How do phytophthora spp. de bary kill trees?

New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science

Volumn 41, Issue SUPPL., 2011, Pages 26-37

  Davison, Elaine M ^a  

^a CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cankers; Carbon starvation; Fine root necrosis; Hydraulic failure; Xylem invasion

Indexed keywords

CELL DEATH; FORESTRY;

CANKERS; CARBON STARVATION; FINE ROOTS; HYDRAULIC FAILURE; XYLEM INVASION;

PLANTS (BOTANY);

CARBON BALANCE; DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; PATHOGEN; ROOT; TREE; XYLEM;

ALNUS; PHYTOPHTHORA; PHYTOPHTHORA ALNI; PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI; PHYTOPHTHORA QUERCINA; PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM; QUERCUS;

EID: 79960941794     PISSN: 00480134     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Baines, R. C. (1939). Phytophthora trunk canker or collar rot of apples trees. Journal of Agricultural Research, 59, 159-184.
2. Balcí, Y., & Halmschlager, E. (2003). Phytophthora species in oak ecosystems in Turkey and their association with declining trees. Plant Pathology, 52, 694-702.
3. Batini, F. E., & Hopkins, E. R. (1972). Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands- a root pathogen of the jarrah forest. Australian Forestry, 36, 57-68.
4. Blaschke, H. (1994). Decline symptoms on roots of Quercus robur. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 24, 386-398.
5. Bloomberg, W. J., & Hall, A. A. (1986). Effects of laminated root rot on relationships between stem growth and root-system size, morphology, and spatial distribution in Douglas-fir. Forest Science, 32, 202-219.
6. Brasier, C. M., Robredo, F., & Ferraz, J. F. P. (1993). Evidence for Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline. Plant Pathology, 42, 140-145.
7. Broadbent, P., Barkley, M. B., Sriskanthadas, M., & Kaldor, C. J. (1996). Susceptibility of low chill peach rootstocks to Phytophthora spp. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 36, 111-116.
8. Brown, A. V., & Brasier, C. M. (2007). Colonization of tree xylem by Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora species. Plant Pathology, 56, 227-241.
9. Browne, G. T., & Viveros, M. A. (1999). Lethal cankers caused by Phytophthora spp. In almond scions: specific etiology and potential inoculums sources. Plant Disease, 83, 739-745.
10. Burgess, T., McComb, J., Hardy, G., & Colquhoun, I. (1998). Influence of low oxygen levels in aeroponics chambers on eucalypt roots infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Disease, 82, 368-373.
11. Cahill, D. M., Grant, B., & Weste, G. M. (1985). How does Phytophthora cinnamomi kill a susceptible eucalypt? Australasian Plant Pathology, 14, 59-60.
12. Cahill, D. M., Grant, B., & Weste, G. M. (1986). Changes in cytokinin concentrations in xylem extrudate following infection of Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Plant Physiology, 81, 1103-1109.
13. Campbell, W. A. (1949). Relative abundance of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the root zones of healthy and littleleaf-diseased shortleaf pine. Phytopathology, 39, 752-753.
14. Collins, B. R., Parke, J. L., Lachenbruch, B., & Hansen, E. M. (2009). The effects of Phytophthora ramorum infection on hydraulic conductivity and tylosis formation in tanoak sapwood. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39, 1766-1776.
15. Crombie, D. S., & Tippett, J. T. (1990). A comparison of water relations, visual symptoms, and changes tin stem girth for evaluating impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback on Eucalyptus marginata. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20, 233-240.
16. Crandall, B. S. (1948). Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot of avocados under tropical conditions. Phytopathology, 38, 123-129.
17. Davison, E. M. (1994). Role of environment in dieback of jarrah: effects of waterlogging on jarrah and Phytophthora cinnamomi, and infection of jarrah by P. cinnamomi. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 77, 123-126.
18. Davison, E. M., Stukely, M. J. C., Crane, C. E., & Tay, F. C. S. (1991). Phytophthora cinnamomi is a vascular pathogen of some woody plants. 8th Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference, Sydney, October 7-11, 1991.
