Modelling inhaled particle deposition in the human lung-A review

Journal of Aerosol Science

Volumn 42, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 693-724

  Hofmann, Werner ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

Author keywords

Aerosol; Deposition; Human lung; Inhalation; Modelling

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; BIOLOGICAL ORGANS; IMAGE SEGMENTATION; MODELS; NUMERICAL METHODS; RESPIRATORY MECHANICS; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

DEPOSITION MECHANISM; EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE; HUMAN LUNG; HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT; INHALATION; PARTICLE DEPOSITION EFFICIENCY; PARTICLE DEPOSITION PATTERNS; PARTICLE TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITIONS;

DEPOSITION;

ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; LITERATURE REVIEW; PARTICLE SIZE; PHILOSOPHY; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESPIRATORY DISEASE;

AEROSOL; BRONCHUS; COMPARTMENT MODEL; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; DIFFUSION; HUMAN; INHALATION; LUNG; LUNG LOBE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MORPHOMETRICS; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEDIMENTATION; STOCHASTIC MODEL; VALIDATION STUDY;

EID: 79960984396     PISSN: 00218502     EISSN: 18791964     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.05.007     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Alföldy B., Giechaskiel B., Hofmann W., Drossinos Y. Size-distribution dependent lung deposition of diesel exhaust particles. Journal of Aerosol Science 2009, 40:652-663.
2. Altshuler B. Calculation of regional deposition of aerosol in the respiratory tract. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 1959, 21:257-270.
3. Anjilvel S., Asgharian B. A multiple-path model of particle deposition in the rat lung. Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology 1995, 28:41-50.
4. Asgharian B., Hofmann W., Bergmann R. Particle deposition in a multiple-path model of the human lung. Aerosol Science and Technology 2001, 34:332-339.
5. Asgharian B., Price O.T., Hofmann W. Prediction of particle deposition in the human lung using realistic models of lung ventilation. Journal of Aerosol Science 2006, 37:1209-1221.
6. Balásházy I. Simulation of particle trajectories in bifurcating tubes. Journal of Computational Physics 1994, 110:11-22.
7. Balásházy I., Hofmann W. Particle deposition in airway bifurcations-I. Inspiratory flow. Journal of Aerosol Science 1993, 24:745-772.
8. Balásházy I., Hofmann W. Particle deposition in airway bifurcations-II. Expiratory flow. Journal of Aerosol Science 1993, 24:773-786.
9. Balásházy I., Hofmann W., Farkas A., Madas B.G. Three-dimensional model for aerosol transport and deposition in expanding and contracting alveoli. Inhalation Toxicology 2008, 20:611-621.
10. Balásházy I., Hofmann W., Heistracher T. Computation of local enhancement factors for the quantification of particle deposition patterns in airway bifurcations. Journal of Aerosol Science 1999, 30:185-203.
11. Balásházy I., Hofmann W., Heistracher T. Local particle deposition patterns may play a key role in the development of lung cancer. Journal of Applied Physiology 2003, 1719-1725.
12. Balásházy I., Martonen T.B., Hofmann W. Fiber deposition in airway bifurcations. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 1990, 3:243-260.
13. Balásházy I., Moustafa M., Hofmann W., Szöke, El Hussain A., Ahmed A.R. Simulation of fiber deposition in bronchial airways. Inhalation Toxicology 2005, 17:717-727.
14. Baron P.A., Willeke K. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications 2005, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
15. Beeckmans J.M. The deposition of aerosols in the respiratory tract. I. Mathematical analysis and comparison with experimental data. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1965, 43:157-172.
16. Brand P., Friemel I., Meyer T., Schulz H., Heyder J., Häußinger K. Total deposition of therapeutic particles during spontaneous and controlled inhalations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2000, 89:724-731.
17. Brand P., Rieger C., Schulz H., Beinert T., Heyder J. Aerosol bolus dispersion in healthy subjects. European Respiratory Journal 1997, 10:460-467.
18. Butler J.P., Tsuda A. Effect of convective stretching and folding on aerosol mixing in the deep lung, assessed by approximate entropy. Journal of Applied Physiology 1997, 83:800-809.
19. Cai F.S., Yu C.P. Inertial and interceptional deposition of spherical particles and fibers n a bifurcating airway. Journal of Aerosol Science 1988, 19:679-688.
