A depositional history of particulate organic carbon in a floodplain lake from the lower Ob' River, Siberia

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 75, Issue 17, 2011, Pages 4796-4815

  Dickens, Angela F ^a,b   Baldock, Jeff ^c   Kenna, Timothy C ^d   Eglinton, Timothy I ^b  

^a MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE   (United States)

^b WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^c CSIRO   (Australia)

^d Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; DEPOSITION; DRAINAGE BASIN; FLOODPLAIN; FLUVIAL DEPOSIT; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; LACUSTRINE DEPOSIT; LAKE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON; PEAT; PERMAFROST; SEDIMENT CORE;

OB RIVER; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SIBERIA;

ALGAE; EMBRYOPHYTA;

EID: 79961167519     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.05.032     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 2005, ACIA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
2. Alin S.R., Aalto R., Goni M.A., Richey J.E., Dietrich W.E. Biogeochemical characterization of carbon sources in the Strickland and Fly Rivers, Papua New Guinea. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 2008, 113:F01S05. doi:10.1029/2006JF000625.
3. Aufdenkampe A.K., Hedges J.I., Richey J.E., Krusche A.V., Llerena C.A. Sorptive fractionation of dissolved organic nitrogen and amino acids onto fine sediments within the Amazon Basin. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46:1921-1935.
4. Aufdenkampe A.K., Mayorga E., Hedges J.I., Llerena C., Quay P.D., Gudeman J., Krusche A.V., Richey J.E. Organic matter in the Peruvian headwaters of the Amazon: compositional evolution from the Andes to the lowland Amazon mainstem. Org. Geochem. 2007, 38:337-364.
5. Baldock J.A. Interactions of organic materials and microorganisms with minerals in the stabilization of soil structure. Interactions between Soil Particles and Microorganisms 2002, 85-131. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. P.M. Huang, J.-M. Bollag, N. Senesi (Eds.).
6. Baldock J.A., Masiello C.A., Gélinas Y., Hedges J.I. Cycling and composition of organic matter in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Mar. Chem. 2004, 92:39-64.
7. Baldock J.A., Smernik R.J. Chemical composition and bioavailability of thermally, altered Pinus resinosa (Red Pine) wood. Org. Geochem. 2002, 33:1093-1109.
8. Beilman D.W., MacDonald G.M., Smith L.C., Reimer P.J. Carbon accumulation in peatlands of West Siberia over the last 2000years. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2009, 23:GB1012. doi:10.1029/2007GB003112.
9. Benner R., Benitez-Nelson B., Kaiser K., Amon R.M.W. Export of young terrigenous dissolved organic carbon from rivers to the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L05305. doi:10.1029/2003GL019251.
10. Berhe A.A., Harte J., Harden J.W., Torn M.S. The significance of the erosion-induced terrestrial carbon sink. Bioscience 2007, 57:337-346.
11. Bianchi T.S., Allison M.A. Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural " recorders'' of global environmental change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:8085-8092.
12. Bianchi T.S., Mitra S., McKee B.A. Sources of terrestrially-derived organic carbon in lower Mississippi River and Louisiana shelf sediments: implications for differential sedimentation and transport at the coastal margin. Mar. Chem. 2002, 77:211-223.
13. Blair N.E., Leithold E.L., Aller R.C. From bedrock to burial: the evolution of particulate organic carbon across coupled watershed-continental margin systems. Mar. Chem. 2004, 92:141-156.
14. Bowden W.B., Gooseff M.N., Balser A., Green A., Peterson B.J., Bradford J. Sediment and nutrient delivery from thermokarst features in the foothills of the North Slope, Alaska: potential impacts on headwater stream ecosystems. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeogr. 2008, 113:G02026. doi:10.1029/2007JG000470.
15. Chen J., Chen Y., Liu L.W., Ji J.F., Balsam W., Sun Y.B., Lu H.Y. Zr/Rb ratio in the Chinese loess sequences and its implication for changes in the East Asian winter monsoon strength. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:1471-1482.
16. Dickens A.F., Baldock J.A., Smernik R.J., Wakeham S.G., Arnarson T.S., Gélinas Y., Hedges J.I. Solid-state C-13 NMR analysis of size and density fractions of marine sediments: insight into organic carbon sources and preservation mechanisms. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:666-686.
17. Dickens A.F., Gudeman J.A., Gélinas Y., Baldock J.A., Tinner W., Hu F.S., Hedges J.I. Sources and distribution of CuO-derived benzene carboxylic acids in soils and sediments. Org. Geochem. 2007, 38:1256-1276.
