Australian Acacia species (Mimosaceae) in South Africa

Biological Control of Tropical Weeds Using Arthropods

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 38-62

  Impson, Fiona ^a,b   Hoffmann, John H ^a   Kleinjan, Carien ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b PLANT PROTECTION RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79961157544     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511576348.003     Document Type: Chapter

References (129)

1. Adair, R. J. (2004). Seed-reducing Cecidomyiidae as potential biological control agents for invasive Australian wattles in South Africa, particularly A. mearnsii and A. cyclops. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 224 pp.
2. Adair, R. J. (2005). The biology of Dasineura dielsi Rübsaamen (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in relation to the biological control of Acacia cyclops (Mimosaceae) in South Africa. Australian Journal of Entomology, 44, 446-456.
3. Adair, R. J., Kolesik, P. and Neser, S. (2000). Australian seed-preventing gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) as potential biological control agents for invasive Acacia spp. in South Africa. In Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held July 4-9, 1999, Bozeman, Montana, USA, ed. N. R. Spencer. Sidney, MT: USDA-ARS, pp. 605-614.
4. Annecke, D. P. (1975). Biological control of Australian Acacia species. Official communication Ref. 13/3/417/6 dated 26 November, 1975 from Director, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, to Director, Wattle Research Institute, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
5. Anonymous (1977). Planting forage species in Region IV. Chile Forestal, 2(18), 12-13.
6. Anonymous (1978). Biological control of Australian acacias. Wattle Growers News, 62, 10-12.
7. Anonymous (1987). Editorial. The history of the conflict of interest regarding the biological control of alien acacias in South Africa. South African Institute of Ecologists Bulletin (ed. B. W. van Wilgen and B. McKenzie), 6, 1-9.
8. Auld, T. D. (1983). Seed predation in native legumes of south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology, 8, 367-376.
9. Auld, T. D. (1986). Dormancy and viability in Acacia suaveolens (Sm.) Willd. Australian Journal of Botany, 34, 463-472.
10. Baars, J. R. (1994). Parasitization of a biological control agent Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae by native parasitoids: is there cause for concern? Unpublished Honours project, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
11. Binggeli, P., Hall, J. B., Healey, J. R. and Hamilton, A. C. (2004). Invasive woody plants in tropical Africa. Indicators and tools for restoration and sustainable management of forests in East Africa. I-TOO Working paper 15. Freiburg, Germany: Waldbau Institute.
12. Bond, W. J. and Slingsby, P. (1983). Seed dispersal by ants in shrublands of the Cape Province and its evolutionary implications. South African Journal of Science, 79, 231.
13. Carlson, R. B. and Mundal, D. (1990). Introduction of insects for the biological control of leafy spurge in North Dakota. North Dakota Farm Research, 47, 7-8.
14. Carr, J. D. (1976). The South African Acacias. Johannesburg: Conservation Press, 323 pp.
15. Caswell, H., Lensink, R. and Neubert, M. G. (2003). Demography and dispersal: life table response experiments for invasion speed. Ecology, 84, 1968-1978.
16. Clark, J. S. (1998). Why trees migrate so fast: confronting theory with dispersal biology and the paleorecord. The American Naturalist, 152, 204-224.
17. Clark, J. S., Lewis, M., McLachlan, J. S. and HilleRisLlambers, J. (2003). Estimating population spread: what can we forecast and how well? Ecology, 84, 1979-1988.
18. Clarke, G. M. (2002). Molecular Phylogenetics and Host Ranges of the Melanterius Weevils Used as Biological Control Agents of Australian Acacias in South Africa. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Entomology.
19. Clemens, J., Jones, P. G. and Gilbert, N. H. (1977). Effect of seed treatments on germination in Acacia. Australian Journal of Botany, 25, 269-276.
20. David, J. H. M. (1980). Demography and population dynamics of the striped field mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, in alien acacia vegetation on the Cape Flats, Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
21. Dennill, G. B. (1985). The effect of the gall wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on reproductive potential and vegetative growth of the weed Acacia longifolia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 14, 53-61.
22. Dennill, G. B. (1987). The importance of understanding host plant phenology in the biological control of Acacia longifolia. Annals of Applied Biology, 111, 661-666.