20. Chan T.L., Lippmann M. Experimental measurements and empirical modelling of the regional deposition of inhaled particles in humans. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1980, 41:399-409.
21. Cheng K.H., Cheng Y.S., Yeh H.C., Guilmette R.A., Simpson S.Q., Yang Y., Swift D.L. In vivo measurements of nasal airway dimensions and ultrafine aerosol deposition in the human nasal and oral airways. Journal of Aerosol Science 1996, 27:785-801.
22. Cheng Y.S. Aerosol deposition in the extrathoracic region. Aerosol Science and Technology 2003, 37:659-671.
23. Choi J.-I., Kim C.S. Mathematical analysis of particle deposition in human lungs: An improved single path transport model. Inhalation Toxicology 2007, 19:925-939.
24. Churg A., Vedal S. Carinal and tubular airway particle concentration in the large airways of nonsmokers in the general population: Evidence for high particle concentration at airway carinas. Occupational Environmental Medicine 1996, 53:553-558.
25. Cohen B.S., Asgharian B. Deposition of ultrafine particles in the upper airways: An empirical analysis. Journal of Aerosol Science 1990, 21:789-797.
26. Cohen B.S., Sussmann R.G., Lippmann M. Ultrafine particle deposition in a human tracheobronchial cast. Aerosol Science and Technology 1990, 12:1082-1091.
27. Comer J.K., Kleinstreuer C., Zhang Z. Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double bifurcation airway models. Part I. Airflow fields. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2001, 435:25-54.
28. Comer J.K., Kleinstreuer C., Zhang Z. Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double bifurcation airway models. Part II. Aerosol transport and deposition. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2001, 435:55-80.
29. Cruz J.C. A combined parallel and series distribution model of inspired inert gases. Respiration Physiology 1991, 86:1-14.
30. Darquenne C., Paiva M. Two- and three-dimensional simulations of aerosol transport and deposition in alveolar zone of human lung. Journal of Applied Physiology 1996, 80:1401-1414.
31. Darquenne C., Brand P., Heyder J., Paiva M. Aerosol dispersion in human lung: Comparison between numerical simulations and experiments for bolus tests. Journal of Applied Physiology 1997, 83:966-974.
32. Darquenne C., Paiva M. One-dimensional simulation of aerosol transport and deposition in the human lung. Journal of Applied Physiology 1994, 77:2889-2898.
33. Egan M.J., Nixon W. A model of aerosol deposition in the lung for use in inhalation dose assessments. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1985, 11:5-17.
34. Farkas Á., Balásházy I. Quantification of particle deposition in a symmetrical tracheobronchial model geometry. Computers in Biology and Medicine 2008, 38:508-518.
35. Farkas Á., Balásházy I., Szöcs K. Characterization of regional and local deposition of inhaled drugs in the respiratory system by computational fluid and particles dynamics methods. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 2006, 19:329-343.
36. Ferron G. The size of soluble aerosol particles as a function of the humidity of the air. Application to the human respiratory tract. Journal of Aerosol Science 1977, 8:251-267.
37. Ferron G., Karg E., Peter J.E. Estimation of deposition of polydisperse hygroscopic aerosol in the human respiratory tract. Journal of Aerosol Science 1993, 24:655-670.
38. Findeisen W. Über das Absetzen kleiner in der Luft suspendierter Teilchen in der menschlichen Lunge bei der Atmung. Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie 1935, 236:367-379.
39. Finlay W. The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols: An Introduction 2001, Academic Press, New York.
40. Fleming J.S., Conway J., Holgate S., Bailey A.G., Martonen T.B. Comparison of methods for deriving aerosol deposition by airway generation from three-dimensional radionuclide imaging. Journal of Aerosol Science 2000, 31:1251-1259.
41. Fleming J.S., Nassim M., Hashish A.H., Bailey A.G., Conway J., Holgate S., Halson P., Moore E., Martonen T.B. Description of pulmonary deposition of radiolabeled aerosol by airway generation using a conceptual three-dimensional model of lung morphology. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 1995, 8:341-356.
42. Foord N., Black A., Walsh M. Regional deposition of 2.5-2.7μm diameter inhaled particles in healthy, male non-smokers. Journal of Aerosol Science 1978, 9:343-357.
43. Friedlander S.K. Smoke, Dust and Haze: Fundamentals of Aerosol Dynamics 2000, Oxford University Press, New York.
44. Fukuchi Y., Cosio M., Murphy B., Engel L.A. Intraregional basis for sequential filling and emptying of the lung. Respiration Physiology 1980, 41:253-266.