18. 14C measurements. Mar. Chem. 2007, 103:146-162.
19. Fallot J.M., Barry R.G., Hoogstrate D. Variations of mean cold season temperature, precipitation and snow depths during the last 100years in the former Soviet Union (FSU). Hydrol. Sci. J. 1997, 42:301-327.
20. Farella N., Lucotte M., Louchouarn P., Roulet M. Deforestation modifying terrestrial organic transport in the Rio Tapajos, Brazilian Amazon. Org. Geochem. 2001, 32:1443-1458.
21. Fernandes M.B., Sicre M.A. The importance of terrestrial organic carbon inputs on Kara Sea shelves as revealed by n-alkanes, OC and delta C-13 values. Org. Geochem. 2000, 31:363-374.
22. Frey K.E., McClelland J.W. Impacts of permafrost degradation on arctic river biogeochemistry. Hydrol. Process. 2009, 23:169-182.
23. Frey K.E., Smith L.C. Recent temperature and precipitation increases in West Siberia and their association with the Arctic Oscillation. Polar Res. 2003, 22:287-300.
24. Frey K.E., Smith L.C. Amplified carbon release from vast West Siberian peatlands by 2100. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:1-4.
25. Frey K.E., Smith L.C. How well do we know northern land cover? Comparison of four global vegetation and wetland products with a new ground-truth database for West Siberia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2007, 21:1-15.
26. Galimov E.M., Kodina L.A., Stepanets O.V., Korobeinik G.S. Biogeochemistry of the Russian Arctic. Kara Sea: research results under the SIRRO project, 1995-2003. Geochem. Int. 2006, 44:1053-1104.
27. Gebhardt A.C., Gaye-Haake B., Unger D., Lahajnar N., Ittekkot V. Recent particulate organic carbon and total suspended matter fluxes from the Ob and Yenisei Rivers into the Kara Sea (Siberia). Mar. Geol. 2004, 207:225-245.
28. 13C NMR analysis. Org. Geochem. 2001, 32:677-693.
29. Goñi M.A., Hedges J.I. Lignin dimers: structures, distribution, and potential geochemical applications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:4025-4043.
30. Goñi M.A., Hedges J.I. Sources and reactivities of marine-derived organic matter in coastal sediments as determined by alkaline CuO oxidation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:2965-2981.
31. Goñi M.A., Yunker M.B., Macdonald R.W., Eglinton T.I. Distribution and sources of organic biomarkers in arctic sediments from the Mackenzie River and Beaufort Shelf. Mar. Chem. 2000, 71:23-51.
32. Goñi M.A., Yunker M.B., Macdonald R.W., Eglinton T.I. The supply and preservation of ancient and modem components of organic carbon in the Canadian Beaufort Shelf of the Arctic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2005, 93:53-73.
33. Gordeev V.V. Fluvial sediment flux to the Arctic Ocean. Geomorphology 2006, 80:94-104.
34. Gordeev V.V., Kravchishina M.D. River flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) to the Arctic Ocean: what are the consequences of the global changes?. Influence of Climate Change on the Changing Arctic and Sub-Arctic Conditions 2009, 145-160. Springer, Dordrecht. J.C.J. Nihoul, A.G. Kostianoy (Eds.).
35. Gordon E.S., Goñi M.A. Sources and distribution of terrigenous organic matter delivered by the Atchafalaya River to sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67:2359-2375.
36. Graf Pannatier E. (1997) Sediment accumulation and historical deposition of trace metals and trace organic compounds in the Mackenzie Delta (Northwest Territories, Canada). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Genève.
37. Guo L., Ping C.L., Macdonald R.W. Mobilization pathways of organic carbon from permafrost to arctic rivers in a changing climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L13603. doi:10.1029/2007GL030689.
38. Hedges J.I., Baldock J.A., Gélinas Y., Lee C., Peterson M.L., Wakeham S.G. The biochemical and elemental compositions of marine plankton: a NMR perspective. Mar. Chem. 2002, 78:47-63.
39. Hedges J.I., Blanchette R.A., Weliky K., Devol A.H. Effects of fungal degradation on the CuO oxidation products of lignin: a controlled laboratory study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52:2717-2726.
40. Hedges J.I., Clark W.A., Quay P.D., Richey J.E., Devol A.H., de M.Santos U. Compositions and fluxes of particulate organic material in the Amazon River. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1986, 31:717-738.
41. Hedges J.I., Ertel J.R. Characterization of lignin by gas capillary chromatography of cupric oxide oxidation products. Anal. Chem. 1982, 54:174-178.
