Birth asphyxia as the major complication in newborns: Moving towards improved individual outcomes by prediction, targeted prevention and tailored medical care

EPMA Journal

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 197-210

  Golubnitschaja, Olga ^a   Yeghiazaryan, Kristina ^a   Cebioglu, Melanie ^a   Morelli, Micaela ^b   Herrera Marschitz, Mario ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

^c KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

Cancer; CNS injury; Diabetes; Neurodegeneration; Paediatrics; Personalised medicine

Indexed keywords

BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIMETHYLTHIOUREA; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NICOTINAMIDE; NICOTINIC ACID; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN S100B; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN INJURY; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EPILEPSY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; INFECTION; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; NEOPLASM; NEWBORN DEATH; NEWBORN DISEASE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEDIATRICS; PERINATAL ASPHYXIA; PNEUMONIA; PREDICTION; PREMATURITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REOXYGENATION; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIOECONOMICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79961043439     PISSN: 18785077     EISSN: 18785085     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13167-011-0087-9     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Peeva V, Golubnitschaja O. Birth asphyxia as the most frequent perinatal complication. In: Golubnitschaja O, editor. Predictive diagnostics and personalized treatment: dream or reality? New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2009. p. 499-507.
2. Lopez AD, Mathers CD. Measuring the global burden of disease and epidemiological transitions: 2002-2030. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006; 100: 481-99.
3. Tomashek KM, Crouse CJ, Iyasu S, Johnson CH, Flowers LM. A comparison of morbidity rates attributable to conditions originating in the perinatal period among newborns discharged from United States hospitals, 1989-90 and 1999-2000. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2006; 20: 24-34.
4. Baqui AH, Darmstadt GL, Williams EK, Kumar V, Kiran TU, Panwar D, et al. Rates, timing and causes of neonatal deaths in rural India: implications for neonatal health programmes. Bull World Health Organ. 2006; 84: 706-13.
5. Shantharam Baliga B, Vivekananda Prabhu B, Shenoy R, Rajeev A. Scaling up of facility-based neonatal care: a district health system experience. J Trop Pediatr. 2007; 53: 107-12.
6. Vaid A, Mammen A, Primrose B, Kang G. Infant mortality in an urban slum. Indian J Pediatr. 2007; 74: 449-53.
7. Buchmann EJ, Pattinson RC, Nyathikazi N. Intrapartum-related birth asphyxia in South Africa-lessons from the first national perinatal care survey. S Afr Med J. 2002; 92: 897-901.
8. Luo ZC, Liu S, Wilkins R, Kramer MS; Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. Risks of stillbirth and early neonatal death by day of week. CMAJ. 2004; 170: 337-41.
9. Elamin S, Langhoff-Roos J, Boedker B, Ibrahim SA, Ashmeig AL, Lindmark G. Classification of perinatal death in a developing country. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003; 80: 327-33.
10. Sameshima H, Ikenoue T; Miyazaki Perinatal Data Group. Risk factors for perinatal deaths in Southern Japan: population-based analysis from 1998 to 2005. Early Hum Dev. 2008; 84: 319-23.
11. Becher JC, Stenson BJ, Lyon AJ. Is intrapartum asphyxia preventable? BJOG. 2007; 114: 1442-4.
12. Wu YW, Backstrand KH, Zhao S, Fullerton HJ, Johnston SC. Declining diagnosis of birth asphyxia in California: 1991-2000. Pediatrics. 2004; 114: 1584-90.
13. Campbell O, Gipson R, el-Mohandes A, Issa AH, Matta N, Mansour E, et al. The Egypt National Perinatal/Neonatal Mortality Study 2000. J Perinatol. 2004; 24: 284-9.
14. Lansky S, Franca E, Leal Mdo C. Avoidable perinatal deaths in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1999. Cad Saúde Pública. 2002; 18: 1389-400.
15. Pattinson RC. Why babies die - a perinatal care survey of South Africa, 2000-2002. S Afr Med J. 2003; 93: 445-50.
16. Lee AC, Mullany LC, Tielsch JM, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, et al. Risk factors for neonatal mortality due to birth asphyxia in southern Nepal: a prospective, community-based cohort study. Pediatrics. 2008; 121: e1381-90.