45. Garcia G.J.M., Tewksbury E.W., Wong B.A., Kombello J.S. Interindividual variability in nasal filtration as a function of nasal cavity geometry. Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 2009, 22:139-155.
46. Gerrity T.R., Lee P.S., Hass F.J., Marinelli A., Werner P., Lourenco R.V. Calculated deposition of inhaled particles in the airway generations of normal subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology 1979, 47:867-873.
47. Goo J.H., Kim C.S. Theoretical analysis of particle deposition in human lungs considering stochastic variations of airway morphology. Journal of Aerosol Science 2003, 34:585-602.
48. Gradon L., Orlicki D. Deposition of inhaled aerosol particles in a generation of the tracheobronchial tree. Journal of Aerosol Science 1990, 21:3-19.
49. Grant B.J.B., Jones H.A., Hughes J.M.B. Sequence of regional filling during a tidal breath in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 1974, 37:158-165.
50. Grgic B., Finlay W.H., Burnell P.K.P., Heenan A.F. In vitro intersubject and intrasubject deposition measurements in realistic mouth-throat geometries. Journal of Aerosol Science 2004, 35:1025-1040.
51. Haefeli-Bleuer B., Weibel E. Morphometry of the human pulmonary acinus. The Anatomical Record 1988, 220:401-414.
52. Hansen J.E., Ampaya E.P. Human air space shapes, sizes, areas, and volumes. Journal of Applied Physiology 1975, 38:990-995.
53. Hegedüs C.J., Balásházy I., Farkas A. Detailed mathematical description of the geometry of airway bifurcations. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2004, 141:99-114.
54. Heistracher T., Hofmann W. Physiologically realistic models of bronchial airway bifurcations. Journal of Aerosol Science 1995, 26:497-509.
55. Heyder J., Armbruster L., Gebhart J., Grein E., Stahlhofen W. Total deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract for nose- and mouth-breathing. Journal of Aerosol Science 1975, 6:311-328.
56. Heyder J., Blanchard J.D., Feldman H.A., Brain J.D. Convective mixing in human respiratory tract: Estimates with aerosol boli. Journal of Applied Physiology 1988, 64:1273-1278.
57. Heyder J., Gebhart J., Rudolf G., Schiller C.F., Stahlhofen W. Deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract in the size range 0.005-15μm. Journal of Aerosol Science 1986, 17:811-825.
58. Hiller F.C., Mazumder M.K., Wilson J.D., McLeod P.C., Bone R.C. Human respiratory tract deposition using multimodal aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science 1962, 13:337-343.
59. Hinds W.C. Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles 1999, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
60. Hofmann W. Dose calculations for the respiratory tract from inhaled natural radioactive nuclides as a function of age-Part II: Basal cell dose distributions and associated lung cancer risk. Health Physics 1982, 43:31-44.
61. Hofmann W. Mathematical model for the postnatal growth of the human lung. Respiration Physiology 1982, 49:115-129.
62. Hofmann W., Asgharian B. The effect of lung structure on mucociliary clearance and particle retention in human and rat lungs. Toxicological Science 2003, 73:448-456.
63. Hofmann W., Asgharian B., Winkler-Heil R. Modeling intersubject variability of particle deposition in human lungs. Journal of Aerosol Science 2002, 33:219-235.
64. Hofmann W., Balásházy I., Heistracher T. The relationship between secondary flows and particle deposition patterns. Aerosol Science and Technology 2001, 35:958-968.
65. Hofmann W., Bergmann R. Predictions of particle deposition patterns in human and rat airways. Inhalation Toxicology 1998, 10:557-583.
66. Hofmann W., Koblinger L. Monte Carlo modelling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part II: Deposition fractions and their sensitivity to parameter variations. Journal of Aerosol Science 1990, 21:675-688.
67. Hofmann W., Koblinger L. Monte Carlo modelling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part III: Comparison with experimental data. Journal of Aerosol Science 1992, 23:51-63.
68. Hofmann W., Martonen T.B., Graham R.C. Predicted deposition of nonhygroscopic aerosols in the human lung as a function of subject age. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 1989, 2:49-68.
69. Hofmann W., Morawska L., Winkler-Heil R., Moustafa M. Deposition of combustion aerosols in the human respiratory tract: Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data considering nonspherical shape. Inhalation Toxicology 2009, 21:1154-1164.
