Work stress and health behaviors: A work-life balance issue

Work-Life Balance: A Psychological Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 185-216

  Jones, Fiona ^a   Kinman, Gail ^b   Payne, Nicola ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^c MIDDLESEX UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960747447     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203536810     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Aiken, G. J., and McCance, C. (1982). Alcohol consumption in offshore rig workers. British Journal of Addiction, 77(3), 305-310.
2. Alcohol Concern (2003). Alcohol and the work place: A European comparative study on preventive and supporting measures for problem drinkers in their working environment. London: Alcohol Concern.
3. Alexander, D. A., and Walker, L. G. (1994). A study of methods used by Scottish police officers to cope with work-induced stress. Stress Medicine, 10(2), 131-138.
4. Alterman, T., Shekelle, R. B., Vernon, S. W., and Burau, K. D. (1994). Decision latitude, psychologic demand, job strain, and coronary heart disease in the Western Electric Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 139(6), 620-627.
5. Ames, G. M., and Janes, C. R. (1992). A cultural approach to conceptualising alcohol and the workplace. Alcohol Health Research World, 16(2), 112-119.
6. Aspinwall, L. G., and Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417-436.
7. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2000). Australian social trends 2000: health risk factors: trends in smoking. Retrieved 26 October 2004 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/7EB80C48627DD3B1CA256A7100188A5D?Open.
8. Barling, J. (1989). Employment, stress and family functioning. London: Wiley
9. Baron, R. M., and Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
10. Bertera, R. L. (1991). The effects of behavioral risks on absenteeism and health-care costs in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 55(11), 1119-1124.
11. Bhattacherjee, A., Chau, N., Sierra, C. O., Legras, B., Benamghar, L., Michaely, J. P., Ghosh, A. K., Guillemin, F., Ravaud, J. F., and Mur, J. M. (2003). Relationships of job and some individual characteristics to occupational injuries in employed people: a community-based study. Journal of Occupational Health, 45(6), 382-391.
12. Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W., Paffenbarger, R. S., Clark, D. G., Cooper, K. H., and Gibbons, L. W. (1989). Physical fitness and all cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(17), 2395-2401.
13. Blum, T. C., Roman, P. M., and Martin, J. K. (1993). Alcohol consumption and work performance. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 54(1), 61-70.
14. BMA (1993). The morbidity and mortality of the medical profession. London: BMA.
15. Bonaiuti, D., Shea, B., Iovine, R., Negrini, S., Robinson, V., Kemper, H. C., Wells, G., Tugwell, P., and Cranney, A. (2002). Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD000333.
16. Bray, R. M., Fairbank, J. A., and Marsden, M. E. (1999). Stress and substance use among military women and men. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(2), 239-256.
17. Bromet, E. J., Dew, M. A., Parkinson, D., and Schulbcrg, H. (1988). Predictive effects of occupational and marital stress on the mental health of a male workforce. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(1), 1-13.
18. Bromet, E. J., Dew, M. A., and Parkinson, D. K. (1990). Spillover between work and family: a study of blue collar working women. In J. Eckenrode and S. Gore (eds), Stress Between Work and Family (pp. 133-152). New York: Plenum Press.
19. Brown, D. (2004). About obesity: incidence, prevalence and co-morbidity. Retrieved 11 October 2004 from http://www.obesity.chair.ulaval.ca/IOTF.htm
20. Brownson, R. C., Baker, E. A., Housemann, R. A., Brennan, L. K., and Bacak, S. J. (2001). Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 97(12), 1995-2003.
21. Bruning, N. S., and Frew, D. R. (1987). Effects of exercise, relaxation, and management skills training on physiological stress indicators: a field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4), 515-521.
22. Bush, D. M., and Autry, J. H. (2002). Substance abuse in the workplace: epidemiology, effects, and industry response. Occupational Medicine, 17(1), 13-25.