17. Bang AT, Reddy HM, Bang RA, Deshmukh MD. Why do neonates die in rural Gadchiroli, India? (Part II): estimating population attributable risks and contribution of multiple morbidities for identifying a strategy to prevent deaths. J Perinatol. 2005; 25: S35-43.
18. Banajeh SM, Al-Rabee AM, AI-Arashi IH. Burden of perinatal conditions in Yemen: a 12-year hospital-based study. East Mediterr Health J. 2005; 11: 680-9.
19. Arafa MA, Alshehri MA. Predictors of neonatal mortality in the intensive care unit in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2003; 24: 1374-6.
20. Tomić V, Galić M. Perinatal mortality at University Hospital Mostar for five years. Med Arh. 2005; 59: 354-7.
21. Kidanto HL, Massawe SN, Nystrom L, Lindmark G. Analysis of perinatal mortality at a teaching hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1999-2003. Afr J Reprod Health. 2006; 10: 72-80.
22. Golubnitschaja O, Costigliola V. Common origin but individual outcomes: Time for new guidelines in personalised healthcare. Per Med. 2010; 7: 561-8.
23. Lee AC, Mullany LC, Tielsch JM, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, et al. Verbal autopsy methods to ascertain birth asphyxia deaths in a community-based setting in southern Nepal. Pediatrics. 2008; 121: e1372-80.
24. Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Curr Res Anesth Analg. 1953; 32: 260-7.
25. Herrera-Marschitz M, Loidl CF, You Z-B, Andersson K, Silveira R, O'Connor WT, et al. Neurocircuitry of the basal ganglia studied by monitoring neurotransmitter release. Effects of intracerebral and perinatal asphyctic lesions. Mol Neurobiol. 1994; 9: 171-82.
26. Morales P, Reyes P, Klawitter V, Huaiquin P, Bustamante D, Fiedler J, et al. Effects of perinatal asphyxia on cell proliferation and neuronal phenotype evaluated with organotypic hippocampal cultures. Neuroscience. 2005; 135: 421-31.
27. Dix SL, Aggleton JP. Extending the spontaneous preference test of recognition: evidence of object-location and object-context recognition. Behav Brain Res. 1999; 99: 191-200.
28. Simola N, Bustamante D, Pinna A, Pontis S, Morales P, Morelli M, et al. Acute perinatal asphyxia impairs non-spatial memory and alters motor coordination in adult male rats. Exp Brain Res. 2008; 185: 595-601.
29. McLay RN, Freeman SM, Zadina JE. Chronic corticosterone impairs memory performance in the Barnes maze. Physiol Behav. 1998; 63: 933-7.
30. Morrow BA, Elsworth JD, Roth RH. Prenatal cocaine exposure disrupts non-spatial, short-term memory in adolescent and adult male rats. Behav Brain Res. 2002; 129: 217-23.
31. Venerosi A, Valanzano A, Cirulli F, Alleva E, Calamandrei G. Acute global anoxia during C-section birth affects dopamine-mediated behavioural responses and reactivity to stress. Behav Brain Res. 2004; 154: 155-64.
32. Caputa M, Rogalska J, Wentowska K, Nowakowska A. Perinatal asphyxia, hyperthermia and hyperferremia as factors inducing behavioural disturbances in adulthood: a rat model. Behav Brain Res. 2005; 163: 246-56.
33. Labudova O, Kitzmüller E, Rink H, Cairns N, Lubec G. Gene Expression in fetal Down Syndrome brain as revealed by subtractive hybridization. In: Lubec G, editor. The molecular biology of down syndrome. Wien: Springer; 1999. p. 125-36.
34. Golubnitschaja-Labudova O, Liu R, Decker C, Zhu P, Haefliger IO, Flammer J. Altered gene expression in lymphocytes of patients with normal-tension glaucoma. Curr Eye Res. 2000; 21: 867-76.
35. Golubnitschaja O, Fountoulakis M. Gene hunting by substractive hybridisation in down syndrome. Correlation with proteomics analysis. In: Lajtha A, editor. Handbook of neurochemistry and molecular neurobiology. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC; 2007. p. 345-58.