70. Hofmann W., Pawlak E., Sturm R. Semi-empirical stochastic model of aerosol bolus dispersion in the human lung. Inhalation Toxicology 2008, 20:1059-1073.
71. Hofmann W., Sturm R. Stochastic model of particle clearance in human bronchial airways. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 2004, 17:73-89.
72. Hofmann, W. Sturm, R., & Ahmed, M. (2003), Modeling ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the human respiratory tract. In 15th International Technion Symposium on Particulate Matter and Health. Vienna: Technion Society, pp. 57-65.
73. Hofmann W., Sturm R., Fleming J.S., Conway J.H., Bolt L. Simulation of three-dimensional particle deposition patterns in human lungs and comparison with experimental SPECT data. Aerosol Science and Technology 2005, 39:771-781.
74. Hofmann W., Winkler-Heil R., Balásházy I. The effect of morphological variability on surface deposition densities of inhaled particles in human bronchial and acinar airways. Inhalation Toxicology 2006, 18:809-819.
75. Horsfield K., Cumming G. Morphology of the bronchial tree in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 1968, 24:373-383.
76. Igarashi Y., Yamakawa A., Kim C.K., Ikeda N. Distribution of uranium in human lungs. Radioisotopes 1987, 36:501-504.
77. Ingham D.B. Diffusion of aerosols from a stream flowing through a cylindrical tube. Journal of Aerosol Science 1975, 6:125-132.
78. Ingham D.B. Deposition of aerosol from a stream flowing through a short cylindrical pipe. Journal of Aerosol Science 1984, 15:637-641.
79. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). (1994). Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 66, Annals of ICRP 24, Nos. 1-3. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
80. James A.C. Lung dosimetry. Radon and Its Decay Products in Indoor Air 1988, 259-309. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
81. Kasper G. Dynamics and measurements of smokes, I-Size characterization of nonspherical particles. Aerosol Science & Technology 1982, 1:187-199.
82. Kasper G. Dynamics and measurements of smokes, II-Aerodynamic diameter of chain aggregates in the transition regime. Aerosol Science & Technology 1982, 1:201-215.
83. Kasper G., Shaw D.T. Comparative size distribution measurements on chain aggregates. Aerosol Science & Technology 1983, 2:369-381.
84. Kasper G., Wen H.Y. Dynamics and measurements of smokes, IV-Comparative measurements on submicron chain aggregates with an aerosol centrifuge and an aerodynamic particle sizer APS 33. Aerosol Science & Technology 1984, 3:405-409.
85. Kesavanathan J., Swift D.L. Human nasal passage particle deposition: The effect of particle size, flow rate, and anatomical factors. Aerosol Science and Technology 1998, 28:457-463.
86. Kim C.S., Fisher D.M. Deposition characteristics of aerosol particles in sequentially bifurcating airway models. Aerosol Science and Technology 1999, 31:198-220.
87. Kim C.S., Fisher D.M., Lutz D.J., Gerrity D.R. Particle deposition in bifurcating airway models with varying airway geometry. Journal of Aerosol Science 1994, 25:567-581.
88. Kim C.S., Hu S.C. Regional deposition of inhaled particles in human lungs: Comparison between men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology 1998, 84:1834-1844.
89. Kim C.S., Iglesias A.J. Deposition of inhaled particles in bifurcating airway models: Inspiratory deposition. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 1989, 2:1-14.
90. Kim C.S., Jaques P.A. Respiratory dose of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy adults. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A 2000, 358:2693-2705.
91. Kim C.S., Jaques P.A. Analysis of total respiratory deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in adult subjects at various breathing patterns. Aerosol Science and Technology 2004, 38:525-540.
92. Koblinger L., Hofmann W. Analysis of human lung morphometric data for stochastic aerosol deposition calculations. Physics in Medicine and Biology 1985, 30:541-556.
93. Koblinger L., Hofmann W. Monte Carlo modelling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part I: Simulation of particle transport in a stochastic lung structure. Journal of Aerosol Science 1990, 21:661-674.
94. Landahl H.D. On the removal of airborne droplets by the human respiratory tract. I. The lung. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 1950, 23:43-56.
95. Lazaridis M., Broday D.M., Hov O., Georgopoulos P.G. Integrated exposure and Dose modeling and analysis system. 3. Deposition of inhaled particles in the human respiratory tract. Environmental Science and Technology 2001, 35:3727-3734.