19. Davison, E. M., Stukely, M. J. C., Crane, C. E., & Tay, F. C. S. (1994). Invasion of phloem and xylem of woody stems and roots of Eucalyptus marginata and Pinus radiata by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Phytopathology, 84, 335-340.
20. Davison, E. M., & Tay, F. C. S. (1985). The effect of waterlogging on seedlings of Eucalyptus marginata. New Phytologist, 101, 743-753.
21. Davison, E. M., & Tay, F. C. S. (1986). The effect of aeration on colony diameter, sporangium production and zoospore germination of Phytophthora cinnamomi. New Phytologist, 103, 735-744.
22. Davison, E. M., & Tay, F. C. S. (1987). The effect of waterlogging on infection of Eucalyptus marginata seedlings by Phytophthora cinnamomi. New Phytologist, 105, 585-594.
23. Davison, E. M., & Tay, F. C. S. (1989). Phenology of Eucalyptus marginata on sites infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of Botany, 37, 193-206.
24. Davison, E. M., & Tay, F. C. S. (1995a). Predictions of where minimal damage to jarrah roots could result in tree death. New Phytologist, 131, 393-401.
25. Davison, E. M., & Tay, F. C. S. (1995b). Damage to surface roots of Eucalyptus marginata trees at sites infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of Botany, 43, 527-536.
26. Dawson, P., & Weste, G. (1982). Changes in water relations associated with infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of Botany, 30, 393-400.
27. Dawson, P., & Weste, G. (1984). Impact of root infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi on the water relations of two Eucalyptus species that differ in susceptibility. Phytopathology, 74, 486-490.
28. Day, W. R. (1938). Root-rot of sweet chestnut and beech caused by species of Phytophthora. I. Cause and symptoms of disease: its relation to soil conditions. Forestry, 12, 101-116.
29. Deacon, J. W., & Donaldson, S. P. (1993). Molecular recognition in the homing responses of zoosporic fungi, with special reference toPythium and Phytophthora. MycologicalResearch, 97, 1153-1171.
30. Dell, B., & Wallace, I. M. (1981). Recovery of Phytophthora cinnamomi from naturally infected jarrah roots. Australasian Plant Pathology, 10, 1-2.
31. Devergne, J-C., Bonnet, P., Panabières, F., Blein, J-P., & Ricci, P. (1992). Migration of the fungal protein cryptogein within tobacco plants. Plant Physiology, 99, 843-847.
32. Drew, M. C. (1992). Soil aeration and plant root metabolism. Soil Science, 154, 259-268.
33. Drew, M. C. (1997). Oxygen deficiency and root metabolism: injury and acclimation underhypoxia and anoxia. Annual Review of PlantPhysiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 48, 223-250.
34. Duniway, J. M. (1975). Formation of sporangia by Phytophthora drechsleri in soil at high matric potentials. Canadian Journal of Botany, 53, 1270-1275.
35. Else, M. A., Taylor, J. M., & Atkinson, C. J. (2006). Antitranspirant activity in xylem sap from flooded tomato (Lycopersicon exculentum Mill.) plants in not due to pH-mediated redistribution of root-or shoot-sourced ABA. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 3349-3357.
36. Erwin, D. C., & Ribeiro, O. K. (1996). Phytophthora diseases worldwide. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: APS Press.
37. Ewers, F. W., McManus, P. S., Goldman, A., Gucci, R., & Fulbright, D. W. (1989). The effect of virulent and hypovirulent strains of Endothia parasitica on hydraulic conductance in American chestnut. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67, 1402-1407.
38. Federation of British Plant Pathologists (1973). A guide to the use of terms in plant pathology. (Phytopathological Papers No. 17). Kew, Surry, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
39. Fleischmann, F., Koehl, J., Beltrame, A. B., & Oßwald, W. (2005). Physiological changes of Fagus sylvatica seedlings infected with Phytophthora citricola and the contribution of this elicitin "citricolin" to pathogenesis. Plant Biology, 7, 650-658.
40. Froelich, R. C., Cowling, E. B., Collicott, L. V., & Dell, T. R. (1977). Fomes annonsus reduces height and diameter growth of planted slash pine. Forest Science, 23, 299-306.
41. Gabor, B. K., & Coffey, M. K. (1991). Comparison of rapid methods for evaluating resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in avocado rootstocks. Plant Disease, 75, 118-120.
42. Gallego, F. J., Perez de Algaba, A., Fernandez-Escobar, R. (1999). Etiology of oak decline in Spain. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 29, 17-27.