36. Labudova O, Schuller E, Yeghiazaryan K, Kitzmueller E, Hoeger H, Lubec G, et al. Genes involved in the pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia. Life Sci. 1999; 64: 1831-8.
37. Mosgoeller W, Kastner P, Fang-Kircher S, Kitzmueller E, Hoeger H, Seither P, et al. Brain RNA polymerase and nucleolar structure in perinatal asphyxia of the rat. Exp Neurol. 2000; 161: 174-82.
38. Lubec B, Labudova O, Hoeger H, Kirchner L, Lubec G. Expression of transcription factors in the brain of rats with perinatal asphyxia. Biol Neonate. 2002; 81: 266-78.
39. Weitzdörfer R, Höger H, Burda G, Pollak A, Lubec G. Differences in hippocampal protein expression at 3 days, 3 weeks, and 3 months following induction of perinatal asphyxia in the rat. J Proteome Res. 2008; 7: 1945-52.
40. Thompson DG. Consequences of perinatal asphyxia. AACN Clin Issues Crit Care Nurs. 1994; 5: 242-5.
41. Simon NP. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of asphyxiated newborns. Clin Perinatol. 1999; 26: 767-78.
42. Maneru C, Junque C, Botet F, Tallada M, Guardia J. Neuropsychological long-term sequelae of perinatal asphyxia. Brain Inj. 2001; 15: 1029-39.
43. Nouri S, Mahdhaoui N, Beizig S, Zakhama R, Salem N, Ben Dhafer S, et al. Acute renal failure in full term neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Prospective study of 87 cases. Arch Pediatr. 2008; 15: 229-35.
44. Børke WB, Munkeby BH, Mørkrid L, Thaulow E, Saugstad OD. Resuscitation with 100% O(2) does not protect the myocardium in hypoxic newborn piglets. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004; 89: F156-60.
45. Lubec B, Chiappe-Gutierrez M, Hoeger H, Kitzmueller E, Lubec G. Glucose transporters, hexokinases and phosphofructokinase in brain or rats with perinatal asphyxia. Pediatr Res. 2000; 47: 84-8.
46. Seidl R, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, Rolinski B, Kohlhauser C, Herkner KR, Lubec B, et al. Energy metabolism in graded perinatal asphyxia of the rat. Life Sci. 2000; 67: 421-35.
47. Numagami Y, Zubrow AB, Mishra OP, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Lipid free radical generation and brain cell membrane alteration following nitric oxide synthase inhibition during cerebral hypoxia in the newborn piglet. J Neurochem. 1997; 69: 1542-7.
48. Akhter W, Ashraf QM, Zanelli SA, Mishra OP, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Effect of graded hypoxia on cerebral cortical genomic DNA fragmentation in newborn piglets. Biol Neonate. 2001; 79: 187-93.
49. Andersson K, Blum M, Chen Y, Eneroth P, Gross J, Herrera-Marschitz M, et al. Perinatal asphyxia increases bFGF mRNA levels and DA cell body number in the mesencephalon of rats. Neuroreport. 1995; 6: 375-8.
50. Cheng Y, Gidday JM, Yan Q, Shah AR, Holtzman DM. Marked age-dependent neuroprotection by brain-derived neurotrophic factor against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Ann Neurol. 1997; 41: 521-9.
51. Gluckman PD, Guan J, Williams C, Scheepens A, Zhang R, Bennet L, et al. Asphyxial brain injury- the role of the IGF system. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998; 140: 95-9.
52. Gustafson K, Hagberg H, Bengtsson BA, Brantsing C, Isgaard J. Possible protective role of growth hormone in hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res. 1999; 45: 318-23.
53. Morales P, Klawitter V, Johansson S, Huaiquin P, Barros VG, Avalos AM, et al. Perinatal asphyxia impairs connectivity and dopamine neurite branching in organotypic triple culture from rat substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett. 2003; 348: 175-9.