96. Lee D.Y., Lee J.W. Dispersion during exhalation of an aerosol bolus in a double bifurcation. Journal of Aerosol Science 2001, 32:805-815.
97. Lee J.W., Lee D.Y., Kim W.S. Dispersion of an aerosol bolus in a double bifurcation. Journal of Aerosol Science 2000, 31:491-505.
98. Li W., Xiong J.Q., Cohen B.S. The deposition of unattached radon progeny in a tracheobronchial cast as measured with iodine vapour. Aerosol Science and Technology 1998, 28:502-510.
99. Martonen T.B. Analytical model of hygroscopic particle behavior in human airways. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 1982, 44:425-442.
100. Martonen T.B. Measurement of particle dose distribution in a model of a human larynx and tracheobronchial tree. Journal of Aerosol Science 1983, 14:11-22.
101. Martonen T.B. A mathematical model for the selective deposition of inhaled pharmaceuticals. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1993, 82:1191-1199.
102. Martonen T.B., Barnett A.E., Miller F.J. Ambient sulphate aerosol deposition in man: Modeling the influence of hygroscopicity. Environmental Health Perspectives 1985, 63:11-24.
103. Martonen T.B., Graham R.C., Hofmann W. Human subject age and activity level: Factors addressed in a biomathematical deposition program for extrapolation modeling. Health Physics 1989, 57(Suppl. 1):49-59.
104. Martonen T.B., Quan L., Zhang Z., Musante C.J. Flow simulation in the human upper human respiratory tract. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 2002, 37:27-36.
105. Martonen T.B., Zhang Z., Musante C.J. Fine particle deposition within human nasal airways. Inhalation Toxicology 2003, 15:283-303.
106. Martonen T.B., Zhang Z., Yang Y. Particle diffusion from developing flows in rough-walled tubes. Aerosol Science and Technology 1997, 26:1-11.
107. Matida E.A., Finlay W.H., Lange C.F., Grgic B. Improved numerical simulation of aerosol deposition in an idealized mouth-throat. Journal of Aerosol Science 2004, 35:1-19.
108. Melandri C., Tarroni G., Prodi V., De Zaiacomo T., Formignani M., Lombardi C.C. Deposition of charged particles in the human airways. Journal of Aerosol Science 1983, 14:184-186.
109. Ménache M.G., Hofmann W., Asgharian B., Miller F.J. Airway geometry: Models of children's lungs for use in dosimetry modeling. Inhalation Toxicology 2008, 20:101-126.
110. Milic-Emili J., Henderson J.A.M., Dolovich M.B., Trop T., Kaneko K. Regional distribution of inspired gas in the lung. Journal of Applied Physiology 1966, 21:749-759.
111. Mitsakou C., Helmis C., Housiadas C. Eulerian modelling of lung deposition with sectional representation of aerosol dynamics. Journal of Aerosol Science 2005, 36:75-94.
112. Möller W., Meyer G., Scheuch G., Kreyling W., Bennett W.D. Left-to-right asymmetry of aerosol deposition after shallow bolus inhalation depends on lung ventilation. Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 2009, 22:333-339.
113. National Commission of Radiological Protection (NCRP). (1997). Deposition, Retention and Dosimetry of Inhaled Radioactive Substances. NCRP Report No. 125. National Council on Radioprotection and Measurements. NCRP, Bethesda, MD.
114. Nixon W., Egan M.J. Modelling study of regional deposition of inhaled aerosol with special reference to effects of ventilation asymmetry. Journal of Aerosol Science 1987, 18:563-579.
115. Oldham M.J., Mannix R.C., Phalen R.F. Deposition of monodisperse particles in hollow models representing adult and child-size tracheobronchial airways. Health Physics 1997, 72:827-834.
116. Park K., Kittelson D.B., McMurry P.H. Structural properties of diesel exhaust particles measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Relationship between particle mass and mobility. Aerosol Science and Technology 2004, 38:881-889.
117. Parkash O. Lung cancer. A statistical study based on autopsy data from 1928-1972. Respiration 1977, 34:295-304.
118. Phalen R.F., Cuddihy R.G., Fisher G.L., Moss O.R., Schlesinger R.B., Swift D.L., Yeh H.C. Main features of the proposed NCRP respiratory tract model. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1991, 38:179-184.