23. Dennill, G. B. (1988). Why a gall former can be a good biocontrol agent-the gall wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae and the weed Acacia longifolia. Ecological Entomology, 13, 1-9.
24. Dennill, G. B. and Donnelly, D. (1991). Biological control of Acacia longifolia and related weed species (Fabaceae) in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 37, 115-135.
25. Dennill, G. B. and Gordon, A. J. (1990). Climate-related differences in the efficacy of the Australian gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) released for the control of Acacia longifolia in South Africa. Environmental Entomology, 19, 130-136.
26. Dennill, G. B. and Gordon, A. J. (1991). Trichilogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a potential biocontrol agent for the weed Acacia pycnantha (Fabaceae). Entomophaga, 36, 295-301.
27. Dennill, G. B., Donnelly, D. and Chown, S. L. (1993). Expansion of host-plant range of a biocontrol agent Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Pteromalidae) released against the weed Acacia longifolia in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 37, 115-135.
28. Dennill, G. B., Donnelly, D., Stewart, K. and Impson, F. A. C. (1999). Insect agents used for the biological control of Australian Acacia species and Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) Nielsen (Fabaceae) in South Africa. African Entomology Memoir, 1, 45-54.
29. de Wit, M. P., Crookes, D. J. and van Wilgen, B. W. (2001). Conflicts of interest in environmental management: estimating the costs and benefits of a tree invasion. Biological Invasions, 3, 167-178.
30. Donnelly, D. (1986). Rayieria sp. (Heteroptera: Miridae): host specificity, conflicting interests, and rejection as a biological control agent against the weed Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd. in South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 49, 183-191.
31. Donnelly, D. (1992). The potential host range of three seed-feeding Melanterius spp. (Curculionidae), candidates for the biological control of Australian Acacia spp. and Paraserianthes (Albizia) lophantha in South Africa. Phytophylactica, 24, 163-167.
32. Donnelly, D. (1995a). Good news for blackwood control. Plant Protection News, 41, 4.
33. Donnelly, D. (1995b). Host searching behaviour of the seed weevil, Melanterius ventralis: implications for the biological control of Acacia longifolia in South Africa. In Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held 2-7 February 1992, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, ed. E. S. Delfosse and R. R. Scott. Australia: Melbourne, DSIR/CSIRO, p. 577
34. Donnelly, D. and Hoffmann, J. H. (2004). Utilization of an unpredictable food source by Melanterius ventralis, a seed-feeding biological control agent of Acacia longifolia in South Africa. BioControl, 49, 225-235.
35. Donnelly, D. and Stewart, K. (1990). An indigenous tortricid moth on the seeds of the alien weed Acacia cyclops in South Africa: a potential for biological control. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 53, 199-202.
36. Donnelly, D., Calitz, F. J. and Van Aarde, I. M. R. (1992). Insecticidal control of Melanterius servulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential biocontrol agent of Paraserianthes lophantha (Leguminosae) in commercial seed orchards of black wattle, Acacia mearnsii (Leguminosae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 82, 197-202.
37. Dorchin, N., Cramer, M. D. and Hoffmann, J. H. (2006). Photosynthesis and sink activity of wasp-induced galls in Acacia pycnantha. Ecology, 87, 1781-1791.
38. Ebinger, J. E., Seigler, D. S. and Clarke, H. D. (2000). Taxonomic revision of South American species of the genus Acacia subgenus Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). Systematic Botany, 25, 588-617.
39. Evans, C. S., Qureshi, M. Y. and Bell, E. A. (1977). Free amino acids in the seeds of Acacia species. Phytochemistry, 16, 565-570.
40. Glyphis, J. P., Milton, S. J. and Siegfried, W. R. (1981). Dispersal of Acacia cyclops by birds. Oecologia, 48, 138-141.
41. Goeden, R. D. (1983). Critique and revision of Harris' scoring system for selection of insect agents in biological control of weeds. Protection Ecology, 5, 287-301.
42. Goeden, R. D. and Louda, S. M. (1976). Biotic interference with insects imported for weed control. Annual Review of Entomology, 21, 325-342.
43. Harris, P. (1973). The selection of effective agents for the biological control of weeds. Canadian Entomologist, 105, 1495-1503.
44. Harris, P. and Shorthouse, J. D. (1996). Effectiveness of gall inducers in weed biological control. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1021-1055.
