Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the elderly based on administrative databases: Change in immunization habit as a marker for bias

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 7, 2011, Pages

  Hottes, Travis S ^a   Skowronski, Danuta M ^a,b   Hiebert, Brett ^c   Janjua, Naveed Z ^a,b   Roos, Leslie L ^c   van Caeseele, Paul ^d   Law, Barbara J ^e   de Serres, Gaston ^f,g  

^a BRITISH COLUMBIA CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^d CADHAM PROVINCIAL LABORATORY   (Canada)

^e PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^f INSTITUT NATIONAL DE SANTÉ PUBLIQUE DU QUÉBEC   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INFLUENZA VACCINE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE;

ACUTE RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; AGED; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA BASE; DRUG EFFICACY; ELDERLY CARE; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEASONAL INFLUENZA; CANADA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLUENZA; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; RISK; SEASON; STATISTICS; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CANADA; DATABASES AS TOPIC; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; IMMUNIZATION; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; MALE; ODDS RATIO; SEASONS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79960821234     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022618     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Schonberger LB, Arden NH, Cox NJ, et al. (1998) Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution. J Infect Dis 178: 53-60.
2. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, et al. (2003) Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA 289: 179-86.
3. Long PH, (1964) Recommendations for influenza immunization and control: 1964-1965. Med Times 92: 1203-5.
4. Govaert TM, Thijs CT, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, et al. (1994) The efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. JAMA 272: 1661-5.
5. Rudenko LG, Arden NH, Grigorieva E, Naychin A, Rekstin A, et al. (2000) Immunogenicity and efficacy of Russian live attenuated and US inactivated influenza vaccines used alone and in combination in nursing home residents. Vaccine 19: 308-18.
6. Praditsuwan R, Assantachai P, Wasi C, Puthavatana P, Kositanont U, (2005) The efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination among Thai elderly persons living in the community. J Med Assoc Thai 88: 256-64.
7. Petrie JG, Ohmit SE, Johnson E, Cross RT, Monto AS, (2011) Efficacy studies of influenza vaccines: effect of end points used and characteristics of vaccine failures. J Infect Dis 203: 1309-15.
8. Foster DA, Talsma A, Furumoto-Dawson A, Ohmit SE, Margulies JR, et al. (1992) Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalization for pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 136: 296-307.
9. Fedson DS, Wajda A, Nicol JP, Hammond GW, Kaiser DL, et al. (1993) Clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccination in Manitoba. JAMA 270: 1956-61.
10. Mullooly JP, Bennett MD, Hornbrook MC, Barker WH, Williams WW, et al. (1994) Influenza vaccination programs for elderly persons: cost-effectiveness in a health maintenance organization. Ann Intern Med 121: 947-52.
11. Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wuorenma J, Von Sternberg T, (1994) The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 331: 778-84.
12. Fleming DM, Watson JM, Nicholas S, Smith GE, Swan AV, (1995) Study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the elderly in the epidemic of 1989-90 using a general practice database. Epidemiol Infect 115: 581-9.
13. Ohmit SE, Monto AS, (1995) Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalization among the elderly during influenza type A and type B seasons. Int J Epidemiol 24: 1240-8.
14. Puig-Barbera J, Marquez-Calderon S, Masoliver-Fores A, Lloria-Paes F, Ortega-Dicha A, et al. (1997) Reduction in hospital admissions for pneumonia in non-institutionalised elderly people as a result of influenza vaccination: a case-control study in Spain. J Epidemiol Community Health 51: 526-30.
15. Nichol KL, Wuorenma J, Von Sternberg T, (1998) Benefits of influenza vaccination for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk senior citizens. Arch Intern Med 158: 1769-76.
16. Nichol KL, Baken L, Nelson A, (1999) Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med 130: 397-403.
17. Nichol KL, (1999) Complications of influenza and benefits of vaccination. Vaccine 17: S47-S52.
18. Schade CP, McCombs MA, (2000) Influenza immunization and mortality among diabetic Medicare beneficiaries in West Virginia. W V Med J 96: 444-8.
19. Nordin J, Mullooly J, Poblete S, Strikas R, Petrucci R, et al. (2001) Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalizations and deaths in persons 65 years or older in Minnesota, New York, and Oregon: data from 3 health plans. J Infect Dis 184: 665-70.
20. Vu T, Farish S, Jenkins M, Kelly H, (2002) A meta-analysis of effectiveness of influenza vaccine in persons aged 65 years and over living in the community. Vaccine 20: 1831-6.
21. Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J, Lask R, Fillbrandt K, et al. (2003) Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med 348: 1322-32.
22. Shapiro Y, Shemer J, Heymann A, Shalev V, Maharshak N, et al. (2003) Influenza vaccination: reduction in hospitalizations and death rates among members of "Maccabi Healthcare Services" during the 2000-2001 influenza season. Isr Med Assoc J 5: 706-8.
