메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 325-341

Molecular modelling and simulation of asphaltenes and bituminous materials

Author keywords

asphaltene; model asphalt; model bitumen; molecular dynamics; molecular modelling; statistical mechanics

Indexed keywords

ALKYL SIDE CHAINS; AROMATIC RINGS; ASPHALTENE AGGREGATES; COARSE GRAINING; FUSED AROMATIC RINGS; ISOLATED SYSTEMS; MACRO SCALE; MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; MOLECULAR LEVELS; MULTIPLE RING; ON DYNAMICS; STACKING LAYERS; STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION; THERMODYNAMIC MODEL; TIME-SCALES;

EID: 79960721018     PISSN: 10298436     EISSN: 1477268X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2011.575141     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (73)

References (119)
  • 1
    • 33644518975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscopic simulation of aggregation of asphaltene and resin molecules in crude oils
    • DOI 10.1021/ef050272t
    • Aguilera-Mercado, B., et al., 2006. Mesoscopic simulation of aggregation of asphaltene and resin molecules in crude oils. Energy Fuels, 20, 327-338. (Pubitemid 43292836)
    • (2006) Energy and Fuels , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 327-338
    • Aguilera-Mercado, B.1    Herdes, C.2    Murgich, J.3    Muller, E.A.4
  • 3
    • 3843132946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Docking of an asphaltene molecular model on a Fe2O3 surface, an ab initio simulated annealing
    • Alvarez-Ramírez, F., et al., 2004. Docking of an asphaltene molecular model on a Fe2O3 surface, an ab initio simulated annealing. Petroleum Science and Technology, 22, 915-926.
    • (2004) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.22 , pp. 915-926
    • Alvarez-Ramírez, F.1
  • 4
    • 33644543041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of the interaction potential curve between asphaltene-asphaltene, asphaltene-resin, and resin-resin systems using density functional theory
    • DOI 10.1021/ef0501795
    • Alvarez-Ramirez, F., Ramirez-Jaramillo, E. and Ruiz-Morales, Y., 2006. Calculation of the interaction potential curve between asphaltene-asphaltene, asphaltene-resin, and resin-resin systems using density functional theory. Energy Fuels, 20, 195-204. (Pubitemid 43292816)
    • (2006) Energy and Fuels , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 195-204
    • Alvarez-Ramirez, F.1    Ramirez-Jaramillo, E.2    Ruiz-Morales, Y.3
  • 5
    • 0033097019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and reactivity of petroleumderived asphaltene
    • Artok, L., et al., 1999. Structure and reactivity of petroleumderived asphaltene. Energy Fuels, 13, 287-296.
    • (1999) Energy Fuels , vol.13 , pp. 287-296
    • Artok, L.1
  • 6
  • 7
    • 79954528232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of molecular dynamics to investigate self-healing mechanisms in asphalt binders
    • Bhasin, A., et al., 2011. Use of molecular dynamics to investigate self-healing mechanisms in asphalt binders. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23, 485-492.
    • (2011) Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering , vol.23 , pp. 485-492
    • Bhasin, A.1
  • 8
    • 64249140149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative molecular representation of asphaltenes and molecular dynamics simulation of their aggregation
    • Boek, E.S., Yakovlev, D.S. and Headen, T.F., 2009. Quantitative molecular representation of asphaltenes and molecular dynamics simulation of their aggregation. Energy Fuels, 23, 1209-1219.
    • (2009) Energy Fuels , vol.23 , pp. 1209-1219
    • Boek, E.S.1    Yakovlev, D.S.2    Headen, T.F.3
  • 9
    • 77951114258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-scale simulation and experimental studies of asphaltene aggregation and deposition in capillary flow
    • Boek, E.S., et al., 2010. Multi-scale simulation and experimental studies of asphaltene aggregation and deposition in capillary flow. Energy Fuels, 24, 2361-2368.
    • (2010) Energy Fuels , vol.24 , pp. 2361-2368
    • Boek, E.S.1
  • 10
    • 0001181669 scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic modeling of asphaltene stacking
    • Brandt, H.C.A., et al., 1995. Thermodynamic modeling of asphaltene stacking. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 99, 10430-10432.