43. Gerrish, G. (1990). Relating carbon allocation patterns to tree senescence in Metrosideros forests. Ecology, 71, 1176-1184.
44. Gibbs, J. N., Lipscombe, M. A., & Peace, A. J. (1999). The impact of phytophthora disease on riparian populations of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) in southern Britain. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 29, 39-50.
45. Grant, B. R., Ebert, D., & Gayler, K. R. (1996). Elicitins: proteins in search of a role? Australasian Plant Pathology, 25, 148-157.
46. Greslebin, A. G., & Hansen, E. M. (2010). Pathogenicity of Phytophthora austrocedrae on Austrocedrus chilensis and it relation with mal del ciprés in Patagonia. Plant Pathology, 59, 604-612.
47. Hardy, G. E. St.J., Colquhoun, I. J., & Nielsen, P. (1996). The early development of disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla growing in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas. Plant Pathology, 45, 944-954.
48. Hodges, C. S., Adee, K. T., Stein, J. D., Wood, H. B., & Doty, R. D. (1986). Decline of ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) in Hawaii: a review. (General Technical Report PSW-86). Berkeley, California, USA: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
49. Houston, D. R. (1987). Forest tree declines of past and present: current understanding. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 9, 349-360.
50. Ioannou, N., & Grogan, R. G. (1984). Water requirements for sporangium formation by Phytophthora parasitica in relation to bioassay in soil. Plant Disease, 68, 1043-1048.
51. Jackson, M. B. (2002). Long-distance signalling from roots to shoots assessed: the flooding story. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 175-181.
52. Jensen, D. (1986). Lost plants. Oikos, 46, 129-131.
53. Jönsson, U. (2004). Phytophthora species and oak decline - can a weak competitor cause significant root damage in a nonsterilized acidic forest soil?. New Phytologist, 162, 211-222.
54. Jung, T. (2009). Beech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction between Phytophthora infections and climatic extremes. Forest Pathology, 39, 73-94.
55. Jung, T., & Blaschke, H. (2004). Phytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria: distribution, modes of spread and possible management strategies. Plant Pathology, 53, 197-208.
56. Jung, T., Blaschke, H., & Neumann, P. (1996). Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species from declining oak stands. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 26, 253-272.
57. Jung, T., & Blaschke, H. (1995). Phytophthora root rot in declining forest trees. In Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Bioindication of Forest Site Pollution: Development of Methodology and Training - BIOFOSP (TEMPUS M-JEP 04667), Ljubljana, Slovenia, August, 22-31. (pp. 153-157).
58. Jung, T., Blaschke, H., & Oßwald, W. (2000). Involvement of soilborne Phytophthora species in Central European oak decline and the effect of site factors on the disease. Plant Pathology, 49, 706-718.
59. Kamoun, S. (2006). A catalogue of the effector secretome of plant pathogenic Oomycetes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44, 41-60.
60. Kamoun, S., Young, M., Glascock, C. B., & Tyler, B. M. (1993). Extracellular protein elicitors from Phytophthora: host-specificity and induction of resistance to bacterial and fungal phytopathogens. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 6, 15-25.
61. Kozlowski, T. T. (1986). Soil aeration and growth of forest trees. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 1, 113-123.
62. Malajczuk, N., McComb, A. J., & Parker, C. A. (1977). Infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands of roots of Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. and Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Sm. Australian Journal of Botany, 25, 483-500.
63. Manion, P. D. (1981). Tree disease concepts. New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.
64. Manter, D. K., Kelsey, R. G., & Karchesy, J. J. (2007). Photosynthetic declines in Phytophthora ramorum-infected plants develop prior to water stress and in response to exogenous application of elecitins. Phytopathology, 97, 850-856.
65. Marks, G. C., Fagg, P. C., & Kassaby, F. Y. (1975). The distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi in forests of Easetern Gippsland, Victoria. Australian Journal of Botany, 23, 263-275.
