-
1
-
-
33749853591
-
The emergence of African nations: A historiographical analysis
-
Londsdale J 'The emergence of African nations: A historiographical analysis', African Affairs, 67, 266, 1968, pp. 11-28.
-
(1968)
African Affairs
, vol.67
, Issue.266
, pp. 11-28
-
-
Londsdale, J.1
-
2
-
-
61249517718
-
Marcus Garvey, and Pan-Africanism in Liberia 1919-1924
-
M'bayo T 'W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, and Pan-Africanism in Liberia 1919-1924', The Historian, 66, 1, 2004, pp. 19-44.
-
(2004)
The Historian
, vol.66
, Issue.1
, pp. 19-44
-
-
M'Bayo, T.1
Dubois, W.E.B.2
-
6
-
-
84900649063
-
Introduction and overview
-
Oyejide A, I Elbadawi & P Collier (eds), London: MacMillan Press
-
Oyejide A, I Elbadawi & P Collier 'Introduction and overview', in Oyejide A, I Elbadawi & P Collier (eds), Regional Integration and Trade Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, Vol. 1, Framework, Issues and Methodological Perspectives. London: MacMillan Press, 1997.
-
(1997)
Regional Integration and Trade Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, Framework, Issues and Methodological Perspectives
, vol.1
-
-
Oyejide, A.1
Elbadawi, I.2
Collier, P.3
-
9
-
-
79961017386
-
-
Note
-
See Article II-1-c of the OAU charter.
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
79960991512
-
-
See United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) overview, accessed 10 June
-
See United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) overview, accessed 10 June 2011, http://www.uneca.org/about-eca/overview-of-eca.htm.
-
(2011)
-
-
-
11
-
-
79960979834
-
-
Note
-
In addition, at its 27th Ordinary Session in 1976, the OAU Council of Ministers by paragraph 2(a) of its Resolution CM/Res. 464 (XXVI) also decided that, 'there shall be five regions of the OAU, namely, Northern, Western, Central, Eastern and Southern'.
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
79960971963
-
-
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), African Union (AU) and African Development Bank (AfDB), Addis Ababa: UNECA
-
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), African Union (AU) and African Development Bank (AfDB), Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV-Enhancing Intra-African Trade. Addis Ababa: UNECA, 2010, p. 7.
-
(2010)
Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV-Enhancing Intra-African Trade
, pp. 7
-
-
-
17
-
-
84900613445
-
-
17 April, accessed 8 May 2011
-
See Badasi P 'Third BRICS Leaders' Summit', 17 April 2011, accessed 8 May 2011, http://devterms.co.za/news/third-brics-brazil-russia-india-china-south-africa-leaders%E2%80%99-summit/.
-
(2011)
Third BRICS Leaders' Summit
-
-
Badasi, P.1
-
20
-
-
77955823845
-
Ending Africa's poverty traps
-
Sachs JD et al. 'Ending Africa's poverty traps', Brooking Papers in Economics, 2004, 1, pp. 17-216.
-
(2004)
Brooking Papers In Economics
, vol.1
, pp. 17-216
-
-
Sachs, J.D.1
-
21
-
-
79960981714
-
-
Note
-
th firm, N denotes the number of commodities exported. A H2-index value closer to 1 indicates a concentrated market (less diversified). On the contrary, a H2-index value closer to 0 shows a lesser concentrated market (more diversified).
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
0005012330
-
Problems with overlapping free trade areas
-
Ito T & AO Krueger (eds), Chicago: University of Chicago-Press
-
Krueger AO 'Problems with overlapping free trade areas', in Ito T & AO Krueger (eds), Regionalism Versus MultilateralTrade Arrangements. Chicago: University of Chicago-Press, 1997.
-
(1997)
Regionalism Versus MultilateralTrade Arrangements
-
-
Krueger, A.O.1
-
24
-
-
79960991007
-
-
trends and recommendations on communicable diseases, accessed 18 April 2011
-
See the 'Atlas on regional integration' trends and recommendations on communicable diseases, 2007 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/39/40997324.pdf (accessed 18 April 2011).