45. Higgins, S. I., Azorin, E. J., Cowling, R. M. and Morris, M. J. (1997). A dynamic ecological-economic model as a tool for conflict resolution in an invasive-alienplant, biological control and native-plant scenario. Ecological Economics, 22, 141-154.
46. Higgins, S. I., Richardson, D. M. and Cowling, R. M. (1996). Modelling invasive plant spread: the role of plant environment interactions and model structure. Ecology, 77, 2043-2054.
47. Hill, R. L. (1999). The host range and biology of Bruchophagus acaciae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in New Zealand. Unpublished report to the Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, September 1999, 46 pp.
48. Hill, R. L., Gordon, A. J. and Neser, S. (2000). The potential role of Bruchophagus acaciae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in the integrated control of Acacia species in South Africa. In Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4-14 July 1999, Bozeman, Montana, USA, ed. N. R. Spencer, Sidney, MT: USDA-ARS, pp. 919-929.
49. Hoffmann, J. H. and Moran, V. C. (1991). Biocontrol of a perennial legume, Sesbania punicea, using a florivorous weevil, Trichapion lativentre: weed population dynamics with a scarcity of seeds. Oecologia, 88, 574-576.
50. Hoffmann, J. H. and Moran, V. C. (1998). The population dynamics of an introduced tree, Sesbania punicea, in South Africa, in response to long-term damage caused by different combinations of three species of biological control agents. Oecologia, 114, 343-348.
51. Hoffmann, J. H., Impson, F. A. C., Moran, V. C. and Donnelly, D. (2002). Trichilogaster gall wasps (Pteromalidae) and biological control of invasive golden wattle trees (Acacia pycnantha) in South Africa. Biological Control, 25, 64-73.
52. Holmes, P. M. (1990). Dispersal and predation in alien acacia. Oecologia, 83, 288-290.
53. Holmes, P. M., Dennill, G. B. and Moll, E. J. (1987). Effects of feeding by native alydid insects on the seed viability of an alien invasive weed, Acacia cyclops. South African Journal of Science, 83, 580-581.
54. Huffaker, C. B. (1964). Fundamentals of biological weed control. In Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, ed. P. De Bach. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 631-649.
55. Impson, F. (2005). Biological control of Acacia cyclops in South Africa: the role of an introduced seed-feeding weevil, Melanterius servulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) together with indigenous seed-sucking bugs and birds. M.Sc. thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 91 pp.
56. Impson, F. A. C. and Moran, V. C. (2004). Thirty years of exploration for and selection of a succession of Melanterius weevil species for biological control of invasive Australian acacias in South Africa: should we have done anything differently? In Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held April 27-May 2, 2003, Canberra, Australia, ed. J. M. Cullen, D. T. Briese, D. J. Kriticos, et al. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Entomology, pp. 127-134.
57. Impson, F. A. C., Moran, V. C. and Hoffmann, J. H. (2004). Biological control of an alien tree, Acacia cyclops, in South Africa: impact and dispersal of a seed-feeding weevil, Melanterius servulus. Biological Control, 29, 375-381.
58. Janzen, D. H. (1969). Seed-eaters versus seed size, number, toxicity and dispersal. Evolution, 23, 1-27.
59. Janzen, D. H. (1971). Seed predation by animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2, 465-492.
60. Janzen, D. H. (1980). Specificity of seed-attacking beetles in a Costa Rican deciduous forest. Journal of Ecology, 68, 929-952.
61. Jeffery, D. J., Holmes, P. M. and Rebelo, A. G. (1988). Effects of dry heat on seed germination in selected indigenous and alien legume species in South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 54, 28-34.
62. Kelly, D. and McCallum, K. (1995). Evaluating the impact of Rhinocyllus conicus on Carduus nutans in New Zealand. In Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held 2-7 February 1992, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, ed. E. S. Delfosse and R. R. Scott. Melbourne, Australia: DSIR/CSIRO, pp. 205-211.
63. Kergoat, G. J., Silvain, J-F., Buranapanichpan, S. and Tuda, M. (2007). When insects help to resolve plant phylogeny: evidence for a paraphyletic genus Acacia from the sytematics and host-plant range of their seed-predators. Zoologica Scripta, 36, 143-152.
