Rational approach to treatment options for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

Epilepsia

Volumn 52, Issue SUPPL. 5, 2011, Pages 10-20

  Montouris, Georgia D ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Childhood epilepsia; Lennox Gastaut syndrome; Treatment

Indexed keywords

CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOBAZAM; CLONAZEPAM; CLORAZEPATE; DIAZEPAM; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; FELBAMATE; LAMOTRIGINE; LORAZEPAM; NITRAZEPAM; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; RUFINAMIDE; TOPIRAMATE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VALPROIC ACID; ZONISAMIDE;

ABSENCE; ADD ON THERAPY; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ANEMIA; ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; ATONIC SEIZURE; BRAIN SURGERY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COMMON COLD; CORPUS CALLOSOTOMY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FOCAL EPILEPSY; GRAND MAL SEIZURE; HUMAN; KETOGENIC DIET; LENNOX GASTAUT SYNDROME; LIVER FAILURE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MYOCLONIC ASTATIC EPILEPSY; MYOCLONUS SEIZURE; NONHUMAN; NYSTAGMUS; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEIZURE THRESHOLD; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; TERATOGENICITY; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; TONIC SEIZURE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URTICARIA; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANTICONVULSANTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; CORPUS CALLOSUM; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY; HUMANS; KETOGENIC DIET; MENTAL RETARDATION; MULTICENTER STUDIES AS TOPIC; SPASMS, INFANTILE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION;