    • (1995) Journal of Physical Chemistry , vol.99 , pp. 10430-10432
    • Brandt, H.C.A.1
  • 11
    • 28944434031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conformational search and dimerization study of average structures of asphaltenes
    • DOI 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.02.063, PII S0166128005003167
    • Carauta, A.N.M., et al., 2005a. Conformational search and dimerization study of average structures of asphaltenes. Journal of Molecular Structure (Theochem), 755, 1-8. (Pubitemid 41783323)
    • (2005) Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM , vol.755 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 1-8
    • Carauta, A.N.M.1    Correia, J.C.G.2    Seidl, P.R.3    Silva, D.M.4
  • 12
    • 23344433627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling solvent effects on asphaltene dimers
    • Carauta, A.N.M., et al., 2005b. Modeling solvent effects on asphaltene dimers. Energy Fuels, 19, 1245-1251.
    • (2005) Energy Fuels , vol.19 , pp. 1245-1251
    • Carauta, A.N.M.1
  • 14
    • 84927474158 scopus 로고
    • Phase equilibria of associating fluids: Chain molecules with multiple bonding sites
    • Chapman, W.G., Jackson, G. and Gubbins, K.E., 1988. Phase equilibria of associating fluids: Chain molecules with multiple bonding sites. Molecular Physics, 65, 1057-1079.
    • (1988) Molecular Physics , vol.65 , pp. 1057-1079
    • Chapman, W.G.1    Jackson, G.2    Gubbins, K.E.3
  • 15
    • 0025473474 scopus 로고
    • New reference equation of state for associating liquids
    • Chapman, W.G., et al., 1990. New reference equation of state for associating liquids. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 29, 1709-1721.
    • (1990) Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research , vol.29 , pp. 1709-1721
    • Chapman, W.G.1
  • 16
    • 0001039056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The calculation of viscosity of liquid n-decane and n-hexadecane by the Green-Kubo method
    • Cui, S.T., Cummings, P.T. and Cochran, H.D., 1998. The calculation of viscosity of liquid n-decane and n-hexadecane by the Green-Kubo method. Molecular Physics, 93, 117-121. (Pubitemid 128480211)
    • (1998) Molecular Physics , vol.93 , Issue.1 , pp. 117-121
    • Cui, S.T.1    Cummings, P.T.2    Cochran, H.D.3
  • 17
    • 77956779348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic properties of asphaltenes: A predictive approach based on computer assisted structure elucidation and atomistic simulations
    • In: T.F. Yen and G.V. Chilingarian eds New York: Elsevier
    • Diallo, M.S., et al., 2000. Thermodynamic properties of asphaltenes: A predictive approach based on computer assisted structure elucidation and atomistic simulations. In: T.F. Yen and G.V. Chilingarian eds. Asphalts and asphaltenes (Developments in Petroleum Science Series). Vol. 40B. New York: Elsevier, 103-127.
    • (2000) Asphalts and asphaltenes (Developments in Petroleum Science Series) , vol.40 B , pp. 103-127
    • Diallo, M.S.1
  • 18
    • 3843075244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic properties of asphaltenes through computer assisted structure elucidation and atomistic simulations. 1. Bulk Arabian light asphaltenes
    • Diallo, M.S., et al., 2004. Thermodynamic properties of asphaltenes through computer assisted structure elucidation and atomistic simulations. 1. Bulk Arabian light asphaltenes. Petroleum Science and Technology, 22, 877-899.
    • (2004) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.22 , pp. 877-899
    • Diallo, M.S.1
  • 21
    • 23344434530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of asphaltene instability under gas injection with the PC-SAFT equation of state
    • Gonzalez, D.L., et al., 2005. Prediction of asphaltene instability under gas injection with the PC-SAFT equation of state. Energy Fuels, 19, 1230-1234.
    • (2005) Energy Fuels , vol.19 , pp. 1230-1234
    • Gonzalez, D.L.1
  • 22
    • 34250212206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of asphaltene precipitation due to changes in composition using the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory equation of state
    • DOI 10.1021/ef060453a
    • Gonzalez, D.L., et al., 2007. Modeling of asphaltene precipitation due to changes in composition using the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory equation of state. Energy Fuels, 21, 1231-1242. (Pubitemid 46929335)
    • (2007) Energy and Fuels , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 1231-1242
    • Gonzalez, D.L.1    Hirasaki, G.J.2    Creek, J.3    Chapman, W.G.4
  • 23
    • 0346276853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizing Isoparaffin Transport Properties with Stokes-Einstein Relationships
    • Gordon, P.A., 2003a. Characterizing isoparaffin transport properties with Stokes-Einstein relationships. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 42, 7025-7036. (Pubitemid 37549592)
    • (2003) Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research , vol.42 , Issue.26 , pp. 7025-7036
    • Gordon, P.A.1
  • 24
    • 0348231081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of simulation details on thermodynamic and transport properties in molecular dynamics of fully flexible molecular models
    • DOI 10.1080/0892702031000106669, PII QNE1R2E17NF859HD
    • Gordon, P.A., 2003b. Influence of simulation details on thermodynamic and transport properties in molecular dynamics of fully flexible molecular models. Molecular Simulation, 29, 479-487. (Pubitemid 44115098)
    • (2003) Molecular Simulation , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 479-487
    • Gordon, P.A.1
  • 26
    • 79960703915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing model asphalt systems using molecular simulation, Technical report Project No. 000216, University of Rhode Island Transportation Center available on-line via
    • Greenfield, M.L. and Zhang, L., 2009. Developing model asphalt systems using molecular simulation, Technical report Project No. 000216, University of Rhode Island Transportation Center available on-line via http://www.uritc.uri. edu.