23. Voordouw BC, van der Linden PD, Simonian S, van der LJ, Sturkenboom MC, et al. (2003) Influenza vaccination in community-dwelling elderly: impact on mortality and influenza-associated morbidity. Arch Intern Med 163: 1089-94.
24. Mangtani P, Cumberland P, Hodgson CR, Roberts JA, Cutts FT, et al. (2004) A cohort study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in older people, performed using the United Kingdom general practice research database. J Infect Dis 190: 1-10.
25. Hak E, Buskens E, van Essen GA, de Bakker DH, Grobbee DE, et al. (2005) Clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccination in persons younger than 65 years with high-risk medical conditions: the PRISMA study. Arch Intern Med 165: 274-80.
26. Wang ST, Lee LT, Chen LS, Chen TH, (2005) Economic evaluation of vaccination against influenza in the elderly: an experience from a population-based influenza vaccination program in Taiwan. Vaccine 23: 1973-80.
27. Spaude KA, Abrutyn E, Kirchner C, Kim A, Daley J, et al. (2007) Influenza vaccination and risk of mortality among adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 167: 53-9.
28. Vila-Corcoles A, Rodriguez T, de Diego C, Ochoa O, Valdivieso A, et al. (2007) Effect of influenza vaccine status on winter mortality in Spanish community-dwelling elderly people during 2002-2005 influenza periods. Vaccine 25: 6699-707.
29. Christenson B, Pauksen K, Sylvan SP, (2008) Effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in elderly persons in years of low influenza activity. Virol J 5: 52.
30. Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, Mullooly JP, Hak E, (2007) Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med 357: 1373-1381.
31. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Al Ansary LA, Ferroni E, Thorning S, et al. (2010) Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD004876.
32. Hak E, Verheij TJ, Grobbee DE, Nichol KL, Hoes AW, (2002) Confounding by indication in non-experimental evaluation of vaccine effectiveness: the example of prevention of influenza complications. J Epidemiol Community Health 56: 951-5.
33. Simonsen L, Taylor RJ, Viboud C, Miller MA, Jackson LA, (2007) Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing controversy. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 658-66.
34. Simonsen L, Reichert TA, Viboud C, Blackwelder WC, Taylor RJ, et al. (2005) Impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the US elderly population. Arch Intern Med 165: 265-72.
35. Jackson LA, Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Neuzil KM, Weiss NS, (2006) Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors. Int J Epidemiol 35: 337-44.
36. Jackson LA, Nelson JC, Benson P, Neuzil KM, Reid RJ, et al. (2006) Functional status is a confounder of the association of influenza vaccine and risk of all cause mortality in seniors. Int J Epidemiol 35: 345-52.
37. Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Weiss NS, Neuzil KM, Barlow W, et al. (2008) Influenza vaccination and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent elderly people: a population-based, nested case-control study. Lancet 372: 398-405.
38. Eurich DT, Marrie TJ, Johnstone J, Majumdar SR, (2008) Mortality reduction with influenza vaccine in patients with pneumonia outside "flu" season: pleiotropic benefits or residual confounding? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178: 527-33.
39. Statistics Canada, (2002) 2001 Census Dictionary. Ottawa. Report No.: Statistics Canada Catalogue Number 92-378-XIE.
40. Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Harris R, Coffey R, (1998) Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data. Medical Care 36: 8-27.
41. Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, Hinman AR, Marks JS, et al. (1985) Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Bull WHO 63: 1055-68.
42. Newgard CD, Hedges JR, Arthur M, Mullins RJ, (2004) Advanced statistics: the propensity score-a method for estimating treatment effect in observational research. Acad Emerg Med 11: 953-61.
43. Sturmer T, Joshi M, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Rothman KJ, et al. (2006) A review of the application of propensity score methods yielded increasing use, advantages in specific settings, but not substantially different estimates compared with conventional multivariable methods. J Clin Epidemiol 59: 437-47.
44. Kwong JC, Rosella LC, Johansen H, (2007) Trends in influenza vaccination in Canada, 1996/1997 to 2005. Statistics Canada Health Reports 18: 1-11.
45. Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Dickinson JA, Petric M, Mak A, et al. (2009) Component-specific effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine monitored through a sentinel surveillance network in Canada, 2006-07. J Infect Dis 199: 168-79.
46. Baxter R, Lee J, Fireman B, (2010) Evidence of bias in studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness in elderly patients. J Infect Dis 201: 186-9.
47. Greenland S, (2000) An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists. Int J Epidemiol 29: 722-9.
48. Groenwold RH, Hak E, Klungel OH, Hoes AW, (2010) Instrumental variables in influenza vaccination studies: mission impossible?! Value Health 13: 132-7.
49. Sturmer T, Glynn RJ, Rothman KJ, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S, (2007) Adjustments for unmeasured confounders in pharmacoepidemiologic database studies using external information. Med Care 45: S158-S165.
50. Robins JM, Hernán MA, Brumback B, (2000) Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology 11: 550-60.
51. Fireman B, Lee J, Lewis N, Bembom O, van der LM, et al. (2009) Influenza vaccination and mortality: differentiating vaccine effects from bias. Am J Epidemiol 170: 650-6.