66. Marks, G. C., Kassaby, F. Y., & Reynolds, S. T. (1972). Die-back in the mixed hardwood forests of eastern Victoria: a preliminary report. Australian Journal of Botany, 20, 141-154.
67. Maurel, M., Robin, C., Simonneau, T., Loustau, D., Dreyer, E., & Deprez-Loustau, M-L. (2004). Stomatal conductance and root-to-shoot signalling in chestnust saplings exposed to Phytophthora cinnamomi or partial soil drying. Functional Plant Biology, 31, 41-51.
68. McDowell, N., Pockman, W. T., Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D., Cobb, N., Kolb, T., Plaut, J., Sperry, J., West, A., Williams, D. G., & Yepez, E. A. (2008). Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytologist, 178, 719-739.
69. McManus, P. S., Ewers, F. W., & Fulbright, D. W. (1989). Characterization of the chestnut blight canker and the localization and isolation of the pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67, 3600-3607.
70. McManus, P. S., & Ewers, F. W. (1990). The effect of Cryphonectria parasitica on water relations of American chestnut. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 36, 461-470.
71. Mezzetti, B., Capasso, R., Evidente, A., Hammerschlag, F. A., Zimmerman, R. H., Cristinzio, G., & Rosati, P. (1994). Interaction of partially purifies phytotoxins from Phytophthora cactorum on apple cell plasma membrane. Journal of Phytopathology, 142, 219-226.
72. Mitchell, D. J., & Zentmyer, G. A. (1971). Effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions on sporangium and oospore formation by Phytophthora spp. Phytopathology, 61, 807-812.
73. Moralejo, E., García-Muñoz, J. A., & Descals, E. (2009). Susceptiblity of Iberian trees to Phytophthora ramorum and P. cinnamomi. Plant Pathology, 58, 271-283.
74. Mueller-Dombois, D., Canfield, J. E., Holt, R. A., & Buelow, G. P. (1983). Tree-group death in North American and Hawaiian forests: a pathological problem or a new problem for vegetation ecology? Phytocoenologia, 11, 117-137.
75. Newhook, F. J. (1959). The association of Phytophthora spp. with mortality of Pinus radiata and other conifers. I. Symptoms and epidemiology in shelterbelts. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2, 808-843.
76. Parke, J. L., Oh, E., Voelker, S., Hansen, E. M, Buckles, G., & Lachenbruch, B. (2007). Phytophthora ramorum colonizes tanoak xylem and is associated with reduced stem water transport. Phytopathology, 97, 1558-1567.
77. Portela, E., Aranha, J., Martins, A., & Pires, A. L. (1999). Soil factors, farmer's practices and chestnut ink disease: some interactions. Acta Horticulturae, 494, 433-441.
78. Pate, J. S., Jeschke, W. D., & Aylward, M. J. (1995). Hydraulic architecture and xylem structure of the dimorphic root systems of south-west Australian species of Proteaceae. Journal of Experimental Botany, 46, 907-915.
79. Podger, F. D., Doepel, R. F., & Zentmyer, G. A. (1965). Association of Phytophthora cinnamomi with a disease of Eucalyptus marginata forest in Western Australia. Plant Disease Reporter, 49, 943-947.
80. Pratt, B. H., & Heather, W. A. (1973). The origin and distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands in Australian native plant communities and the significance of its association with particular plant species. Australian Journal of biological Science, 26, 559-573.
81. Rands, R. D. (1922). Streepkanker van kaneel, veroorzaakt door Phytophthora cinnamomi n. sp. Mededeelingen van het Instituut voor Plantenziekten, 54, 1-53.
82. Ricci, P., Trentin, F., Bonnet, P., Venard, P, Mouton-Perronnet, F., & Bruneteau, M. (1992). Differential production of parasiticein, an elicitor of necrosis and resistance in tobacco, by isolates of Phytophthora parasitica. Plant Pathology, 41, 298-307.
83. Rizzo, D. M., Garbelotto, M., Davidson, J. M., Slaughter, G. W., & Koike, S. T. (2002). Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California. Plant Disease, 86, 205-214.
84. Robin, C. (1992). Trunk inoculations of Phytophthora cinnamomi in red oaks. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 22, 157-165.
85. Robin, C., & Desprez-Loustau, M-L. (1998) Testing variability in pathogenicity of Phytophthora cinnamomi. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104, 465-475.
86. Shaw, C. G. III & Toes, E. H. A. (1977). Impact of Dothistroma needle blight and Armillaria root rot on diameter growth of Pinus radiata. Phytopathology, 67,1319-1323.