EID: 79960934316     PISSN: 00139580     EISSN: 15281167     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03178.x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Aldenkamp AP, Alpherts WC,. (2006) The effect of the new antiepileptic drug rufinamide on cognitive functions. Epilepsia 47: 1153-1159. (Pubitemid 44086750)
2. Aldenkamp AP, Majoie HJ, Berfelo MW, Evers SM, Kessels AG, Renier WO, Wilmink J,. (2002) Long-term effects of 24-month treatment with vagus nerve stimulation on behaviour in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsy Behav 3: 475-479. (Pubitemid 35460418)
3. Arzimanoglou A, French J, Blume WT, Cross JH, Ernst J-P, Feucht M, Genton P, Guerrini R, Kluger G, Pellock JM, Perucca E, Wheless JW,. (2009) Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a consensus approach on diagnosis, assessment, management, and trial methodology. Lancet Neurol 8: 82-93.
4. Ben-Menachem E, Hellström K, Waldton C, Augustinsson LE,. (1999) Evaluation of refractory epilepsy treated with vagus nerve stimulation for up to 5 years. Neurology 52: 1265-1267. (Pubitemid 29177932)
5. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde Boas W, Engel J, French J, Glauser TA, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, Nordli D, Plouin P, Scheffer IE,. (2010) Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 51: 676-685.
6. Bernaskova K, Mares P,. (2010) Similar effects of lamotrigine and phenytoin against cortical epileptic foci in immature rats. Physiol Res 59: 113-119.
7. Bilo L, Meo R,. (2008) Polycystic ovary syndrome in women using valproate: a review. Gynecol Endocrinol 24: 562-570.
8. Blume WT,. (2003) Diagnosis and management of epilepsy. CMAJ 168: 441-448. (Pubitemid 36255732)
9. Camfield P, Camfield C,. (2002) Epileptic syndromes in childhood: clinical features, outcomes, and treatment. Epilepsia 43 (Suppl. 3): 27-32. (Pubitemid 34633695)
10. Casteel C, Martin SL, Smith JB, Gurka KK, Kupper LL,. (2008) National study of physical and sexual assault among women with disabilities. Inj Prev 14: 87-90.
11. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. (1989) Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 30: 389-399.
12. Conry JA, Ng Y-T, Paolicchi JM, Kernitsky L, Mitchell WG, Ritter FJ, Collins SD, Tracy K, Kormany WN, Abdulnabi R, Riley B, Stolle J,. (2009) Clobazam in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia 50: 1158-1166.
13. Covanis A, Gupta AK, Jeavons PM,. (1982) Sodium valproate: monotherapy and polytherapy. Epilepsia 23: 693-720. (Pubitemid 13184215)
14. Dodson WE,. (1993) Felbamate in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: results of a 12-month open-label study following a randomized clinical trial. Epilepsia 34 (Suppl. 7): S18-S24. (Pubitemid 24000780)
15. Donaldson JA, Glauser TA, Olberding LS,. (1997) Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). Epilepsia 38: 68-73.
16. Dreifuss FE, Langer DH, Moline KA, Maxwell JE,. (1989) Valproic acid hepatic fatalities. II. US experience since 1984. Neurology 39 (2 pt 1): 201-207. (Pubitemid 19059304)
17. Dulac O, N'Guyen T,. (1993) The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia 34 (Suppl. 7): S7-S17. (Pubitemid 24000779)
18. Engel J Jr,. (2006) ILAE classification of epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Res 70 (Suppl. 1): S5-S10.
19. Ensrud KE, Blackwell TL, Mangione CM, Bowman PJ, Whooley MA, Bauer DC, Schwartz AV, Hanlon JT, Nevitt MC,; the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. (2002) Central nervous system-active medications and risk for falls in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 50: 1629-1637. (Pubitemid 35192533)
20. Freeman JM, Vining EP, Kossoff EH, Pyzik PL, Ye X, Goodman SN,. (2009) A blinded, crossover study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 50: 322-325.
21. French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, Abou-Khalil B, Browne T, Harden CL, Theodore WH, Bazil C, Stern J, Schachter SC, Bergen D, Hirtz D, Montouris GD, Nespeca M, Gidal B, Marks WJ Jr, Turk WR, Fischer JH, Bourgeois B, Wilner A, Faught RE Jr, Sachdeo RC, Beydoun A, Glauser TA,. (2004a) Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment of refractory epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 62: 1261-1273. (Pubitemid 38526036)
22. French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, Abou-Khalil B, Browne T, Harden CL, Theodore WH, Bazil C, Stern J, Schachter SC, Bergen D, Hirtz D, Montouris GD, Nespeca M, Gidal B, Marks WJ Jr, Turk WR, Fischer JH, Bourgeois B, Wilner A, Faught RE Jr, Sachdeo RC, Beydoun A, Glauser TA,. (2004b) Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 62: 1252-1260. (Pubitemid 38526035)
23. Frost M, Gates J, Helmers SL, Wheless JW, Levisohn P, Tardo C, Conry JA,. (2001) Vagus nerve stimulation in children with refractory seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia 42: 1148-1152. (Pubitemid 32947934)
24. Fulton JP,. (1999) New guidelines for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Med Health R I 82: 110-111.
25. Genant HK, Cooper C, Poor G, Reid I, Ehrlich G, Kanis J, Nordin BE, Barrett-Connor E, Black D, Bonjour J-P, Dawson-Hughes B, Delmas PD, Dequeker J, Eis SR, Gennari C, Johnell O, Johnston CC Jr, Lau EM, Liberman UA, Lindsay R, Martin TJ, Masri B, Mautalen CA, Meunier PJ, Miller PD, Mithal A, Morii H, Papapoulos S, Woolf A, Yu W, Khaltaev N,. (1999) Interim report and recommendations of the World Health Organization task-force for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 10: 259-264. (Pubitemid 29476187)
26. Glauser TA,. (2004) Following catastrophic epilepsy patients from childhood to adulthood. Epilepsia 45 (Suppl. 5): 23-26. (Pubitemid 39056298)
27. Glauser TA, Levisohn PM, Ritter F, Sachdeo RC,; the Topiramate YL Study Group. (2000) Topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: open-label treatment of patients completing a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia 41 (Suppl. 1): S86-S90. (Pubitemid 30202349)
28. Glauser T, Kluger G, Sachdeo R, Krauss G, Perdomo C, Arroyo S,. (2008) Rufinamide for generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology 70: 1950-1958.
29. Guberman AH, Besag FM, Brodie MJ, Dooley JM, Duchowny MS, Pellock JM, Richens A, Stern RS, Trevathan E,. (1999) Lamotrigine-associated rash: risk/benefit considerations in adults and children. Epilepsia 40: 985-991. (Pubitemid 29316055)
30. Hancock EC, Cross HH,. (2009) Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003277 DOI:.
31. Harden CL,. (2000) Therapeutic safety monitoring: what to look for and when to look for it. Epilepsia 41 (Suppl. 8): S37-S44.