64. Kluge, R.L. (1990). The seed-attacking wasp Bruchophagus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and its potential for biological control of Acacia longifolia in South Africa. In Proceedings of the VII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held 6-11 March 1988, Rome, ed. E. S. Delfosse, Rome, Italy: Istituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste, pp. 349-356.
65. Kolesik, P., Adair, R. J. and Eick, G. (2005). Nine new species of Dasineura (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from flowers of Australian Acacia (Mimosaceae). Systematic Entomology, 30, 454-479.
66. Kriticos, D., Brown, J., Radford, I. and Nicholas, M. (1999). Plant population ecology and biological control: Acacia nilotica as a case study. Biological Control, 16, 230-239.
67. Macdonald, I. A. W. and Jarman, M. L., eds. (1984). Invasive alien organisms in the terrestrial ecosytems of the fynbos biome, South Africa. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 85. Pretoria, South Africa: CSIR, 72 pp.
68. Manongi, F. S. and Hoffmann, J. H. (1995). The incidence of parasitism in Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Froggatt) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a gall-forming biological control agent of Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd. (Fabaceae) in South Africa. African Entomology, 3, 147-151.
69. Marchante, H., Marchante, E., Hoffmann J. H. and Freitas, H. (2006). Potential use of Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae as a biocontrol agent of Acacia longifolia in Portugal. Biocontrol News and Information, 27, 31N-32N.
70. Maslin, B. (2001). Acacia. Flora of Australia, Vol. 11A, 11B. In Mimosaceae, Acacia. Melbourne, Australia: ABRS/CSIRO Publishing, pp. 3-13.
71. Maslin, B. R., Miller, J. T. and Seigler, D. S. (2003). Overview of the generic status of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideaea). In Advances in Legume Systematics. Vol. 9. Phylogeny, ed. P. Herendeen and A. Bruneau. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 181-200.
72. McFadyen, P. J. (1985). Introduction of the gall fly Rhopalomyia californica from the USA into Australia for the control of the weed Baccharis halimifolia. In Proceedings of the VI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held 19-25 August 1984, ed. E. S. Delfosse. Agriculture Canada: Vancouver, Canada, pp. 779-796.
73. Middlemiss, E. (1963). The distribution of Acacia cyclops in the Cape Peninsula area by birds and other animals. South African Journal of Science, 59, 419-420.
74. Milton, S. J. (1980). Australian acacias in the South Western Cape: pre-adaption, predation and success. In Proceedings of the Third National Weeds Conference of South Africa, ed. S. Neser and A. L. P. Cairns. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema, pp. 69-78.
75. Milton, S. J. and Hall, A. V. (1981). Reproductive biology of Australian acacias in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 44, 465-487.
76. Milton, S. J., Dean, W. R. J. and Richardson, D. M. (2003). Economic incentives for restoring natural capital in southern Africa rangelands. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 247-254.
77. Moran, V. C., Hoffmann, J.H. and Olckers, T. (2004). Politics and ecology in themanagement of alien invasive woody trees: the pivotal role of biological control agents that diminish seed-production. In Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held 27 April-2 May 2003, ed. J. M. Cullen, D. T. Driese, D. J. Kriticos, et al. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Entomology, pp. 434-439.
78. Morris, M. J. (1991). The use of plant pathogens for biological weed control in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 37, 239-255.
79. Morris, M. J. (1999). The contribution of the gall-forming rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlp. to the biological control of Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl. (Fabaceae) in South Africa. African Entomology Memoir, 1, 125-128.
80. Morrison, D. A., Auld, T. D., Rish, S., Porter, C. and McClay, K. (1992). Patterns of testa-imposed seed dormancy in native Australian legumes. Annals of Botany Company, 70, 157-163.
81. Myers, J. H., Risley, C. and Eng, R. (1990). The ability of plants to compensate for insect attack: why biological control of weeds with insects is so difficult. In Proceedings of the VII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held 6-11 March 1988, ed. E. S. Delfosse, Rome, Italy: Istituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale, MAF, pp. 57-73.
82. Myers, J. H. and Risley, C. (2000). Why reduced seed production is not necessarily translated into successful biological weed control. In Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA, ed. N. R. Spencer, Sidney MT: USDA-ARS, pp. 569-581.
83. Neser, S. (2002). Studies on the identity and host range of Bruchophagus spp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) with a view to curbing seeding of Australian acacias. In Bi-annual report on the Biological Control of Weeds for the Working for Water Programme, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria. Tender WF7374. pp. 91-94.