87. Shea, S. R., & Dell, B. (1981). Structure of the surface root system of Eucalyptus marginata Sm. and its infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Australian Journal of Botany, 29, 49-58.
88. Shea, S.R., Gillen, K. J., & Leppard, W. I. (1980). Seasonal variation in population levels of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands in soil in diseased, freely-drained Eucalyptus marginata Sm sites in the northern jarrah forest of south-western Australia. Protection Ecology, 2, 135-156.
89. Shea, S. R., Shearer, B., & Tippett, J. (1982). Recovery of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands from vertical roots of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Sm). Australasian Plant Pathology, 11, 25-28.
90. Shearer, B. L., Shea, S. R., & Fairman, R. G. (1981). Infection of the stem and large roots of Eucalyptus marginata by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australasian Plant Pathology, 10, 2-3.
91. Shearer, B. L., & Tippett, J. T. (1989). Jarrah dieback: the dynamics and management of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of south-western Australia. (Bulletin No. 3). Perth, Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management.
92. Shigo, A. L. (1985). Wounded forests, starving trees. Journal of Forestry, 83, 668-673.
93. Smit, B. A., Neuman, D. S., & Stachowiak, M. L. (1989). Root hypoxia reduces leaf growth. Role of factors in the transpiration stream. Plant Physiology, 92, 1021-1028.
94. Smith, B. J., Shearer, B. L., & Sivasithamparam, K. (1997). Compartmentalization of Phytophthora cinnamomi in stems of highly susceptible Banksia brownii treated with phosphonate. Mycological Research, 101, 1101-1107.
95. Stolzy, L. H., Zentmyer, G. A., Klotz, L. J., & Labanauskas, C. K. (1966). Oxygen diffusion, water, and Phytophthora cinnamomi in root decay and nutrition of avocados. American Society for Horticultural Science, 90, 67-76.
96. Tainter, F. H., O'Brien, J. G., Hernández, A., Orozco, F., & Rebolledo, O. (2000). Phytophthora cinnamomi as a cause of oak mortality in the state of Colima, Mexico. Plant Disease, 84, 394-398.
97. Tippett, J. T., & Hill, T. C. (1984). Role of periderm in resistance of Eucalyptus marginata roots against Phytophthora cinnamomi. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 14, 431-439.
98. Tippett, J. T., Hill, T. C., & Shearer, B. L. (1985). Resistance of Eucalyptus spp. to invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of Botany, 31, 409-418.
99. Tippett, J. T., Shea, S. R., Hill, T. C., & Shearer, B. L. (1983). Development of lesions caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the secondary phloem of Eucalyptus marginata. Australian Journal of Botany, 31, 197-210.
100. Utkhede, R. S., & Quamme, H. A. (1988). Use of excised shoot assay to evaluate resistance to Phytophthora cactorum of apple rootstock cultivars. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 68, 851-857.
101. Vettraino, A. M., Barzanti, P., Bianco, M. C. Ragazi, A, Capretti, P., Paoletti, E, Luisi, N, Anselmi, N, & Vannini, A. (2002). Occurrence of Phytophthora species in oak stands in Italy and their association with declining oak trees. Forest Pathology, 32, 19-28.
102. Vettraino, A. M., Belisario, A., Maccaroni, M., & Vannini, A. (2003). Evaluation of root damage to English walnut caused by five Phytophthora species. Plant Pathology, 52, 491-495.
103. Wager, V. A. (1942). Phytophthora cinnamomi and wet soil in relation to the dying-back of avocado trees. Hilgardia, 14, 519-531.
104. Weste, G. (1980). Vegetation changes as a result of invasion of forest on krasnozem by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of Botany, 28, 139-150.
105. Weste, G., & Cahill, D. (1982). Changes in root tissue associated with infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 103, 97-108.
106. Weste, G. M., & Taylor, P. (1971). The invasion of native forest by Phytophthora cinnamomi. I. Brisbane Ranges, Victoria. Australian Journal of Botany, 19, 281-294.
107. Woodward, J. R., Keane, P. J., & Stone, B. A. (1980). Structures and properties of wilt-inducing polysaccharides from Phytophthora species. Physiological Plant Pathology, 16, 439-454.
108. Zentmyer, G. A. (1980). Phytophthora cinnamomi and the diseases it causes. Monograph No. 10. St. Paul, MI, USA: American Phytopathological Society.
109. Zentmyer, G. A., & Thorn, W. A. (1967). Hosts of Phytophthora cinnamomi. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 51, 177-186.