54. Klawitter V, Morales P, Johansson S, Bustamante D, Goiny M, Gross J, et al. Effect of perinatal asphyxia on cell survival, neuronal phenotype and neurite growth evaluated with organotypic triple cultures. Amino Acids. 2005; 28: 149-55.
55. Lukaskova J, Tomsikova Z, Kokstein Z. Cerebral function monitoring in neonates with perinatal asphyxia - preliminary results. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008; 29: 522-8.
56. Shiraishi M, Takizawa Y, Ide S, Obonai T, Goto Y, Itoh M. Brainstem monoamine pathology of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage: a model of acute stage of neonatal asphyxia. Brain Res. 2008; 1213: 120-6.
57. Nabieva TN. Physical and neurological state of the newborn. Usp Fiziol Nauk. 2007; 38: 73-9.
58. Dell'Anna E, Chen Y, Engidawork E, Andersson K, Lubec G, Luthman J, et al. Delayed neuronal death following perinatal asphyxia in rat. Exp Brain Res. 1997; 115: 105-15.
59. Loidl CF, Herrera-Marschitz M, Andersson K, You ZB, Goiny M, O'Connor WT, et al. Long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia on basal ganglia neurotransmitter systems studied with microdialysis in rat. Neurosci Lett. 1994; 175: 9-12.
60. Oguni H, Sugama M, Osawa M. Symptomatic parieto-occipital epilepsy as sequela of perinatal asphyxia. Pediatr Neurol. 2008; 38: 345-52.
61. Nunes ML, Martins MP, Barea BM, Wainberg RC, Costa JC. Neurological outcome of newborns with neonatal seizures: a cohort study in a tertiary university hospital. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008; 66: 168-74.
62. Trevisanuto D, Picco G, Golin R, Doglioni N, Altinier S, Zaninotto M, et al. Cardiac troponin I in asphyxiated neonates. Biol Neonate. 2006; 89: 190-3.
63. Matter M, Abdel-Hady H, Attia G, Hafez M, Seliem W, Al-Arman M. Myocardial performance in asphyxiated full-term infants assessed by Doppler tissue imaging. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010; 31: 634-42.
64. Nako Y, Tomomasa T, Morikawa A. Plasma thrombomodulin level in newborn infants with and without perinatal asphyxia. Acta Paediatr. 1997; 86: 91-5.
65. Jiang ZD, Liu XY, Shi BP, Lin L, Bu CF, Wilkinson AR. Brainstem auditory outcomes and correlation with neurodevelopment after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatr Neurol. 2008; 39: 189-95.
66. Yap F, Högler W, Vora A, Halliday R, Ambler G. Severe transient hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia: two neonates without predisposing factors and a review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr. 2004; 163: 38-41.
67. Dinleyici EC, Tekin N, Colak O, Aksit MA. Cord blood IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in asphyxiated term newborns. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006; 27: 745-7.
68. McKinney PA, Juszczak E, Findlay E, Smith K, Thomson CS. Pre- and perinatal risk factors for childhood leukaemia and other malignancies: a Scottish case control study. Br J Cancer. 1999; 80: 1844-51.
69. Yu VY. Global, regional and national perinatal and neonatal mortality. J Perinat Med. 2003; 31: 376-9.
70. Morales P, Fiedler JL, Andrés S, Berrios C, Huaiquín P, Bustamante D, et al. Plasticity of hippocampus following perinatal asphyxia: effects on postnatal apoptosis and neurogenesis. J Neurosci Res. 2008; 86: 2650-62.
71. Sena CM, Bento CF, Pereira P, Seiça R. Diabetes mellitus: new challenges and innovative therapies. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 138-63.
72. George B, Cebioglu M, Yeghiazaryan K. Inadequate diabetic care: global figures cry for preventive measures and personalized treatment. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 13-8.
73. Li Calzi S, Neu MB, Shaw LC, Grant MB. Endothelial progenitor dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy: treatment concept to correct diabetes-associated deficits. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 88-100.
74. Cebioglu M, Schild HH, Golubnitschaja O. Cancer predisposition in diabetics: risk factors considered for predictive diagnostics and targeted preventive measures. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 130-7.