    • (2009)
    • Greenfield, M.L.1    Zhang, L.2
  • 27
    • 0034193710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular size and structure of asphaltenes from various sources
    • Groenzin, H. and Mullins, O.C., 2000. Molecular size and structure of asphaltenes from various sources. Energy Fuels, 14, 677-684.
    • (2000) Energy Fuels , vol.14 , pp. 677-684
    • Groenzin, H.1    Mullins, O.C.2
  • 30
    • 64249085487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for asphaltene nanoaggregation in toluene and heptane from molecular dynamics simulations
    • Headen, T.F., Boek, E.S. and Skipper, N.T., 2009. Evidence for asphaltene nanoaggregation in toluene and heptane from molecular dynamics simulations. Energy Fuels, 23, 1220-1229.
    • (2009) Energy Fuels , vol.23 , pp. 1220-1229
    • Headen, T.F.1    Boek, E.S.2    Skipper, N.T.3
  • 31
    • 79951904541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular dynamics simulations of asphaltene aggregation in supercritical carbon dioxidewith andwithout limonene
    • Headen, T.F. and Boek, E.S., 2011a. Molecular dynamics simulations of asphaltene aggregation in supercritical carbon dioxidewith andwithout limonene. Energy Fuels, 25, 503-508.
    • (2011) Energy Fuels , vol.25 , pp. 503-508
    • Headen, T.F.1    Boek, E.S.2
  • 32
    • 79951923097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential of mean force calculation from molecular dynamics simulation of asphaltene molecules on a calcite surface
    • Headen, T.F. and Boek, E.S., 2011b. Potential of mean force calculation from molecular dynamics simulation of asphaltene molecules on a calcite surface. Energy Fuels, 25, 449-502.
    • (2011) Energy Fuels , vol.25 , pp. 449-502
    • Headen, T.F.1    Boek, E.S.2
  • 33
    • 0004192236 scopus 로고
    • Binder characterization and evaluation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Available on-line from
    • Jennings, P.W., et al., 1993. Binder characterization and evaluation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Technical report SHRP-A-335, Strategic Highway Research Program Available on-line from http://gulliver.trb.org/ publications/shrp/SHRP-A-335.pdf.
    • (1993) Technical report SHRP-A-335, Strategic Highway Research Program
    • Jennings, P.W.1
  • 36
    • 0001930804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary results on molecular modeling of asphaltenes using structure elucidation programs in conjunction with molecular simulation programs
    • Kowalewski, I., et al., 1996. Preliminary results on molecular modeling of asphaltenes using structure elucidation programs in conjunction with molecular simulation programs. Energy Fuels, 10, 97-107. (Pubitemid 126515284)
    • (1996) Energy and Fuels , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-107
    • Kowalewski, I.1    Vandenbroucke, M.2    Huc, A.Y.3    Taylor, M.J.4    Faulon, J.L.5
  • 37
    • 49649084246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular dynamics study of model molecules resembling asphaltene-like structures in aqueous organic solvent systems
    • Kuznicki, T., Masliyah, J.H. and Bhattacharjee, S., 2008. Molecular dynamics study of model molecules resembling asphaltene-like structures in aqueous organic solvent systems. Energy Fuels, 22, 2379-2389.
    • (2008) Energy Fuels , vol.22 , pp. 2379-2389
    • Kuznicki, T.1    Masliyah, J.H.2    Bhattacharjee, S.3
  • 38
    • 70350438414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggregation and partitioning of model asphaltenes at toluene-water interfaces: Molecular dynamics simulations
    • Kuznicki, T., Masliyah, J.H. and Bhattacharjee, S., 2009. Aggregation and partitioning of model asphaltenes at toluene-water interfaces: Molecular dynamics simulations. Energy Fuels, 23, 5027-5035.