23. Cameron, C., Craig, C. L., Stephens, T., and Ready, T. A. (2002). Increasing physical activity: Supporting an active workforce. Ottawa: Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Institute.
24. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., and Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283.
25. Centers for Disease Control (2004). Smoking prevalence among U.S. adults. Retrieved 26 October 2004 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/researchdata/adults_prev/prevali.htm
26. Cohen, S., Schwartz, J. E., Bromet, E. J., and Parkinson, D. K. (1991). Mental health, stress, and poor health behaviors in two community samples. Preventative Medicine, 20(2), 306-315.
27. Collins, D. J., and Lapsley, H. M. (1996). The social costs of drug abuse in Australia in 1988 and 1992. Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health.
28. Conner, M., and Armitage, C. J. (2002). The social psychology of food. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
29. Conner, M., Fitter, M., and Fletcher, W. (1999). Stress and snacking: a diary study of daily hassles and between-meal snacking. Psychology and Health, 14, 51-63.
30. Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., Frone, M. R., and Mudar, P. (1992). Stress and alcohol use: moderating effects of gender, coping, and alcohol expectancies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(1), 139-152.
31. Corsun, D. L., and Young, C. A. (1998). An occupational hazard: alcohol consumption among hospitality managers. Marriage and Family Review, 28(1/2), 187-212.
32. Cox, T. (1997). Work place health promotion. Work and Stress, 11(1), 1-5.
33. Craig, C. L., and Cameron, C. (2004). Increasing physical activity: assessing trends from 1998-2004. Ottawa: Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Institute.
34. Crum, R. M., Muntaner, C., Eaton, W. W., and Anthony, J. C. (1995). Occupational stress and the risk of alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19(3), 647-655.
35. Davis, K. E., Jackson, K. L., Kronenfeld, J. J., and Blair, S. N. (1987). Determinants of participation in worksite health promotion activities. Health Education Quarterly, 14(2), 195-205.
36. Dugan, S., Lloyd, B., and Lucas, K. (1999). Stress and coping as determinants of adolescent smoking behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 870-888.
37. Elo, A.-L., and Leppanen, A. (1999). Efforts of health promotion teams to improve the psychosocial work environment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(2), 87-94.
38. Erben, R., Franzkowiak, P., and Wenzel, E. (1992). Assessment of the outcomes of health intervention. Social Science and Medicine, 35(4), 359-365.
39. Erfurt, J. C., Foote, A., and Heirich, M. A. (1991). Worksite wellness programs: incremental comparison of screening and referral alone, health education, follow-up counseling, and plant organization. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5(6), 438-448.
40. Eriksen, M. P., and Gottlieb, N. H. (1998). A review of the health impact of smoking control in the workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion, 13(2), 83-104.
41. Folkman, S., and Lazarus, R. (1988). Manual for the ways of coping questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
42. Frone, M. R. (1999). Work stress and alcohol use. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(4), 284-291.
43. Frone, M. R. (2000). Work-family conflict and employee psychiatric disorders: the national comorbidity survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 888-895.
44. Frone, M. R., Russell, M., and Cooper, M. L. (1993). Relationship of work-family conflict, gender, and alcohol expectancies to alcohol use/abuse. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(6), 545-558.
45. Frone, M. R., Barnes, G. M., and Farrell, M. P. (1994). Relationship of work- family conflict to substance use among employed mothers: the role of negative affect. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(4), 1019-1030.
46. Frone, M. R., Russell, M., and Cooper, M. L. (1997) Relation of work-family conflict to health outcomes: a four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 325-336.
47. Greeley, J., and Oei, T. (1999). Alcohol and tension reduction. In K. E. Leonard and H. T. Blane (eds), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (2nd edn). London: Guilford Press.
48. Green, K. L., and Johnson, J. V. (1990). The effects of psychosocial work organization on patterns of cigarette smoking among male chemical plant employees. American Journal of Public Health, 50(11), 1368-1371.
49. Greenberg, E. S., and Grunberg, L. (1995). Work alienation and problem alcohol behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 83-102.