-
(2007)
Atlas On Regional Integration
-
-
-
25
-
-
0343100588
-
-
New York: Oxford University Press, for further discussion of the effects of illness, including HIV/AIDS, on global migration, economic development, and social cohesion
-
See Oldstone MBA Viruses, Plagues & History. New York: Oxford University Press, for further discussion of the effects of illness, including HIV/AIDS, on global migration, economic development, and social cohesion.
-
Viruses, Plagues & History
-
-
Oldstone, M.B.A.1
-
26
-
-
79961001879
-
-
Note
-
After the LPA and FAL several other resolution have also instructed African leaders to strengthen the REC, namely: (i) Resolution CM/Res.1043 (XLIV) of the 44th Ordinary Session of the Council of Ministers (1986), requested in paragraph 7 'the OAU Secretary General, to examine the practical and operational modalities for coordinating and harmonizing the activities and programs of existing sub-regional economic groupings'.
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
79961006949
-
-
Note
-
and (ii) The Heads of State and Government, in paragraph 7 of Resolution AHG/Res.161 (XXIII) adopted at the 23rd Ordinary Session in 1987, requested the 'Secretary General of the OAU, the Executive Secretary of the ECA, and the authorities of subregional and regional economic groupings, particularly ECOWAS, PTA, SADCC and ECCAS to take the necessary steps to ensure coordination, harmonization and rationalization of activities, projects and programs of all the African inter-governmental cooperation and integration organizations in their respective regions in order to avert overlaps, power conflicts and wastage of efforts and resources'.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
79961001625
-
-
Note
-
The six stages envisages: (i) full continental coverage of the existing active pillars.
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
79961016677
-
-
Note
-
(ii) strengthening of intra-REC integration and inter-REC harmonization.
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
79960976396
-
-
Note
-
(iii) establishing free trade areas and customs unions in each existing REC.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
79961006948
-
-
Note
-
(iv) establishing a continent wide customs union.
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
79960997140
-
-
Note
-
(v) establishing a continent-wide common market and (vi) establishing a full economic and monetary union and parliament.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
79961013700
-
-
the AU Assembly in Banjul, The Gambia, recommended recognising the eight RECs, putting a moratorium on the new RECs and focusing on rationalising and harmonising REC policies and programmes. Also, it should be noted that the AU fails to recognise SACU as an official REC
-
In 2006, the AU Assembly in Banjul, The Gambia, recommended recognising the eight RECs, putting a moratorium on the new RECs and focusing on rationalising and harmonising REC policies and programmes. Also, it should be noted that the AU fails to recognise SACU as an official REC.
-
(2006)
-
-
-
37
-
-
79961001878
-
-
See Article 8-II-c of the OAU Sirte declaration
-
See Article 8-II-c of the OAU Sirte declaration, 1999.
-
(1999)
-
-
-
38
-
-
79961003647
-
-
See NEPAD's aims and initiatives to promote regional and continental integration, accessed 10 June, http://www.nepad.org/regionalintegrationandinfrastructure
-
See NEPAD's aims and initiatives to promote regional and continental integration, accessed 10 June 2011, http://www.nepad.org/regionalintegrationandinfrastructure.
-
(2011)
-
-
-
39
-
-
79961011832
-
-
Note
-
It should be noted that although recognised as RECs, EAC, IGAD and CEN-SAD do not satisfy the criteria of 'region' as per the OAU Resolution 464.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
79961007418
-
-
See Article 2 Accra declaration
-
See Article 2 Accra declaration, 2007.
-
(2007)
-
-
-
41
-
-
79960996642
-
-
Note
-
African Union (AU), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD), Cross Border Initiative (CBI), East African Community (EAC), Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (ECGLC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD), Mano River Union (MRU), Southern African Customs Union (SACU), Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU).
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
70449439491
-
-
African Union, Addis Ababa: African Union
-
African Union, Audit of the African Union. Addis Ababa: African Union, 2007, p. 122.