    • (2009) Energy Fuels , vol.23 , pp. 5027-5035
    • Kuznicki, T.1    Masliyah, J.H.2    Bhattacharjee, S.3
  • 40
    • 56949101483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The colloidal structure of bitumen: Consequences on the rheology and on the mechanisms of bitumen modification
    • Lesueur, D., 2009. The colloidal structure of bitumen: Consequences on the rheology and on the mechanisms of bitumen modification. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 145, 42-82.
    • (2009) Advances in Colloid and Interface Science , vol.145 , pp. 42-82
    • Lesueur, D.1
  • 42
    • 33750728397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational probes of molecular motion in the Lewis- Wahnström model for ortho-terphenyl
    • Lombardo, T.G., Debenedetti, P.G. and Stillinger, F.H., 2006. Computational probes of molecular motion in the Lewis- Wahnström model for ortho-terphenyl. Journal of Chemical Physics, 125, 174507.
    • (2006) Journal of Chemical Physics , vol.125 , pp. 174507
    • Lombardo, T.G.1    Debenedetti, P.G.2    Stillinger, F.H.3
  • 43
    • 85027851495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular dynamics simulation to characterize asphalt-aggregate interfaces
    • In: J.D. Frost, ed Amsterdam: IOS Press
    • Lu, Y. and Wang, L., 2010a. Molecular dynamics simulation to characterize asphalt-aggregate interfaces. In: J.D. Frost, ed. Characterization and behavior of interfaces. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 125-130.
    • (2010) Characterization and Behavior of Interfaces , pp. 125-130
    • Lu, Y.1    Wang, L.2
  • 44
    • 79958059167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanoscale modeling of the mechanical properties of asphalt and aggregate
    • In: Refder, Y.R. Kim, Z. You and L. Wang eds. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
    • Lu, Y. and Wang, L., 2010b. Nanoscale modeling of the mechanical properties of asphalt and aggregate. In: R.A. Tarefder, Y.R. Kim, Z. You and L. Wang eds. Pavement and materials: Testing and modeling in multiple length scales. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 43-53.
    • (2010) Pavement and Materials: Testing and Modeling in Multiple Length Scales , pp. 43-53
    • Lu, Y.1    Wang, L.2
  • 46
    • 0037904385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamics, phase diagrams, and stability of bitumen-polymer blends
    • Masson, J.F., et al., 2003. Thermodynamics, phase diagrams, and stability of bitumen-polymer blends. Energy Fuels, 17, 714-724.
    • (2003) Energy Fuels , vol.17 , pp. 714-724
    • Masson, J.F.1
  • 47
    • 0001716310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viscosity calculations of n-alkanes by equilibrium molecular dynamics
    • Mondello, M. and Grest, G.S., 1997. Viscosity calculations of nalkanes by equilibrium molecular dynamics. Journal of Chemical Physics, 106, 9327-9336. (Pubitemid 127633835)
    • (1997) Journal of Chemical Physics , vol.106 , Issue.22 , pp. 9327-9336
    • Mondello, M.1    Grest, G.S.2
  • 48
    • 0035897469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular-based equations of state for associating fluids: A review of SAFT and related approaches
    • Mü ller, E.A. and Gubbins, K.E., 2001. Molecular-based equations of state for associating fluids: A review of SAFT and related approaches. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 40, 2193-2211.
    • (2001) Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research , vol.40 , pp. 2193-2211
    • Müller, E.A.1    Gubbins, K.E.2
  • 49
    • 77950992435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The modified Yen model
    • Mullins, O.C., 2010. The modified Yen model. Energy Fuels, 24, 2179-2207.
    • (2010) Energy Fuels , vol.24 , pp. 2179-2207
    • Mullins, O.C.1
  • 52
    • 0036772062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermolecular forces in aggregates of asphaltenes and resins
    • DOI 10.1081/LFT-120003692
    • Murgich, J., 2002. Intermolecular forces in aggregates of asphaltenes and resins. Petroleum Science and Technology, 20, 983-997. (Pubitemid 35410100)
    • (2002) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.20 , Issue.9-10 , pp. 983-997
    • Murgich, J.1
  • 53
    • 0842339485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular Simulation and the aggregation of the heavy fractions in crude oils
    • DOI 10.1080/0892702031000148762, PII GK0HBBD78TMLLQU4
    • Murgich, J., 2003. Molecular simulation and the aggregation of the heavy fractions in crude oils. Molecular Simulation, 29, 451-461. (Pubitemid 44124836)
    • (2003) Molecular Simulation , vol.29 , Issue.6-7 , pp. 451-461
    • Murgich, J.1
  • 54
    • 0034742408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanics of aggregates of asphaltenes and resins of the Athabasca oil
    • Murgich, J. and Strausz, O.P., 2001. Molecular mechanics of aggregates of asphaltenes and resins of the Athabasca oil. Petroleum Science and Technology, 19, 231-243.