50. Greeno, C. G., and Wing, R. R. (1994). Stress-induced eating. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 444-464.
51. Grieger, T. A., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., and Reeves, J. J. (2003). Acute stress disorder, alcohol use, and perception of safety among hospital staff after the sniper attacks. Psychiatric Services, 54(10), 1383-1387.
52. Griffin, K. W., Friend, R., Eitel, P., and Lobel, M. (1993). Effects of environmental demands, stress and mood on health practices. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(6), 643-661.
53. Grunberg, L., Moore, S., Anderson-Connolly, R., and Greenberg, E. (1999). Work stress and self-reported alcohol use: the moderating role of escapist reasons for drinking. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(1), 29-36.
54. Grzywacz, J. G., and Marks, N. F. (2000). Family, work, work-family spillover and problem drinking during midlife. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(2), 336-348.
55. Hagihara, A. K., Tarumi, K., and Nobutomo, K. (2001). A signal detection approach to the combined effects of work stressors on alcohol consumption. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(6), 798-805.
56. Harris, M., and Heft, L. (1992). Alcohol and drug use in the workplace: issues, controversies and directions for future research. Journal of Management, 18(2), 239-266.
57. Harwood, H. (2000). Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States: Estimates, update methods and data. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
58. Havlovic, S. J., and Keenan J. P. (1991). Coping with work stress: the influence of individual differences. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(7), 199-212.
59. HEA (1992). Allied Dunbar national fitness survey. London: Sports Council and Health Education Authority.
60. Heaney, C. A. (2003). Worksite health promotion interventions: targets for change and strategies for attaining them. In J. C. Quick and T. L. E. (eds), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 305-323). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
61. Hellerstedt, W. L., and Jeffery, R. W. (1997). The association of job strain and health behaviors in men and women. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(3), 575-583.
62. Hemmingsson, T., and Lundberg, I. (1998). Work control, work demands, and work social support in relation to alcoholism among young men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 921-927.
63. Herman, C. P., and Polivy, J. (1975). Anxiety, restraint and eating behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84(6), 666-672.
64. Heslop, P., Davey-Smith, G., Carroll, D., Macleod, J., Hyland, F., and Hart, C. (2001). Perceived stress and coronary heart disease risk factors: the contribution of socio-economic position. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 167-178.
65. Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., and Schaefer, J. A. (1996). Coping, stress resistance and growth: conceptualizing adaptive functioning. In M. Zeidner and N. S. Endler (eds), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 24-43). New York: Wiley.
66. Ingledew, D. K., Hardy, L., Cooper, C. L., and Jemal, H. (1996). Health behaviors reported as coping strategies: a factor analytic study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 1(3), 263-281.
67. Jaffee, L., Lutter, J. M., Rex, J., Hawkes, C., and Bucaccio, P. (1999). Incentives and barriers to physical activity for working women. American Journal of Health Promotion, 13(4), 215-218.
68. Janes, C. R., and Ames, G. (1989). Men, blue collar work and drinking: alcohol use in an industrial subculture. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13(3), 245-274.
69. Johansson, G., Johnson, J. V., and Hall, E. M. (1991). Smoking and sedentary behavior as related to work organization. Social Science and Medicine, (7), 837-846.
70. Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude and mental strain: implications for job design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-308.
71. Karasek, R., and Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
72. Karasek, R., Gardell, B., and Lindell, J. (1987). Work and non-work correlates of illness and behavior in male and female Swedish white collar workers. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 8, 187-207.
73. Kassel, J. A., Stroud, L. R., and Paronis, C. A. (2003). Smoking, stress, and negative affect: correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 270-304.
74. Kirkcaldy, B. D., and Cooper, C. L. (1993). The relationship between work stress and leisure style: British and German managers. Human Relations, 46(5), 669-680.