119. Phalen R.F., Oldham M.J., Beaucage C.B., Crocker T.T., Mortensen J.D. Postnatal enlargement of human tracheobronchial airways and implications for particle deposition. The Anatomical Record 1985, 212:368-380.
120. Pich J. Theory of gravitational deposition of particles from laminar flow in channels. Journal of Aerosol Science 1972, 3:351-361.
121. Pityn P., Chamberlain M.J., King M.E., Morgan W.K. Differences in particle deposition between the two lungs. Respiratory Medicine 1995, 89:15-19.
122. Raabe, O.G., Yeh, H.C., Schum, G.M., & Phalen, R.F. (1976). Tracheobronchial Geometry: Human, Dog, Rat, Hamster. Lovelace Foundation Report LF-53. Albuquerque, NM: Lovelace Foundation.
123. Reist P.C. Aerosol Science and Technology 1993, McGraw-Hill, New York.
124. Robinson R.J., Oldham M.J., Clinkenbeard R.E., Rai P. Experimental and numerical smoke deposition in a multi-generation human replica tracheobronchial model. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2006, 34:373-383.
125. Robinson R.J., Yu C.P. Theoretical analysis of hygroscopic growth rate of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke particles in the human respiratory tract. Aerosol Science and Technology 1998, 28:21-32.
126. Robinson R.J., Yu C.P. Coagulation of cigarette smoke particles. Journal of Aerosol Science 1999, 30:533-548.
127. Robinson R.J., Yu C.P. Deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the human respiratory tract. Aerosol Science and Technology 2001, 34:202-215.
128. Rudolf G., Gebhart J., Heyder J., Schiller C.F., Stahlhofen W. An empirical formula describing aerosol deposition in man for any particle size. Journal of Aerosol Science 1986, 17:350-355.
129. Rudolf G., Köbrich R., Stahlhofen W. Modelling and algebraic formulation of regional aerosol deposition in man. Journal of Aerosol Science 1990, 21(Suppl. 1):S403-S406.
130. Rudolf G., Köbrich R., Stahlhofen W., James A.C. Regional airway deposition in man-a statistical and algebraic model. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 1994, 38(Suppl. 1):1-14.
131. Sarangapani R., Wexler A.S. Modeling aerosol bolus dispersion in human airways. Journal of Aerosol Science 1999, 30:1345-1362.
132. Scheckman J.H., McMurray P.H. Deposition of silica agglomerates in a cast of human lung airways: Enhancement relative to spheres of equal mobility and aerodynamic diameter. Journal of Aerosol Science 2011, 42:508-516.
133. Scherer P.W., Shendalman L.H., Green N.M., Bouhuys A. Measurement of axial diffusivities in a model of the bronchial airways. Journal of Applied Physiology 1975, 38:719-723.
134. Schiller C.F., Gebhart J., Heyder J., Rudolf G., Stahlhofen W. Deposition of monodisperse insoluble aerosol particles in the 0.005-0.2μm size range within the human respiratory tract. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 1988, (Suppl. 1):41-49.
135. Shi H., Kleinstreuer C., Zhang Z. Modeling of inertial particle transport and deposition in human nasal cavities with wall roughness. Journal of Aerosol Science 2007, 38:398-419.
136. Smith J.R.H., Bailey M.R., Etherington G., Shutt A.L., Youngman M.J. Effect of particle size on slow particle clearance from the bronchial tree. Experimental Lung Research 2008, 34:287-312.
137. Smith S., Cheng Y.S., Yeh H.C. Deposition of ultrafine particles in human tracheobronchial airways of adults and children. Aerosol Science and Technology 2001, 35:697-709.
138. Stahlhofen W. Human lung clearance following bolus inhalation of radioaerosols. Extrapolation of Dosimetric Relationships for Inhaled Particles and Gases 1989, 153-166. Academic Press, San Diego. J.D. Crapo, E.D. Smolko, F.J. Miller, J.A. Graham, A.W. Hayes (Eds.).
139. Stahlhofen W., Gebhart J., Heyder J. Experimental determination of the regional deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1980, 41:385-398.
140. Stahlhofen W., Rudolf G., James A.C. Intercomparison of experimental regional aerosol deposition data. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 1989, 2:285-308.
141. Stahlhofen W., Scheuch G., Bailey M.R. Investigations of retention of inhaled in the human bronchial tree. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1995, 60:311-319.