42. Hedges J.I., Mann D.C. Characterization of plant-tissues by their lignin oxidation-products. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1979, 43:1803-1807.
43. Hedges J.I., Mann D.C. The lignin geochemistry of marine sediments from the southern Washington coast. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1979, 43:1809-1818.
44. Hedges J.I., Mayorga E., Tsamakis E., McClain M.E., Aufdenkampe A., Quay P., Richey J.E., Benner R., Opsahl S., Black B., Pimentel T., Aguirre J.Q., Maurice L. Organic matter in Bolivian tributaries to the Amazon River: a comparison to the lower mainstream. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45:1449-1466.
45. Hill P.R., Lewis C.P., Desmarais S., Kauppaymuthoo V., Rais H. The Mackenzie Delta: sedimentary processes and facies of a high-latitude, fine-grained delta. Sedimentology 2001, 48:1047-1078.
46. Holmes R.M., McClelland J.W., Peterson B.J., Shiklomanov I.A., Shiklomanov A.I., Zhulidov A.V., Gordeev V.V., Bobrovitskaya N.N. A circumpolar perspective on fluvial sediment flux to the Arctic Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2002, 16:1098. doi:10.1029/2001GB001849.
47. Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. S. Solomon, S.D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.).
48. Ivanov V. V., Medkova O. N. and Makeyev V. M. (1995) Characteristic Features of Sedimentation Processes in Lower Reaches and Mouth of the Ob' River. Work performed on request by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on behalf of the " Ob River Project" .
49. Kenna T.C., Nitsche F.O., Herron M.M., Peteet B.J.M.D., Sritrairat S., Sands E., Baumgarten J. Evaluation and calibration of a field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for quantitative analysis of siliciclastic soils and sediments. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2011, 26:395-405.
50. Kenna T.C., Sayles F.L. The distribution and history of nuclear weapons related contamination in sediments from the Ob River, Siberia as determined by isotopic ratios of plutonium and neptunium. J. Environ. Radioact. 2002, 60:105-137.
51. Lesack L.F.W., Marsh P., Hecky R.E. Spatial and temporal dynamics of major solute chemistry among Mackenzie Delta lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43:1530-1543.
52. Levin I., Hesshaimer V. Radiocarbon - a unique tracer of global carbon cycle dynamics. Radiocarbon 2000, 42:69-80.
53. 2)-C-14 level in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (1959-2003). Radiocarbon 2004, 46:1261-1272.
54. Lewkowicz A.G., Kokelj S.V. Slope sediment yield in and lowland continuous permafrost environments, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Catena 2002, 46:261-283.
55. Lobbes J.M., Fitznar H.P., Kattner G. Biogeochemical characteristics of dissolved and particulate organic matter in Russian rivers entering the Arctic Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:2973-2983.
56. Matthewson A.P., Shimmield G.B., Kroon D., Fallick A.E. A 300-kyr high-resolution aridity record of the North African continent. Paleoceanography 1995, 10:677-692.
57. McClelland J.W., Holmes R.M., Peterson B.J., Stieglitz M. Increasing river discharge in the Eurasian Arctic: consideration of dams, permafrost thaw, and fires as potential agents of change. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:D18102. doi:10.1029/2004JD004583.
58. McGuire A.D., Anderson L.G., Christensen T.R., Dallimore S., Guo L.D., Hayes D.J., Heimann M., Lorenson T.D., Macdonald R.W., Roulet N. Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change. Ecol. Monogr. 2009, 79:523-555.
59. McNichol A.P., Osborne E.A., Gagnon A.R., Fry B., Jones G.A. TIC, TOC, DIC, DOC, PIC, POC - unique aspects in the preparation of oceanographic samples for C-14 AMS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 1994, 92:162-165.
60. Meade R.H., Bobrovitskaya N.N., Babkin V.I. Suspended-sediment and fresh-water discharges in the Ob and Yenisey rivers, 1960-1988. Int. J. Earth Sci. 2000, 89:461-469.
61. Meyers P.A. Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter. Chem. Geol. 1994, 114:289-302.
62. Michelutti N., Hay M.B., Marsh P., Lesack L., Smol J.P. Diatom changes in Lake Sediments from the Mackenzie Delta, NWT, Canada: paleohydrological applications. Arctic Antarct. Alpine Res. 2001, 33:1-12.
63. Mook W.G., Tan F.C. Stable carbon isotopes in rivers and estuaries. Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers 1991, 245-264. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester. E.T. Degens, S. Kempe, J.E. Richey (Eds.).