-
(2007)
Audit of the African Union
, pp. 122
-
-
-
44
-
-
36549031522
-
-
On average, a third of REC members fail to meet their contribution obligations; rising to more than half in some communities (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and African Union (AU), Addis Ababa: UNECA
-
On average, a third of REC members fail to meet their contribution obligations; rising to more than half in some communities (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and African Union (AU), Assessing Regional Integration in Africa II-Rationalizing Regional Economic Communities. Addis Ababa: UNECA, 2006).
-
(2006)
Assessing Regional Integration in Africa II-Rationalizing Regional Economic Communities
-
-
-
45
-
-
79961012986
-
-
Note
-
In accordance with Article XXIV of GATT, as a customs union, SACU member countries should adopt a common external tariff.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
79960981461
-
-
Note
-
The EPA replaces the longstanding preferential Lomé arrangements starting with the 1975 Lomé Convention to Lomé IV Convention and the eventual adoption of the 2000 Cotonou Partnership Agreement.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
79961004445
-
-
paper presented at Whatever Happened to North-South?, the IPSAECPR joint conference, Sao Paulo, February
-
Guinea O & R Galvez 'Understanding African regionalism: The case of overlapping membership', paper presented at Whatever Happened to North-South?, the IPSAECPR joint conference, Sao Paulo, February 2011, p. 14.
-
(2011)
Understanding African Regionalism: The Case of Overlapping Membership
, pp. 14
-
-
Guinea, O.1
Galvez, R.2
-
51
-
-
0005012330
-
Problems with overlapping free trade areas
-
Ito T & AO Krueger (eds), Chicago: University of Chicago-Press
-
Krueger AO 'Problems with Overlapping Free Trade Areas', in Ito T & AO Krueger (eds), Regionalism Versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements. Chicago: University of Chicago-Press, 1997.
-
(1997)
Regionalism Versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements
-
-
Krueger, A.O.1
-
52
-
-
0342330974
-
ECOWAS and the future of regional integration in West Africa
-
Lavergne R (ed.), Trenton and Ottawa: Africa World Press and International Development Research Centre
-
Bundu A 'ECOWAS and the future of regional integration in West Africa', in Lavergne R (ed.), Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: A Multi-dimensional Perspective. Trenton and Ottawa: Africa World Press and International Development Research Centre, 1997.
-
(1997)
Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: A Multi-dimensional Perspective
-
-
Bundu, A.1
-
53
-
-
79960983374
-
-
Note
-
The Democratic Republic of Congo is member of COMESA, ECCAS, SADC and the Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC).
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
79960973652
-
-
See Article 7, IGAD agreement
-
See Article 7, IGAD agreement 1996.
-
(1996)
-
-
-
56
-
-
79960982175
-
-
Note
-
See Article 130-2 of the East African Economic Community (EAC) Treaty.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
79960971963
-
-
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), African Union (AU) and African Development Bank (AfDB), Addis Ababa: UNECA
-
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), African Union (AU) and African Development Bank (AfDB), Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV-Enhancing Intra-African Trade. Addis Ababa: UNECA, 2010, p. 11.
-
(2010)
Assessing Regional Integration In Africa IV-Enhancing Intra-African Trade
, pp. 11
-
-
-
58
-
-
70449439491
-
-
African Union, Addis Ababa: African Union
-
African Union, Audit of the African Union, Addis Ababa: African Union, 2007, p. 127.
-
(2007)
Audit of the African Union
, pp. 127
-
-
-
59
-
-
79961004185
-
-
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva: UNCTAD, January
-
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Addressing the Commodity Problematique through Trade-Related Policies. Geneva: UNCTAD, January 2010, p. 11.
-
(2010)
Addressing the Commodity Problematique Through Trade-Related Policies
, pp. 11
-
-
-
60
-
-
0038553454
-
Responding to state failure in Africa
-
Herbst J 'Responding to state failure in Africa', International Security, 21, 3, 1996.