    • (2001) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.19 , pp. 231-243
    • Murgich, J.1    Strausz, O.P.2
  • 55
    • 3242823873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular recognition and molecular mechanics of micelles of some model asphaltenes and resins
    • Murgich, J., Rodríguez M, J. and Aray, Y., 1996. Molecular recognition and molecular mechanics of micelles of some model asphaltenes and resins. Energy Fuels, 10, 68-76. (Pubitemid 126515281)
    • (1996) Energy and Fuels , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-76
    • Murgich, J.1    Jesus Rodriguez, M.2    Aray, Y.3
  • 56
    • 0032011074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interatomic interactions in the adsorption of asphaltenes and resins on kaolinite calculated by molecular dynamics
    • Murgich, J., et al., 1998. Interatomic interactions in the adsorption of asphaltenes and resins on kaolinite calculated by molecular dynamics. Energy Fuels, 12, 339-343. (Pubitemid 128545403)
    • (1998) Energy and Fuels , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 339-343
    • Murgich, J.1    Jesus Rodriguez, M.2    Izquierdo, A.3    Carbognani, L.4    Rogel, E.5
  • 57
    • 0033101298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular recognition in aggregates formed by asphaltene and resin molecules from the Athabasca oil sand
    • Murgich, J., Abanero, J.A. and Strausz, O.P., 1999. Molecular recognition in aggregates formed by asphaltene and resin molecules from the Athabasca oil sand. Energy Fuels, 13, 278-286.
    • (1999) Energy Fuels , vol.13 , pp. 278-286
    • Murgich, J.1    Abanero, J.A.2    Strausz, O.P.3
  • 58
    • 0035264033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3
    • DOI 10.1081/LFT-100000775
    • Murgich, J., et al., 2001. A molecular mechanics-density functional study of the adsorption of fragments of asphaltenes and resins on the (001) surface of Fe2O3. Petroleum Science and Technology, 19, 437-455. (Pubitemid 32990800)
    • (2001) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.19 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 437-455
    • Murgich, J.1    Rogel, E.2    Leon, O.3    Isea, R.4
  • 59
    • 0037069486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanics and microcalorimetric investigations of the effects of molecular water on the aggregation of asphaltenes in solutions
    • DOI 10.1021/la025882p
    • Murgich, J., et al., 2002. Molecular mechanics and microcalorimetric investigations of the effects of molecular water on the aggregation of asphaltenes in solutions. Langmuir, 18, 9080-9086. (Pubitemid 35361340)
    • (2002) Langmuir , vol.18 , Issue.23 , pp. 9080-9086
    • Murgich, J.1    Merino-Garcia, D.2    Andersen, S.I.3    Del Rio, J.M.4    Galeana, C.L.5
  • 60
    • 77956729270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo simulation of asphaltene structure, reactivity and reaction pathways
    • In: T.F. Yen and G.V. Chilingarian, eds (Developments in Petroleum Science Series) New York: Elsevier
    • Neurock, M. and Klein, M.T., 2000. Monte Carlo simulation of asphaltene structure, reactivity and reaction pathways. In: T.F. Yen and G.V. Chilingarian, eds. Asphalts and asphaltenes. (Developments in Petroleum Science Series) Vol. 40B. New York: Elsevier, 59-101.
    • (2000) Asphalts and Asphaltenes , vol.40 B , pp. 59-101
    • Neurock, M.1    Klein, M.T.2
  • 61
    • 0025595789 scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo simulation of complex reaction systems: Molecular structure and reactivity in modeling heavy oils
    • Neurock, M., et al., 1990. Monte Carlo simulation of complex reaction systems: Molecular structure and reactivity in modeling heavy oils. Chemical Engineering Science, 45, 2083-2088.
    • (1990) Chemical Engineering Science , vol.45 , pp. 2083-2088
    • Neurock, M.1
  • 62
    • 0028695029 scopus 로고
    • Molecular representation of complex hydrocarbon feedstocks through efficient characterization and stochastic algorithms
    • Neurock, M., et al., 1994. Molecular representation of complex hydrocarbon feedstocks through efficient characterization and stochastic algorithms. Chemical Engineering Science, 49, 4153-4177.