84. Neser, S. and Annecke, D. P. (1973). Biological control of weeds in South Africa. Entomology Memoir (Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa), 28, 27.
85. Neser, O. C. and Prinsloo, G. L. (2002). Report on a study to determine the identity and natural host ranges of Bruchophagus spp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) that develop in the seeds of Australian acacias with a view to facilitating host specificity studies of those from species invasive in South Africa. In Bi-annual report on the Biological Control of Weeds for the Working for Water Programme, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria. Tender WF7374. pp. 95-98.
86. New, T. R. (1979). Phenology and relative abundance of Coleoptera on some Australian acacias. Australian Journal of Zoology, 27, 9-16.
87. New, T. R. (1983). Seed predation of some Australian acacias by weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 31, 345-352.
88. New, T. R. (1984). A Biology of Acacias. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
89. Noble, N. S. (1940). Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Froggatt) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) a wasp causing galls on the flower buds of Acacia longifolia Willd., Acacia floribunda Sieber and Acacia sophorae R. Br. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 90, 13-38.
90. Oberprieler, R. G. and Zimmerman, E. C. (2001). Identification and host ranges of the Melanterius weevils used as biocontrol agents of invasive Australian acacias in South Africa, Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Entomology.
91. Orchard, A. E. and Wilson, A. J. G. (2001). Flora of Australia, Vols. IIA and IIB. Mimosaceae, Acacia parts 1 & 2. Canberra and Melbourne: ABRS/CSIRO Publishing, pp. 437-466.
92. Orchard, A. E. and Maslin, B. R. (2003). Proposal to conserve the name Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) with a conserved type. Taxon, 52, 362-363.
93. Pedley, A. (1978). Revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austrobaileyana, 1, 77-234.
94. Pedley, A. (1986). Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae) with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 92, 219-254.
95. Rees, M. and Paynter, Q. (1997). Biological control of Scotch broom: modelling the determinants of abundance and the potential impact of introduced insect herbivores. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1203-1221.
96. Rolston, M. P. (1978). Water impermeable seed dormancy. The Botanical Review, 44, 365-396.
97. Ross, J. H. (1979). A conspectus of the African Acacia species. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa, 44, 1-155.
98. Ross, J. H. (1981). An analysis of the African Acacia species: their distribution, possible origins and relationships. Bothalia, 13, 389-413.
99. Rouget, M. and Richardson, D. M. (2003). Inferring process from pattern in plant invasions: a semimechanistic model incorporating propagule pressure and environmental factors. The American Naturalist, 162, 713-724.
100. Roux, E. R. (1961). History of the introduction of Australian acacias on the Cape Flats. South African Journal of Science, 57, 99-102.
101. Sankaran, K. V. (2002). Black wattle problem emerges in Indian forests. Biocontrol News and Information, 23, 5N.
102. Schaefer, C. W. (1980). Host plants of the Alydinae, with a note on heterotypic feeding aggregations (Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Alydidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 53, 115-122.
103. Schaffner, J. C. (1987). The genus Zulubius Bergroth (Heteroptera: Alydidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 50, 313-322.
104. Schmidt, F., Hoffmann, J. H. and Donnelly, D. (1999). Levels of damage caused by Melanterius servulus Pascoe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a seed-feeding weevil introduced into South Africa for biological control of Paraserianthes lophantha (Fabaceae). African Entomology, 7, 107-112.
105. Seigler, D. S. and Ebinger, J. E. (2005). New combinations in the genus Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from the New World. Phytologia, 87, 139-178.
106. Seigler, D. S., Ebinger, J. E. and Miller, J. T. (2006). The genus Senegalia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from the New World. Phytologia, 88, 38-93.
107. Shaughnessy, G. L. (1980). Historical ecology of alien woody plants in the vicinity of Cape Town, South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
108. Sheppard, A., Cullen, J. and Aeschlimann, J. (1994). Predispersal seed predation on Carduus nutans (Asteraceae) in southern Europe. Acta Oecologica, 15, 529-541.