75. Koval, J. J., and Pederson, L. L. (1999). Stress-coping and other psychosocial risk factors: a model for smoking in grade 6 students. Addictive Behaviors, 24(2), 207-218.
76. Laitinen, J., Ek, E., and Sovio, U. (2002). Stress-related eating and drinking behavior and body mass index and predictors of this behavior. Preventive Medicine, 34, 29-39.
77. Lallukka, T., Sarlio-Lahteenkorva, S., Roos, E., Laaksonen, M., Rahkonen, O., and Lahelma, E. (2004). Working conditions and health behaviors among employed women and men: the Helsinki Health Study. Preventive Medicine, 38(1), 48-56.
78. Landsbergis, P. A., Schnall, P. L., Deitz, D. K., Warren, K., Pickering, T. G., and Schwarz, J. E. (1998). Job strain and health behaviors: results of a prospective study. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(4), 237-245.
79. Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Coping theory and research: past, present and future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 234-247.
80. Lazarus, R. S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
81. Lazarus, R. S., and Folkman, S. (1989). Manual for the hassles and uplifts scale. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
82. Leigh, J. P., and Jiang, W. Y. (1993). Liver cirrhosis deaths within occupations and industries in the California occupational mortality study. Addiction, 88, 767-779.
83. Leonard, K. E., and Rothbard, J. C. (1999). Alcohol and the marriage effect. Journal of Studies in Alcohol Supplement, 13, 139-146.
84. Long, B. C., and Flood, K. R. (1993). Coping with work stress: psychological benefits of exercise. Work and Stress, 7(2), 109-119.
85. Loughlin, K. A., and Kayson, W. A. (1990). Alcohol consumption and self-reported drinking-related problem behaviors as related to sex, work environment, and level of education. Psychological Reports, 67(3), 1323-1328.
86. Macdonald, S., Wells, S., and Wild, C. T. (1999). Occupational risk factors associated with alcohol and drug problems. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(4), 351-369.
87. Marshall, M. P. (2003). For better or for worse? The effects of alcohol use on marital functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1), 959-997.
88. Matano, R. A., Futa, K. T., Wanat, S. F., Mussman, L. M., and Leung, C. W. (2000). The employee stress and alcohol project: the development of a computer-based alcohol abuse prevention program for employees. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 27(20), 152-165.
89. Melamed, S., Kushnir, T., Strauss, E., and Vigiser, D. (1997). Negative association between reported life events and cardiovascular disease risk factors in employed men: the Cordis study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43(3), 247-258.
90. Metcalfe, C., Davey-Smith, G., Sterne, J. A. C., Heslop, P., Macleod, J., and Hart, C. (2003). Frequent job change and associated health. Social Science and Medicine, 56(1), 1-15.
91. Mokdad, A. H., Bowman, B. A., Ford, E. S., Vinicor, F., Marks, J. S., and Koplan, J. P. (2001). The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(10), 1195-1200.
92. Moore, S., Grunberg, L., and Greenberg, E. (2000). The relationships between alcohol problems and well-being, work attitudes, and performance: are they monotonic? Journal of Substance Abuse, 11(2)? 183-204.
93. Muraven, M., and Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 2000(126), 247-259.
94. Mutrie, N. (2000). The relationship between physical activity and clinically defined depression. In S. J. H. Biddle, K. R. Fox and S. H. Boutcher (eds), Physical activity and psychological well-being (pp. 42-62). London: Routledge.
95. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity (2000). Overweight, obesity and health risk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(1), 898-904.
96. Neale, D. J. (1993). Work-based alcohol risks in Alberta: an assessment. Alberta: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.
97. Ng, D. M., and Jeffery, R. W. (2003). Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviors in a sample of working adults. Health Psychology, 22(6), 638-642.
98. Nowack, K. M., and Pentkowski, A. M. (1994). Lifestyle habits, substance use and predictors of job burnout in professional working women. Work and Stress, 8(1), 19-35.