64. Neff J.C., Finlay J.C., Zimov S.A., Davydov S.P., Carrasco J.J., Schuur E.A.G., Davydova A.I. Seasonal changes in the age and structure of dissolved organic carbon in Siberian rivers and streams. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L23401. doi:10.1029/2006GL028222.
65. Nelson P.N., Baldock J.A. Estimating the molecular composition of a diverse range of natural organic materials from solid-state C-13 NMR and elemental analyses. Biogeochemistry 2005, 72:1-34.
66. Newman R.H., Tate K.R. C-13 NMR characterization of humic acids from soils of a development sequence. J. Soil Sci. 1991, 42:39-46.
67. Opsahl S., Benner R. Early diagenesis of vascular plant-tissues - lignin and cutin decomposition and biogeochemical implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:4889-4904.
68. Panteleyev G. P. (1995) The history of plutonium and cesium-137 contamination of the Ob River delta sediments. M.Sc. Thesis, MIT/WHOI.
69. Peterson B.J., Holmes R.M., McClelland J.W., Vorosmarty C.J., Lammers R.B., Shiklomanov A.I., Shiklomanov I.A., Rahmstorf S. Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science 2002, 298:2171-2173.
70. Prahl F.G., Ertel J.R., Goñi M.A., Sparrow M.A., Eversmeyer B. Terrestrial organic carbon contributions to sediments on the Washington Margin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58:3035-3048.
71. Preston C.M., Newman R.H. Demonstration of spatial heterogeneity in the organic-matter of De-ashed humin samples by solid-state C-13 CPMAS NMR. Can. J. Soil Sci. 1992, 72:13-19.
72. Rachold V., Eicken H., Gordeev V.V., Grigoriev M.N., Hubberten H.-W., Lisitzin A.P., Schevchenko V.P., Schirrmeister L. Modern terrigenous organic carbon input to the Arctic Ocean. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean 2004, 33-55. Springer, Berlin. R. Stein, R.W. Macdonald (Eds.).
73. 2)-C-14: post bomb contributions from fossil fuels, oceans, the stratosphere, and the terrestrial biosphere. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2002, 16:1112. doi:10.1029/2002GB001876.
74. Raymond P.A., McClelland J.W., Holmes R.M., Zhulidov A.V., Mull K., Peterson B.J., Striegl R.G., Aiken G.R., Gurtovaya T.Y. Flux and age of dissolved organic carbon exported to the Arctic Ocean: a carbon isotopic study of the five largest arctic rivers. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2007, 21:GB4011. doi:10.1029/2007GB002934.
75. Sampere T.P., Bianchi T.S., Wakeham S.G., Allison M.A. Sources of organic matter in surface sediments of the Louisiana Continental margin: effects of major depositional/transport pathways and Hurricane Ivan. Cont. Shelf Res. 2008, 28:2472-2487.
76. Sayles F.L., Livingston H.D., Panteleyev G.P. The history and source of particulate Cs-137 and Pu-239, Pu-240 deposition in sediments of the Ob river delta, Siberia. Sci. Total Environ. 1997, 202:25-41.
77. Schipper A.M., Zeefat R., Tanneberger F., van Zuidam J.P., Hahne W., Schep S.A., Loos S., Bleuten W., Joosten H., Lapshina E.D., Wassen M.J. Vegetation characteristics and eco-hydrological processes in a pristine mire in the Ob River valley (Western Siberia). Plant Ecol. 2007, 193:131-145.
78. Schuur E.A.G., Bockheim J., Canadell J.G., Euskirchen E., Field C.B., Goryachkin S.V., Hagemann S., Kuhry P., Lafleur P.M., Lee H., Mazhitova G., Nelson F.E., Rinke A., Romanovsky V.E., Shiklomanov N., Tarnocai C., Venevsky S., Vogel J.G., Zimov S.A. Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: implications for the global carbon cycle. Bioscience 2008, 58:701-714.
79. Schuur E.A.G., Vogel J.G., Crummer K.G., Lee H., Sickman J.O., Osterkamp T.E. The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra. Nature 2009, 459:556-559.
80. Serreze M.C., Bromwich D.H., Clark M.P., Etringer A.J., Zhang T.J., Lammers R. Large-scale hydro-climatology of the terrestrial Arctic drainage system. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108:8160. doi:10.1029/2001JD000919.
81. Serreze M.C., Walsh J.E., Chapin F.S., Osterkamp T., Dyurgerov M., Romanovsky V., Oechel W.C., Morison J., Zhang T., Barry R.G. Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change 2000, 46:159-207.