109. Silverton, J. and Lovette Doust, J. (1993). Introduction to Plant Population Biology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
110. Smith, M. N. (1979). Report from the escaped exotics committee, California. Fremontia, 6, 18-19.
111. Stirton, C. H., ed. (1978). Plant Invaders: Beautiful But Dangerous. Cape Town, South Africa: Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Cape Provincial Administration, 175 pp.
112. Stubbings, J. A. (1977). A case against controlling introduced acacias. In Proceedings of the Second National Weeds Conference of South Africa, held in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: A. A. Balkema, pp. 89-107.
113. Turcek, F. J. (1963). Color preference in fruit-and seed-eating birds. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Ornithological Congress. Ithaca, NY: IOC 285-292.
114. Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., et al. eds. (1968). Flora Europaea, Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
115. van den Berg, M. A. (1973) Indringing van bosse in plantasies en inheemse flora. Report of the Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria, South Africa, 6 pp.
116. van den Berg, M. A. (1977). Natural enemies of certain acacias in Australia. In Proceedings of the Second National Weeds Conference of South Africa, held in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: A. A. Balkema, pp. 75-82.
117. van den Berg, M. A. (1980a). Natural enemies of Acacia cyclops A. Cunn. ex G. Don and Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl. in Western Australia. I. Lepidoptera. Phytophylactica, 12, 165-167.
118. van den Berg, M. A. (1980b). Natural enemies of Acacia cyclops A. Cunn. ex G. Don and Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl. in Western Australia. II. Coleoptera. Phytophylactica, 12, 169-171.
119. van den Berg, M. A. (1980c). Natural enemies of Acacia cyclops A. Cunn. ex G. Don and Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl. in Western Australia. III. Hemiptera. Phytophylactica, 12, 223-226.
120. van den Berg, M. A. (1980d). Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Frogatt) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): a potential agent for the biological control of Acacia longifolia in South Africa. In Proceedings of the Third National Weeds Conference of South Africa, ed. S. Neser and A. L. P. Cairns. Cape Town, South Africa: A. A. Balkema, pp. 61-64.
121. van den Berg, M. A. (1982a). Lepidoptera attacking Acacia dealbata Link., Acacia decurrens Willd., Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd., Acacia mearnsii De Wild. and Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. in eastern Australia. Phytophylactica, 14, 3-46.
122. van den Berg, M. A. (1982b). Hemiptera attacking Acacia dealbata Link., Acacia decurrens Willd., Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd., Acacia mearnsii De Wild. and Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. in eastern Australia. Phytophylactica, 4, 47-50.
123. van den Berg, M. A. (1982c). Coleoptera attacking Acacia dealbata Link., Acacia decurrens Willd., Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd., Acacia mearnsii De Wild. and Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. in eastern Australia. Phytophylactica, 14, 51-55. van Wilgen, B. W., Richardson, D. M., Le Maitre, D. C., Marais, C. and Magadlela, D. (2002). The economic consequences of alien plant invasions: examples of impacts and approaches to sustainable management in South Africa. In Biological Invasions: Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species, ed. D. Pimental. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press: pp. 243-265.
124. van Wilgen, B. W., Richardson, D. M., Le Maitre, D. C., Marais, C. and Magadlela, D. (2002). The economic consequences of alien plant invasions: examples of impacts and approaches to sustainable management in South Africa. In Biological Invasions: Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species, ed. D. Pimental. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press: pp. 243-265
125. Vassal, J. (1972). Apport des recherches ontogéniques et séminologiques à l'étude morphologique taxonomique et phylogénique du genre Acacia. Travaux du Laboratoire Forestier de Toulouse, 8, 1-128.
126. Wehling, W. F. and Piper, G. L. (1988). Efficacy diminution of the rush skeletonweed gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), by an indigenous parasitoid. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 64, 83-85.
127. Winterbottom, J. M. (1970). The birds of the alien Acacia thickets of the south-western Cape. Zoologica Africana, 5, 49-57.
128. Withers, T., Richardson, B., Kimberley, M., et al. (2004). Can population modelling predict potential impacts of biocontrol? A case study using Cleopus japonicus on Buddleja davidii. In Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, held 27 April-2 May 2003, ed. J.M Cullen, D. T. Briese, D. J. Kriticos, et al. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Entomology, pp. 57-62.
129. Wood, A. R. and Ginns, J. (2006). A new dieback disease of Acacia cyclops in South Africa caused by Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola s. nov. Canadian Journal of Botany, 84, 750-758.