    • (1994) Chemical Engineering Science , vol.49 , pp. 4153-4177
    • Neurock, M.1
  • 63
    • 0000992604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative explanation of the difference between translational diffusion and rotational diffusion in supercooled liquids
    • Ngai, K.L., 1999. Alternative explanation of the difference between translational diffusion and rotational diffusion in supercooled liquids. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 103, 10684-10694. (Pubitemid 129614136)
    • (1999) Journal of Physical Chemistry B , vol.103 , Issue.48 , pp. 10684-10694
    • Ngai, K.L.1
  • 64
    • 0035054295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction energy in Mayaoil asphaltenes: A molecular mechanics study
    • Ortega-Rodriguez, A., et al., 2001. Interaction energy in Mayaoil asphaltenes: A molecular mechanics study. Petroleum Science and Technology, 19, 245-256.
    • (2001) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.19 , pp. 245-256
    • Ortega-Rodriguez, A.1
  • 65
    • 0042198713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular view of the asphaltene aggregation behavior in asphaltene-resin mixtures
    • Ortega-Rodríguez, A., et al., 2003. Molecular view of the asphaltene aggregation behavior in asphaltene-resin mixtures. Energy Fuels, 17, 1100-1108.
    • (2003) Energy Fuels , vol.17 , pp. 1100-1108
    • Ortega-Rodríguez, A.1
  • 66
    • 2942575180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability and aggregation of asphaltenes in asphaltene-resin-solvent mixtures
    • Ortega-Rodriguez, A., et al., 2004. Stability and aggregation of asphaltenes in asphaltene-resin-solvent mixtures. Energy Fuels, 18, 674-681.
    • (2004) Energy Fuels , vol.18 , pp. 674-681
    • Ortega-Rodriguez, A.1
  • 67
    • 0141731228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asphaltene aggregation under vacuum at different temperatures by molecular dynamics
    • Pacheco-Sánchez, J.H., Zaragoza, I.P. and Martínez- Magadán, J.M., 2003. Asphaltene aggregation under vacuum at different temperatures by molecular dynamics. Energy Fuels, 17, 1346-1355.
    • (2003) Energy Fuels , vol.17 , pp. 1346-1355
    • Pacheco-Sánchez, J.H.1    Zaragoza, I.P.2    Martínez-Magadán, J.M.3
  • 71
    • 22844433999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of physical property prediction based on asphalt average molecular structures
    • Pauli, A.T., et al., 2005. Assessment of physical property prediction based on asphalt average molecular structures. Preprints American Chemical Society Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 50, 255-259.
    • (2005) Preprints American Chemical Society Division of Petroleum Chemistry , vol.50 , pp. 255-259
    • Pauli, A.T.1
  • 72
    • 0028422946 scopus 로고
    • CPU issues in the representation of the molecular structure of petroleum resid through characterization, reaction, and Monte Carlo modeling
    • Petti, T.F., et al., 1994. CPU issues in the representation of the molecular structure of petroleum resid through characterization, reaction, and Monte Carlo modeling. Energy Fuels, 8, 570-575.
    • (1994) Energy Fuels , vol.8 , pp. 570-575
    • Petti, T.F.1
  • 73
    • 33746563056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of asphaltenes and modelling of flocculation - State of the art
    • DOI 10.2516/ogst:2006037a
    • Pina, A., Mougin, P. and Béhar, E., 2006. Characterisation of asphaltenes and modelling of flocculation: State of the art. Oil and Gas Science and Technology Revue IFP, 61, 319-343. (Pubitemid 44136983)
    • (2006) Oil and Gas Science and Technology , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 319-343
    • Pina, A.1    Mougin, P.2    Behar, E.3
  • 74
    • 7544245587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viscosity modeling and prediction of reservoir fluids: From natural gas to heavy oils
    • Quiñones-Cisneros, S.E., et al., 2004. Viscosity modeling and prediction of reservoir fluids: From natural gas to heavy oils. International Journal of Thermophysics, 25, 1353-1366.
    • (2004) International Journal of Thermophysics , vol.25 , pp. 1353-1366
    • Quinones-Cisneros, S.E.1
  • 75
    • 23344452291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density and viscosity modeling and characterization of heavy oils
    • Quiñones-Cisneros, S.E., Andersen, S.I. and Creek, J., 2005. Density and viscosity modeling and characterization of heavy oils. Energy Fuels, 19, 1314-1318.