32. Horner-Johnson W, Drum CE,. (2006) Prevalence of maltreatment of people with intellectual disabilities: a review of recently published research. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 12: 57-69. (Pubitemid 43238125)
33. Josephson SA,. (1998) Antiepileptic drugs lead to bone loss in men. In, Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, (Eds) Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, pp. 2498-2512.
34. Ketter TA, Post RM, Theodore WH,. (1999) Positive and negative psychiatric effects of antiepileptic drugs in patients with seizure disorders. Neurology 53 (Suppl. 2): S53-S67. (Pubitemid 29442167)
35. Kostov K, Kostov H, Taubøll E,. (2010) Long-term vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsy Behav 16: 321-324.
36. Liang S, Li A, Zhao M, Jiang H, Yu S, Meng X, Sun Y,. (2010) Epilepsy surgery in tuberous sclerosis complex: emphasis on surgical candidate and neuropsychology. Epilepsia 51: 2316-2321.
37. Mahmoudian T, Iranpour R, Messri N,. (2005) Serum lipid levels during carbamazepine therapy in epileptic children. Epilepsy Behav 6: 257-259. (Pubitemid 40247162)
38. McNamara JO,. (2005) Pharmacotherapy of the epilepsies. In, Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, (Eds) Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, pp. 501-526.
39. Morrell MJ,. (2003) Reproductive and metabolic disorders in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia 44 (Suppl. 4): 11-20. (Pubitemid 36842172)
40. Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JFV, Barrera MN, Mullens EL, Manasco P,; the Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. (1997) Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med 337: 1807-1812. (Pubitemid 28006785)
41. Oguni H, Olivier A, Andermann F, Comair J,. (1991) Anterior callosotomy in the treatment of medically intractable epilepsies: a study of 43 patients with a mean follow-up of 39 months. Ann Neurol 30: 357-364.
42. Pellock JM, Faught E, Leppik IE, Shinnar S, Zupanc ML,. (2006) Felbamate: consensus of current clinical experience. Epilepsy Res 71: 89-101. (Pubitemid 44416200)
43. Perucca E, Gram L, Avanzini G, Dulac O,. (1998) Antiepileptic drugs as a cause of worsening seizures. Epilepsia 39: 5-17. (Pubitemid 28116836)
44. Perucca E, Cloyd J, Critchley D, Fuseau E,. (2008) Rufinamide: clinical pharmacokinetics and concentration-response relationships in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 49: 1123-1141. (Pubitemid 351991401)
45. Pylvänen V, Pakarinen A, Knip M, Isojärvi J,. (2006) Insulin-related metabolic changes during treatment with valproate in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 8: 643-648.
46. Rättyä J, Turkka J, Pakarinen AJ, Knip M, Kotila MA, Lukkarinen O, Myllylä VV, Isojärvi JI,. (2001) Reproductive effects of valproate, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine in men with epilepsy. Neurology 56: 31-36. (Pubitemid 32059648)
47. Ropper AH, Samuels MA,. (2009) Epilepsy and other seizure disorders. In, Ropper AH, Samuels MA, (Eds) Adams and Victor's principles of neurology. 9th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, pp. 271-301.
48. Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, Reife R, Lim P, Pledger G,; the Topiramate YL Study Group. (1999) A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology 52: 1882-1887. (Pubitemid 29260904)
49. Sakaki T, Nakase H, Morimoto T, Hoshida T, Tsunoda S,. (1991) Partial corpus callosotomy beneficial for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: report of two cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 31: 226-232.
50. Schmitz B,. (2006) Effects of antiepileptic drugs on mood and behavior. Epilepsia 47 (Suppl. 2): 28-33. (Pubitemid 44684616)
51. Sheth RD,. (2004) Metabolic concerns associated with antiepileptic medications. Neurology 63 (Suppl. 4): S24-S29. (Pubitemid 39532360)
52. Sheth RD, Harden CL,. (2007) Screening for bone health in epilepsy. Epilepsia 48 (Suppl. S9): 39-41. (Pubitemid 350198228)
53. Sillanpaa M, Jalava M, Kaleva O, Shinnar S,. (1998) Long-term prognosis of seizures with onset in childhood. N Engl J Med 338: 1715-1722. (Pubitemid 28268587)
54. Swinyard EA, Sofia RD, Kupferberg HJ,. (1986) Comparative anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of felbamate and four prototype antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats. Epilepsia 27: 27-34. (Pubitemid 16165746)
55. The Felbamate Study Group in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. (1993) Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). N Engl J Med 328: 29-33.
56. Valmadrid C, Voorhees C, Litt B, Schneyer CR,. (2001) Practice patterns of neurologists regarding bone and mineral effects of antiepileptic drug therapy. Arch Neurol 58: 1369-1374. (Pubitemid 32845987)
57. Valsamis HA, Arora SK, Labban B, McFarlane SI,. (2006) Antiepileptic drugs and bone metabolism. Nutr Metab (Lond) 3: 36. Published online: 6-Sep-2006; doi:.
58. van Rijckevorsel K,. (2008) Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: overview and recent findings. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 4: 1001-1019.
59. Wheless JW, Clarke DF, Carpenter D,. (2005) Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: expert opinion, 2005. J Child Neurol 20 (Suppl. 1): S1-S56. (Pubitemid 43230877)
60. Wheless JW, Clarke DV, Arzimanoglou A, Carpenter D,. (2007) Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: European expert opinion, 2007. Epileptic Disord 9: 353-412. (Pubitemid 351147653)
61. White HS, Franklin MR, Kupferberg HJ, Schmutz M, Stables JP, Wolf HH,. (2008) The anticonvulsant profile of rufinamide (CGP 33101) in rodent seizure models. Epilepsia 49: 1213-1220. (Pubitemid 351991388)
62. Wiebe S, Camfield P, Jetté N, Burneo JG,. (2009) Epidemiology of epilepsy: prevalence, impact, comorbidity and disparities. Can J Neurol Sci 36 (Suppl. 2): S7-S16.
63. Working Group of the International Association of the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disability. (2001) Clinical guidelines for the management of epilepsy in adults with an intellectual disability. Seizure 10: 401-409.
64. Yagi K,. (2004) Overview of Japanese experience-controlled and uncontrolled trials. Seizure 13 (Suppl. 1): S11-S15. (Pubitemid 39420014)
65. You SJ, Kang H-C, Kim HD, Lee HS, Ko T-S,. (2008) Clinical efficacy of zonisamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Korean multicentric experience. Brain Dev 30: 287-290. (Pubitemid 351343864)
66. You SJ, Lee JK, Ko TS,. (2007) Epilepsy surgery in a patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and cortical dysplasia. Brain Dev 29: 167-170. (Pubitemid 46240693)