75. Coelho JF, Ferreira PC, Alves P, Cordeiro R, Fonseca AC, Góis JR, et al. Drug delivery systems: advanced technologies potentially applicable in personalized treatments. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 164-209.
76. Golubnitschaja O. Neurodegeneration: accelerated ageing or inadequate healthcare? EPMA J. 2010; 1: 211-6.
77. Characiejus D, Hodzic J, Jacobs JJL. "First do no harm" and the importance of prediction in oncology. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 369-76.
78. Mallmann MR, Staratschek-Jox A, Rudlowski C, Braun M, Gaarz A, Wolfgarten M, et al. Prediction and prognosis: impact of gene expression profiling in personalized treatment of breast cancer patients. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 421-38.
79. Zhan X, Desiderio DM. The use of variations in proteomes to predict, prevent, and personalize treatment for clinically nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 439-60.
80. Costigliola V. Healthcare overview: global process of personalisation in medicine. EPMA J. 2010; 1: 525-8.
81. Kumar A, Mittal R, Khanna HD, Basu S. Free radical injury and blood-brain barrier permeability in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2008; 122: 722-7.
82. Karlsson M, Wiberg-Itzel E, Chakkarapani E, Blennow M, Winbladh B, Thoresen M. Lactate dehydrogenase predicts hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in newborn infants: a preliminary study. Acta Paediatr. 2010; 99: 1139-44.
83. Mondal N, Bhat BV, Banupriya C, Koner BC. Oxidative stress in perinatal asphyxia in relation to outcome. Indian J Pediatr. 2010; 77: 515-7.
84. Durkan AM, Alexander RT. Acute kidney injury post neonatal asphyxia. J Pediatr. 2011; 158: e29-33.
85. Murabayashi M, Minato M, Okuhata Y, Makimoto M, Hosono S, Masaoka N, et al. Kinetics of serum S100B in newborns with intracranial lesions. Pediatr Int. 2008; 50: 17-22.
86. Giuseppe D, Sergio C, Pasqua B, Giovanni LV, Salvatore C, Frigiola A, et al. Perinatal asphyxia in preterm neonates leads to serum changes in protein S-100 and neuron specific enolase. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2009; 6: 110-6.
87. Gazzolo D, Abella R, Marinoni E, Di Iorio R, Li Volti G, Galvano F, et al. Circulating biochemical markers of brain damage in infants complicated by ischemia reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2009; 7: 108-26.
88. Gazzolo D, Abella R, Marinoni E, Di Iorio R, Li Volti G, Galvano F, et al. New markers of neonatal neurology. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009; 22: 57-61.
89. Florio P, Abella R, Marinoni E, Di Iorio R, Li Volti G, Galvano F, et al. Biochemical markers of perinatal brain damage. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2010; 1: 47-72.
90. Shepherd CE, Goyette J, Utter V, Rahimi F, Yang Z, Geczy CL, et al. Inflammatory S100A9 and S100A12 proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2006; 27: 1554-63.
91. Geroldi D, Falcone C, Emanuele E. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products: from disease marker to potential therapeutic target. Curr Med Chem. 2006; 13: 1971-8.
92. Wilhelm KR, Yanamandra K, Gruden MA, Zamotin V, Malisauskas M, Casaite V, et al. Immune reactivity towards insulin, its amyloid and protein S100B in blood sera of Parkinson's disease patients. Eur J Neurol. 2007; 14: 327-34.
93. Mazzini GS, Schaf DV, Vinadé ER, Horowitz E, Bruch RS, Brunm LM, et al. Increased S100B serum levels in dilated cardiomyopathy patients. J Card Fail. 2007; 13: 850-4.
94. Arai K, Takano S, Teratani T, Ito Y, Yamada T, Nozawa R. S100A8 and S100A9 overexpression is associated with poor pathological parameters in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2008; 8: 243-52.
95. Egberts F, Pollex A, Egberts JH, Kaehler KC, Weichenthal M, Hauschild A. Long-term survival analysis in metastatic melanoma: serum S100B is an independent prognostic marker and superior to LDH. Onkologie. 2008; 31: 380-4.