99. Nusbaumer, M. R., and Reiling, D. M. (2002). Environmental influences on alcohol consumption practices of alcoholic beverage servers. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(A), 733-742.
100. O’Donnell, M. (1986). Definition of health promotion. Part II: Levels of programs. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1(2), 6-9.
101. Overgaard, D., Gyntelberg, F., and Heitmann, B. L. (2004). Psychological workload and body weight: is there an association? A review of the literature. Occupational Medicine - Oxford, 54(1), 35-41.
102. Parrott, A. C. (1999). Does cigarette smoking cause stress? American Psychologist, 54(10), 817-820.
103. Payne, N. (2002). The determinants of health behaviours in employees: the impact of work stressors and other predictors. Unpublished thesis, University of Hertfordshire.
104. Payne, N., Jones, F., and Harris, P. (2002). The impact of working life on health behavior: the effect of job strain on the cognitive predictors of exercise. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(4), 342-353.
105. Payne, N., Jones, F., and Harris, P. R. (2005). The impact of job strain on the predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour: An investigation of exercise and healthy eating. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 115-131.
106. Pearlin, L., and Schooler, C., (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2-21.
107. Peersman, G., Harden, A., and Oliver, S. (1998). Effectiveness of health promotion interventions in the workplace: A review. London. Health Educational Authority.
108. Petersen S., and Peto, V. (2004). Smoking statistics. London: British Heart Foundation. Retrieved 26 October 2004 from http://www.heartstats.org/datapage.asp?id=3916
109. Plant, M. A. (1979). Occupations and alcohol related problems. British Journal of Alcohol and Alcoholism, 14(3), 119-120.
110. Plant, M. L., Plant, M. A., and Foster, J. (1991). Alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use amongst nurses: a Scottish study. Drug and Alcohol Dependency, 28(2), 195-202.
111. Ragland, D. R., Greiner, B. A., Yen, I., and Fisher, J. (2000). Occupational stress factors and alcohol-related behavior in urban-transit operators. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(1), 1011-1019.
112. Reed, D. M., LaCroix, A. Z., Karasek, R. A., Miller, D., and MacLean, C. E. (1989). Occupational strain and the incidence of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129, 495-502.
113. Richmond, R. L., Kehoe, L., Hailstone, S., Wodak, A., and Uebel-Yan, M. (1999). Quantitative and qualitative evaluations of brief interventions to change excessive drinking, smoking and stress in the police force. Addiction, 94(10), 1509-1521.
114. Rickards, L., Fox, K., Roberts, C., Fletcher, L., and Goddard, E. (2004). Living in Britain: Results from the 2002 General Household Survey. Norwich: HMSO.
115. Rodgers, L. M. (1998). A five year study comparing early retirements on medical grounds in ambulance personnel with those in other groups of health service staff. Part II: Causes of retirements. Occupational Medicine, 48(2), 119-132.
116. Roman, P. M., and Blum, T. C. (2002) The workplace and alcohol problem prevention. Alcohol Research and Health, 26(1), 49-57.
117. Rose, G., Bengtsson, C., Dimberg, L., Kumlin, L., Eriksson, B., and Group, C. P. (1998). Life events, mood, mental strain and cardiovascular risk factors in Swedish middle aged men. Data from the Swedish part of the Renault/Volvo Coeur Study. Occupational Medicine, 48, 329-336.
118. Rose, J. E., Ananda, S., and Jarvik, M. E. (1983). Cigarette smoking during anxiety- provoking and monotonous tasks. Addictive Behaviors, 5(4), 353-359.
119. Rospenda, K. M. (2002). Workplace harassment, services utilization, and drinking outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(2), 141-155.
120. Roxburgh, S. (1998). Gender differences in the effect of job stressors on alcohol consumption. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 101-107.
121. Schachter, S., Goldman, R., and Gordon, A. (1968). Effects of fear, food deprivation and obesity on eating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 91-97.
