzo R., Luprano V.A.M., Maffezzoli A. Phase transformations during the cure of unsaturated polyester resins. Mat Sci Eng A - Struct 2004, 370:284-287.
36. Castro J.M., Macosko C. Studies of mold filling and curing in the reaction injection molding process. AICHE J 1982, 28:251-260.
37. Vera-Agullo J., Varela-Rizo H., Conesa J.A., Almansa C., Merino C., Martin-Gullon I. Evidence for growth mechanism and helix-spiral cone structure of stacked-cup carbon nanofibers. Carbon 2007, 45:2751-2758.
38. Martin J.L. Kinetic analysis of two peaks in the curing of an unsaturated polyester resin catalyzed with MEKP and cobalt octoate. Polym Eng Sci 2007, 47(1):62-70.
39. Kubota H. Curing of highly reactive polyester resin under pressure: kinetic studies by differential scanning calorimetry. J Appl Polym Sci 1975, 19:2279-2297.
40. Avella M., Martuscelli E., Mazzola M. Kinetic study of the cure reaction of unsaturated polyester resins. J Therm Anal 1985, 30:1359-1366.
41. Monti M. Advances in polymer nanocomposites with high aspect ratio carbon nanoparticles for damage tolerance sensing in fiber reinforced composites, PhD thesis. University of Perugia; 2009.
42. Marti{dotless}nez A., Galano A. Free radical scavenging activity of ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes with different structures through electron transfer reactions. J Phys Chem C 2010, 114:8184-8191.
43. Zeynalov E.B., Friedrich J.F. Antioxidative activity of carbon nanotube and nanofiber. Open Mater Sci J 2008, 2:28-34.
44. Munirasu S., Albuerne J., Boschetti-de-Fierro A., Abetz V. Functionalization of carbon materials using the Diels-Alder reaction. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010, 31:574-579.
45. Fenoglio I., Tomatis M., Lison D., Muller J., Fonseca A., Nagy J.B., et al. Reactivity of carbon nanotubes: free radical generation or scavenging activity?. Free Radical Biol Med 2006, 40:1227-1233.
46. Kamal M.R., Sourour S. Kinetics and thermal characterization of thermoset cure. Polym Eng Sci 1973, 13(1):59-64.