142. Sturm R., Hofmann W. Stochastic simulation of alveolar particle deposition in lungs affected by different types of emphysema. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 2004, 17:357-372.
143. Subramaniam R.P., Asgharian B., Freijer J.I., Miller F.J., Anjilvel S. Analysis of lobar differences in particle deposition in the human lung. Inhalation Toxicology 2003, 15:1-21.
144. Takano N., Nishida N., Itoh M., Hyo N., Mayima Y. Inhaled particle deposition in unsteady-state respiratory flow at a numerically constructed model of the human larynx. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 2006, 19:314-328.
145. Taulbee D.B., Yu C.P. A theory of aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract. Journal of Applied Physiology 1975, 38:77-85.
146. Taulbee D.B., Yu C.P., Heyder J. Aerosol transport in the human lung from analysis of single breaths. Journal of Applied Physiology 1978, 44:803-812.
147. Tippe A., Tsuda A. Recirculating flow in an expanding alveolar model: Experimental evidence of flow-induced mixing of aerosol in the pulmonary acinus. Journal of Aerosol Science 1999, 31:979-986.
148. Tsuda A., Henry F.S., Butler J.P. Chaotic mixing of alveolated duct flow in rhythmically expanding pulmonary acinus. Journal of Applied Physiology 1995, 79:1055-1063.
149. Tsuda A., Henry F.S., Butler J.P. Gas and erosol mixing in the acinus. Journal of Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2008, 163:139-149.
150. Tsuda A., Rogers R.A., Hydon P.E., Butler J.P. Chaotic mixing deep in the lung. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2002, 99:10173-10178.
151. Tu K.W., Knutson E.O. Total deposition of ultrafine hydrophobic and ygroscopic erosol in the human respiratory system. Aerosol Science and Technology 1984, 3:453-465.
152. Veeze P. Rationale and Methods of Early Detection in Lung Cancer 1986, Van Gorcum, Assen, NL.
153. Wang C.S. Gravitational deposition of particles from laminar flows in inclined channels. Journal of Aerosol Science 1975, 6:191-204.
154. Weibel E.R. The Morphometry of the Human Lung 1963, Academic Press, New York.
155. Wen H.Y., Kasper G. Dynamics and measurements of smokes, III-Drag and orientation of chain aggregates in an electrical mobility spectrometer. Aerosol Science & Technology 1984, 3:397-403.
156. Williams M.M.R., Loyalka S.K. Aerosol Science: Theory and Practice 2000, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
157. Winkler-Heil, R., & Hofmann, W. (2009). Inter- and intra-lobar deposition of inhaled particles. In Proceedings of the European Aerosol Conference 2009, Karlsruhe, Abstract T101A01.
158. Yeh H.C., Schum G.M. Models of the human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 1980, 42:461-480.
159. Yu C.P., Cohen B.S. Tracheobronchial airway deposition. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 1994, 38(Suppl. 1):83-89.
160. Yu C.P., Diu C.K. A probabilistic model for intersubject deposition variability of inhaled particles. Aerosol Science and Technology 1982, 1:335-362.
161. Yu C.P., Nicolaides P., Soong T.T. Effect of random airway sizes on aerosol deposition. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1979, 40:999-1005.
162. Zhang L., Asgharian B., Anjilvel S. Inertial deposition of particles in the human upper airway system. Aerosol Science and Technology 1997, 26:97-110.
163. Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C. Transient airflow structures and particle transport in a sequentially branching lung airway model. Physics of Fluids 2002, 14:862-880.
164. Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C.S. Flow structure and particle transport in a triple bifurcation model. Journal of Fluids Engineering 2001, 123:320-330.
165. Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C.S. Computational analysis of micron-particle deposition in a human triple bifurcation airway model. Computational Methods in Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering 2002, 5:135-147.
166. Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C.S. Aerosol deposition efficiencies and upstream release positions for different inhalation models in an upper bronchial airway model. Aerosol Science and Technology 2002, 36:828-844.
167. Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C.S. Micro-particle transport and deposition in a human oral airway model. Journal of Aerosol Science 2002, 33:1635-1652.
168. Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C.S. Airflow and nanoparticle deposition in a 16-generation tracheobronchial airway model. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2008, 36:2095-2110.
169. Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C.S. Comparison of analytical and CFD models with regard to micron particle deposition in a human 16-generation tracheobronchial airway model. Journal of Aerosol Science 2009, 40:16-28.