    • (2005) Energy Fuels , vol.19 , pp. 1314-1318
    • Quinones-Cisneros, S.E.1    Andersen, S.I.2    Creek, J.3
  • 76
    • 77955054692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular size characterization of heavy oil fractions in vacuum and solution by molecular dynamic simulation
    • Ren, W., et al., 2010. Molecular size characterization of heavy oil fractions in vacuum and solution by molecular dynamic simulation. Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China, 4, 250-256.
    • (2010) Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China , vol.4 , pp. 250-256
    • Ren, W.1
  • 78
    • 0029410197 scopus 로고
    • Studies on asphaltene aggregation via computational chemistry
    • Rogel, E., 1995. Studies on asphaltene aggregation via computational chemistry. Colloids Surface A, 104, 85-93.
    • (1995) Colloids Surface A , vol.104 , pp. 85-93
    • Rogel, E.1
  • 79
    • 0031190522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical estimation of the solubility parameter distributions of asphaltenes, resins, and oils from crude oils and related materials
    • Rogel, E., 1997. Theoretical estimation of the solubility parameter distributions of asphaltenes, resins, and oils from crude oils and related materials. Energy Fuels, 11, 920-925. (Pubitemid 127608610)
    • (1997) Energy and Fuels , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 920-925
    • Rogel, E.1
  • 80
    • 0034193732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of interactions in asphaltene aggregates
    • Rogel, E., 2000. Simulation of interactions in asphaltene aggregates. Energy Fuels, 14, 566-574.
    • (2000) Energy Fuels , vol.14 , pp. 566-574
    • Rogel, E.1
  • 81
    • 0037332518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density estimation of asphaltenes using molecular dynamics simulations
    • Rogel, E. and Carbognani, L., 2003. Density estimation of asphaltenes using molecular dynamics simulations. Energy Fuels, 17, 378-386.
    • (2003) Energy Fuels , vol.17 , pp. 378-386
    • Rogel, E.1    Carbognani, L.2
  • 82
    • 0035439251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of the adsorption of alkylbenzene- derived amphiphiles on an asphaltene surface using molecular dynamics simulations
    • Rogel, E. and León, O., 2001. Study of the adsorption of alkylbenzene- derived amphiphiles on an asphaltene surface using molecular dynamics simulations. Energy Fuels, 15, 1077-1086.
    • (2001) Energy Fuels , vol.15 , pp. 1077-1086
    • Rogel, E.1    León, O.2
  • 83
    • 0037152952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HOMO-LUMO gap as an index of molecular size and structure for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and asphaltenes: A theoretical study. I
    • DOI 10.1021/jp021152e
    • Ruiz-Morales, Y., 2002. HOMO-LUMO gap as an index of molecular size and structure for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and asphaltenes: A theoretical study. I. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 106, 11283-11308. (Pubitemid 35433890)
    • (2002) Journal of Physical Chemistry A , vol.106 , Issue.46 , pp. 11283-11308
    • Ruiz-Morales, Y.1
  • 84
    • 33846963132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of asphaltenes analyzed by molecular orbital calculations with optical spectroscopy
    • Ruiz-Morales, Y. and Mullins, O.C., 2007. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of asphaltenes analyzed by molecular orbital calculations with optical spectroscopy. Energy Fuels, 21, 256-265.
    • (2007) Energy Fuels , vol.21 , pp. 256-265
    • Ruiz-Morales, Y.1    Mullins, O.C.2
  • 85
    • 64249154168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measured and simulated electronic absorption and emission spectra of asphaltenes
    • Ruiz-Morales, Y. and Mullins, O.C., 2009. Measured and simulated electronic absorption and emission spectra of asphaltenes. Energy Fuels, 23, 1169-1177.
    • (2009) Energy Fuels , vol.23 , pp. 1169-1177
    • Ruiz-Morales, Y.1    Mullins, O.C.2
  • 86
    • 34247154981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic absorption edge of crude oils and asphaltenes analyzed by molecular orbital calculations with optical spectroscopy
    • DOI 10.1021/ef0605605
    • Ruiz-Morales, Y., Wu, X. and Mullins, O.C., 2007. Electronic absorption edge of crude oils and asphaltenes analyzed by molecular orbital calculations with optical spectroscopy. Energy Fuels, 21, 944-952. (Pubitemid 46585098)
    • (2007) Energy and Fuels , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 944-952
    • Ruiz-Morales, Y.1    Wu, X.2    Mullins, O.C.3
  • 87
    • 79960740826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First-principles investigation of the multiple phases in bituminous materials: The case of asphaltene stacking
    • In: A. Loizos, M.N. Partl, T. Scarpas and I. Al-Qadi eds. Leiden, NL: CRC Press
    • Schmets, A.J.M., et al., 2009. First-principles investigation of the multiple phases in bituminous materials: The case of asphaltene stacking. In: A. Loizos, M.N. Partl, T. Scarpas and I. Al-Qadi eds. Advanced testing and characterisation of bituminous materials. Vol. 1. Leiden, NL: CRC Press, 143-150.