82. Sharp Z. Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry 2007, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
83. Sheng Y.W., Smith L.C., MacDonald G.M., Kremenetski K.V., Frey K.E., Velichko A.A., Lee M., Beilman D.W., Dubinin P. A high-resolution GIS-based inventory of the west Siberian peat carbon pool. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2004, 18:GB3004. doi:10.1029/2003GB002190.
84. Skjemstad J.O., Taylor J.A., Smernik R.J. Estimation of charcoal (char) in soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1999, 30:2283-2298.
85. Smernik R.J., Oades J.M. The use of spin counting for determining quantitation in solid state C-13 NMR spectra of natural organic matter. 1: Model systems and the effects of paramagnetic impurities. Geoderma 2000, 96:101-129.
86. Smernik R.J., Oades J.M. The use of spin counting for determining quantitation in solid state C-13 NMR spectra of natural organic matter. 2: HF-treated soil fractions. Geoderma 2000, 96:159-171.
87. 13C-NMR dipolar dephasing experiments for quantifying protonated and non-protonated carbon in soil organic matter and model systems. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2001, 52:103-120.
88. 13C NMR spectral editing. Aust. J. Soil Res. 2000, 38:665-683.
89. Smith L.C., Alsdorf D.E. Control on sediment and organic carbon delivery to the Arctic Ocean revealed with spaceborne synthetic aperture radar: Ob' River, Siberia. Geology 1998, 26:395-398.
90. Smith L.C., MacDonald G.M., Velichko A.A., Beilman D.W., Borisova O.K., Frey K.E., Kremenetski K.V., Sheng Y. Siberian peatlands a net carbon sink and global methane source since the early Holocene. Science 2004, 303:353-356.
91. 14C data. Radiocarbon 1977, 19:355-363.
92. Tarnocai C., Canadell J.G., Schuur E.A.G., Kuhry P., Mazhitova G., Zimov S. Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2009, 23:GB2023. doi:10.1029/2008GB003327.
93. Telang S.A., Pocklington R., Naidu A.S., Romankevich E.A., Gitelson I.I., Gladyshev M.I. Carbon and mineral transport in major North American, Russian arctic, and Siberian rivers: the St. Lawrence, the Mackenzie, the Yukon, the arctic Alaskan rivers, the arctic basin rivers in the Soviet Union, and the Yenisei. Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers 1991, 75-104. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester. E.T. Degens, S. Kempe, J.E. Richey (Eds.).
94. Unger D., Gaye-Haake B., Neumann K., Gebhardt A.C., Ittekkot V. Biogeochemistry of suspended and sedimentary material in the Ob and Yenisei rivers and Kara Sea: amino acids and amino sugars. Cont. Shelf Res. 2005, 25:437-460.
95. van Dongen B.E., Semiletov I., Weijers J.W.H., Gustafsson O.R. Contrasting lipid biomarker composition of terrestrial organic matter exported from across the Eurasian Arctic by the five great Russian Arctic rivers. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2008, 22:GB1011. doi:10.1029/2007GB002974.
96. Vonk J.E., Gustafsson O. Calibrating n-alkane Sphagnum proxies in sub-Arctic Scandinavia. Org. Geochem. 2009, 40:1085-1090.
97. Walker H.J. Arctic deltas. J. Coastal Res. 1998, 14:718-738.
98. Whiteside J.H., Olsen P.E., Eglinton T., Brookfield M.E., Sambrotto R.N. Compound-specific carbon isotopes from Earth's largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:6721-6725.
99. Williams C.J., Yavitt J.B. Botanical composition of peat and degree of peat decomposition in three temperate peatlands. Ecoscience 2003, 10:85-95.
100. Williams C.J., Yavitt J.B., Wieder R.K., Cleavitt N.L. Cupric oxide oxidation products of northern peat and peat-forming plants. Can. J. Bot. 1998, 76:51-62.
101. Wilson M.A. NMR Techniques and Applications in Geochemistry and Soil Chemistry 1987, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
102. Yang D.Q., Ye B.S., Shiklomanov A. Discharge characteristics and changes over the Ob River watershed in Siberia. J. Hydrometerol. 2004, 5:595-610.
103. Zhang T.J., Frauenfeld O.W., Serreze M.C., Etringer A., Oelke C., McCreight J., Barry R.G., Gilichinsky D., Yang D.Q., Ye H.C., Ling F., Chudinova S. Spatial and temporal variability in active layer thickness over the Russian Arctic drainage basin. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110:D16101. doi:10.1029/2004JD005642.