96. Yeghiazaryan K, Peeva V, Morelli M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Golubnitschaja O. Potential targets for early diagnosis and neuroprotection in asphyxiated newborns. In: Golubnitschaja O, editor. Predictive diagnostics and personalized treatment: dream or reality? New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2009. p. 509-25.
97. Hampel H, Bürger K, Teipel SJ, Bokde AL, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Core candidate neurochemical and imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2008; 4: 38-48.
98. Engidawork E, Loidl F, Chen Y, Kohlhauser C, Stoeckler S, Dell'Anna E, et al. Comparison between hypothermia and glutamate antagonism treatments on the immediate outcome of perinatal asphyxia. Exp Brain Res. 2001; 138: 375-83.
99. Edwards AD, Wyatt JS, Thoresen M. Treatment of hypoxic-ischaemic brain damage by moderate hypothermia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal. 1998; 78: F85-8.
100. Berger R, Garnier Y. Perinatal brain injury. J Perinat Med. 2000; 28: 261-85.
101. Herrera-Marschitz M, Morales P, Leyton L, Bustamante D, Klawitter V, Espina-Marchant P, et al. Perinatal asphyxia: current status and approaches towards neuroprotective strategies, with focus on sentinel proteins. Neurotox Res. 2011; 19: 603-27.
102. Yan Q, Briehl M, Crowley CL, Payne CM, Bernstein H, Bernstein C. The NAD + precursors, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide upregulate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA in Jurkat cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 255: 133-6.
103. Wan FJ, Lin HC, Kang BH, Tseng CJ, Tung CS. D-amphetamine-induced depletion of energy and dopamine in the rat striatum is attenuated by nicotinamide pretreatment. Brain Res Bull. 1999; 50: 167-71.
104. Mokudai T, Ayoub IA, Sakakibara Y, Lee EJ, Ogilvy CS, Maynard KI. Delayed treatment with nicotinamide (Vitamin B(3)) improves neurological outcome and reduces infarct volume after transient focal cerebral ischemia in Wistar rats. Stroke. 2000; 31: 679-85.
105. Virág L, Szabó C. The therapeutic potential of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev. 2002; 54: 375-429.
106. Martínez-Romero R, Martínez-Lara E, Aguilar-Quesada R, Peralta A, Oliver FJ, Siles E. PARP-1 modulates deferoxamine-induced HIF-1alpha accumulation through the regulation of nitric oxide and oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem. 2008; 104: 2248-60.
107. Bustamante D, Goiny M, Aström G, Gross J, Andersson K, Herrera-Marschitz M. Nicotinamide prevents the long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia on basal ganglia monoamine systems in the rat. Exp Brain Res. 2003; 148: 227-32.
108. Hamada Y, Hayakawa T, Hattori H, Mikawa H. Inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the neonatal rat. Pediatr Res. 1994; 35: 10-4.
109. Vannucci RC, Perlman JM. Interventions for perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 1997; 100: 1004-14.
110. Gilland E, Hagberg H. NMDA Receptor-dependent increase of cerebral glucose utilization after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996; 16: 1005-13.
111. Belopavlovic M, Buchthal A. Barbiturate therapy in cerebral ischaemia. Anaesthesia. 1980; 35: 235-45.
112. Steen PA, Michenfelder JD. Cerebral protection with barbiturates: relation to anesthetic effect. Stroke. 1978; 9: 140-2.
113. Demopoulos HB, Flamm ES, Seligman ML, Jorgensen E, Ransohoff J. Antioxidant effects of barbiturates in model membranes undergoing free radical damage. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1997; 64: 152-3.
114. Smith AL, Marque JJ. Anesthetics and cerebral edema. Anesthesiology. 1976; 45: 64-72.
115. Martz D, Rayos G, Schielke GP, Betz AL. Allopurinol and dimethylthiourea reduce brain infarction following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke. 1989; 20: 488-94.
116. Kaandorp JJ, Benders MJ, Rademaker CM, Torrance HL, Oudijk MA, de Haan TR, et al. Antenatal allopurinol for reduction of birth asphyxia induced brain damage (ALLO-Trial); a randomized double blind placebo controlled multicenter study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2010; 10: 8.