Why do covariates defined by International Classification of Diseases codes fail to remove confounding in pharmacoepidemiologic studies among seniors?

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety

Volumn 20, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 858-865

  Jackson, Michael L ^a   Nelson, Jennifer C ^a   Jackson, Lisa A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Confounding factors (epidemiology); Data sources; Influenza vaccine; Methods; Pharmacoepidemiology

Indexed keywords

INFLUENZA VACCINE;

ACCURACY; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; COMORBIDITY; CONFOUNDING VARIABLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INFECTION RISK; INFLUENZA; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; COMORBIDITY; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MALE; PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY; PNEUMONIA; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 79960735376     PISSN: 10538569     EISSN: 10991557     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pds.2160     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Schneeweiss S, Avorn J. A review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeutics. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58: 323-337.
2. Desai MM, Bogardus STJ, Williams CS, Vitagliano G, Inouye SK. Development and validation of a risk-adjustment index for older patients: the high-risk diagnoses for the elderly scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 474-481.
3. Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 613-619.
4. Fisher ES, Whaley FS, Krushat WM, et al. The accuracy of Medicare's hospital claims data: progress has been made, but problems remain. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: 243-248.
5. Iezzoni LI, Foley SM, Daley J, Hughes J, Fisher ES, Heeren T. Comorbidities, complications, and coding bias. Does the number of diagnosis codes matter in predicting in-hospital mortality? JAMA 1992; 267: 2197-2203.
6. Powell H, Lim LL, Heller RF. Accuracy of administrative data to assess comorbidity in patients with heart disease. An Australian perspective. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 687-693.
7. Quan H, Parsons GA, Ghali WA. Validity of information on comorbidity derived rom ICD-9-CCM administrative data. Med Care 2002; 40: 675-685.
8. Schneeweiss S, Wang PS. Association between SSRI use and hip fractures and the effect of residual confounding bias in claims database studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24: 632-638.
9. Schneeweiss S, Wang PS. Claims data studies of sedative-hypnotics and hip fractures in older people: exploring residual confounding using survey information. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 948-954.
10. Glynn RJ, Knight EL, Levin R, Avorn J. Paradoxical relations of drug treatment with mortality in older persons. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 682-689.
11. Toh S, Hernandez-Diaz S. Statins and fracture risk. A systematic review. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007; 16: 627-640.
12. Jackson LA, Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Neuzil KM, Weiss NS. Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35: 337-344.
13. Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Weiss NS, Neuzil KM, Barlow W, Jackson LA. Influenza vaccination and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent elderly people: a population-based, nested case-control study. Lancet 2008; 372: 398-405.
14. Davis JW, Lee E, Taira DA, Chung RS. Influenza vaccination, hospitalizations, and costs among members of a Medicare managed care plan. Med Care 2001; 39: 1273-1280.
15. Hak E, Nordin J, Wei F, et al. Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 370-377.
16. Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, Mullooly JP, Hak E. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1373-1381.
17. Jackson LA, Nelson JC, Benson P, et al. Functional status is a confounder of the association of influenza vaccine and risk of all cause mortality in seniors. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35: 345-352.
18. Mickey RM, Greenland S. The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 125-137.
19. Scranton RE, Young M, Lawler E, Solomon D, Gagnon D, Gaziano JM. Statin use and fracture risk: study of a US veterans population. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 2007-2012.
20. Herings RM, Stricker BH, de Boer A, Bakker A, Sturmans F. Benzodiazepines and the risk of falling leading to femur fractures. Dosage more important than elimination half-life. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1801-1807.
21. van Doorn C, Bogardus ST, Williams CS, Concato J, Towle VR, Inouye SK. Risk adjustment for older hospitalized persons: a comparison of two methods of data collection for the Charlson index. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 694-701.
22. Lipsitch M, Tchetgen E, Cohen T. Negative controls: a tool for detecting confounding and bias in observational studies. Epidemiology 2010; 21: 383-388.