-
(1996)
International Security
, vol.21
, Issue.3
-
-
Herbst, J.1
-
62
-
-
77955805909
-
Competing regionalisms in Africa and the continent's emerging security architecture
-
Franke BF 'Competing regionalisms in Africa and the continent's emerging security architecture', African Studies Quarterly, 9, 3, 2007, p. 11.
-
(2007)
African Studies Quarterly
, vol.9
, Issue.3
, pp. 11
-
-
Franke, B.F.1
-
63
-
-
79956252416
-
Economic partnership agreements: African-EU negotiations continue
-
Khumalo N & F Mulleta 'Economic partnership agreements: African-EU negotiations continue', South African Journal of International Studies, 17, 2, 2010, pp. 209-220.
-
(2010)
South African Journal of International Studies
, vol.17
, Issue.2
, pp. 209-220
-
-
Khumalo, N.1
Mulleta, F.2
-
64
-
-
79958012377
-
The future of the Southern African Customs Union
-
July-August, accessed 7 February 2011
-
Draper P & N Khumalo 'The future of the Southern African Customs Union', Trade Negotiations Insights, 8, 6, July-August 2009, accessed 7 February 2011, http://acp-eutrade.org/library/files/TNI-EN-8-6.pdf.
-
(2009)
Trade Negotiations Insights
, vol.8
, Issue.6
-
-
Draper, P.1
Khumalo, N.2
-
65
-
-
79957975555
-
-
Trade Policy Report Nr. 15. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA)
-
Draper P, D Halleson & P Alves SACU, Regional Integration and the Overlap Issue in Southern Africa: From Spaghetti to Cannelloni?, Trade Policy Report Nr. 15. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), 2007, p. 19.
-
(2007)
SACU, Regional Integration and The Overlap Issue In Southern Africa: From Spaghetti to Cannelloni?
, pp. 19
-
-
Draper, P.1
Halleson, D.2
Alves, P.3
-
67
-
-
79960999756
-
-
See communication from the European Commission, Regional Integration for Development in ACP countries, October, accessed 18 April 2011
-
See communication from the European Commission, Regional Integration for Development in ACP countries, October 2008, accessed 18 April 2011, http://europa.eu/legislation-summaries/development/general-development-framework/dv0002-en.htm.
-
(2008)
-
-
-
68
-
-
79960985731
-
-
See the recent interview with the EU Trade Commissioner, December 2010-January, accessed 7 February 2011
-
See the recent interview with the EU Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht, Trade Negotiations Insights, 10, 9, December 2010-January 2011, p. 6, accessed 7 February 2011, http://acp-eu-trade.org/library/files/tni-en-9-10.pdf.
-
(2011)
Trade Negotiations Insights
, vol.10
, Issue.9
, pp. 6
-
-
de Gucht, K.1
-
69
-
-
79956252416
-
Economic partnership agreements: African-EU negotiations continue
-
Khumalo N & F Mulleta 'Economic partnership agreements: African-EU negotiations continue', South African Journal of International Studies, 17, 2, 2010, pp. 209-220.
-
(2010)
South African Journal of International Studies
, vol.17
, Issue.2
, pp. 209-220
-
-
Khumalo, N.1
Mulleta, F.2
-
70
-
-
79960987191
-
-
Note
-
So far, with the exception of the Caribbean, none of the regions have managed to conclude a full EPA.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
79960974160
-
-
A more recent study, also by the AU, on the quantification of scenarios for the rationalisation of RECs in terms of advantages and costs, was presented during the Fifth COMAI held in Tripoli, Libya, in October
-
A more recent study, also by the AU, on the quantification of scenarios for the rationalisation of RECs in terms of advantages and costs, was presented during the Fifth COMAI held in Tripoli, Libya, in October 2010.
-
(2010)
-
-
-
75
-
-
79960990756
-
-
Note
-
See AEC Treaty, Article 1(d).
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
79961012526
-
-
Note
-
See AEC Treaty, Article 6(2).
-
-
-
|