122. Schreurs, P. J. G., Winnubst, J. A. M., and Cooper, A. (1996). Workplace health programmes. In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst and A. Cooper (eds), Handbook of work and health psychology (pp. 463-481). Chichester: Wiley.
123. Shiffman, S., Paty, J. A., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. A., and Hickcox, M. (1996). First lapses to smoking: within-subjects analysis of real-time reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 366-379.
124. Shiffman, S., Gwaltney, C. J., Balabanis, M. H., Liu, K. S., Paty, J. A., Kassel, J. D., Hickcox, M., and Gnys, M. (2002). Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 531-545.
125. Single, E., Robson, L., Xie, X., and Rehm, J. (1998). The economic costs of alcohol, tobacco and drugs in Canada, 1992. Addiction, 93, 991-1006.
126. Snow, D. L., Swan, S. C., and Wilton, L. (2002) A workplace coping skills intervention to prevent alcohol abuse. In J. Bennett and W. E. K. Lehman (eds), Preventing workplace substance abuse: Beyond drug testing to wellness (pp. 57-96). Washington, DC: APA.
127. Staines, G. L. (1980). Spillover versus compensation: a review of the literature on the relationship between work and non-work. Human Relations, 33, 111-129.
128. Stetson, B. A., Rahn, J. M., Dubbert, P. M., Wilner, B. I., and Mercury, M. G. (1997). Prospective evaluation of the effects of stress on exercise adherence in community-residing women. Health Psychology, 76(6), 515-520.
129. Steptoe, A. (1991). The links between stress and illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 35(6), 633-644.
130. Steptoe, A., Lipsey, Z., and Wardle, J. (1998). Stress, hassles and variations in alcohol consumption, food choice and physical exercise: a diary study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 51-63.
131. Stone, D. N., and Brownell, K. D. (1994). The stress eating paradox: multiple daily measurements in adult males and females. Psychology and Health, 9, 425-436.
132. Sutherland, K. M., and Flin, R. H. (1989). Stress at sea: a review of working conditions in the offshore oil and fishing industries. Work and Stress, 3(3), 269-285.
133. Taylor, A. H. (2000). Physical activity, anxiety, and stress. In S. J. H. Biddle, K. R. Fox and S. H. Boutcher (eds), Physical activity and psychological well-being (pp. 10-46). London: Routledge.
134. Tessaro, I., Campbell, M., Benedict, S., Kelsey, K., Heisler-MacKinnon, J., Belton, L., and DeVellis, B. (1998). Developing a worksite health promotion intervention: health works for women. American Journal of Health Behavior, 22(6), 434-442.
135. US Department of Health and Human Services (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved 29 October 2004 from www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/sgr.htm
136. van Strien, T., Frijters, J. E. R., Bergers, G. P. A., and Defares, P. B. (1986). The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Behavior, 5, 295-315.
137. Vasse, R. M., Nijhuis, J. N., and Kok, F. (1998). Associations between work stress, alcohol consumption and sickness absence. Addiction, 95(2), 231-241.
138. Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Oliver, G., and Lipsey, Z. (2000). Stress, dietary restraint and food intake. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 195-202.
139. Weidner, G., Boughal, T., Pieper, C., Connor, S. L., and Mendell, N. R. (1997). Relationship of job strain to standard coronary risk factors and psychological characteristics in women and men of the family heart study. Health Psychology, 3, 239-247.
140. Westman, M., Eden, D., and Shirom, A. (1985). Job stress, cigarette smoking and cessation: the conditioning effects of peer support. Social Science and Medicine, 20(6), 637-644.
141. Whelton, S. P., Chin, A., Xin, X., and He, J. (2002). Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137(1), 493-503.
142. Willenbring, M. L., Levine, A. S., and Morley, J. (1986). Stress induced eating and food preference in humans: a pilot study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(5), 855-864.
143. Wilson, M. G., Holman, P. B., and Hammock, A. (1996). A comprehensive review of the effects of worksite health promotion on health-related outcomes. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(6), 429-435.