    • (2009) Advanced testing and characterisation of bituminous materials , vol.1 , pp. 143-150
    • Schmets, A.J.M.1
  • 88
    • 4844231051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative molecular representation and sequential optimization of Athabasca asphaltenes
    • Sheremata, J.M., et al., 2004. Quantitative molecular representation and sequential optimization of Athabasca asphaltenes. Energy Fuels, 18, 1377-1384.
    • (2004) Energy Fuels , vol.18 , pp. 1377-1384
    • Sheremata, J.M.1
  • 89
    • 0003305539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self association of asphaltenes: Structure and molecular packing
    • In: O.C. Mullins and E.Y. Sheu, eds. New York: Plenum Press
    • Sheu, E.Y., 1998. Self association of asphaltenes: Structure and molecular packing. In: O.C. Mullins and E.Y. Sheu, eds. Structures and dynamics of asphaltenes. New York: Plenum Press, 115-144.
    • (1998) Structures and Dynamics of Asphaltenes , pp. 115-144
    • Sheu, E.Y.1
  • 92
    • 0028423296 scopus 로고
    • Molecular representations of Ratawi and Alaska North slope asphaltenes based on liquid- and solid-state NMR
    • Storm, D.A., et al., 1994a. Molecular representations of Ratawi and Alaska North slope asphaltenes based on liquid- and solid-state NMR. Energy Fuels, 8, 561-566.
    • (1994) Energy Fuels , vol.8 , pp. 561-566
    • Storm, D.A.1
  • 93
    • 0028424371 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the macrostructure of Ratawi asphaltenes in toluene and vacuum residue
    • Storm, D.A., et al., 1994b. A comparison of the macrostructure of Ratawi asphaltenes in toluene and vacuum residue. Energy Fuels, 8, 567-569.
    • (1994) Energy Fuels , vol.8 , pp. 567-569
    • Storm, D.A.1
  • 94
    • 56749107177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling of bitumen fragment adsorption on Cu+ and Ag+ exchanged zeolite nanoparticles
    • Stoyanov, S.R., Gusarov, S. and Kovalenko, A., 2008a. Modelling of bitumen fragment adsorption on Cu+ and Ag+ exchanged zeolite nanoparticles. Molecular Simulation, 34, 943-951.
    • (2008) Molecular Simulation , vol.34 , pp. 943-951
    • Stoyanov, S.R.1    Gusarov, S.2    Kovalenko, A.3
  • 95
  • 96
    • 0000513809 scopus 로고
    • The molecular structure of asphaltene: An unfolding story
    • Strausz, O.P., Mojelsky, T.W. and Lown, E.M., 1992. The molecular structure of asphaltene: An unfolding story. Fuel, 71, 1355-1363.
    • (1992) Fuel , vol.71 , pp. 1355-1363
    • Strausz, O.P.1    Mojelsky, T.W.2    Lown, E.M.3
  • 97
    • 0037208221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular dynamics simulation of the heat-induced relaxation of asphaltene aggregates
    • Takanohashi, T., et al., 2003a. Molecular dynamics simulation of the heat-induced relaxation of asphaltene aggregates. Energy Fuels, 17, 135-139.
    • (2003) Energy Fuels , vol.17 , pp. 135-139
    • Takanohashi, T.1
  • 98
    • 0038137456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular dynamics simulation of structural relaxation of asphaltene aggregates
    • Takanohashi, T., Sato, S. and Tanaka, R., 2003b. Molecular dynamics simulation of structural relaxation of asphaltene aggregates. Petroleum Science and Technology, 21, 491-505.
    • (2003) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.21 , pp. 491-505
    • Takanohashi, T.1    Sato, S.2    Tanaka, R.3
  • 99
    • 3843091619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural relaxation behaviors of three different asphaltenes using MD calculations
    • Takanohashi, T., Sato, S. and Tanaka, R., 2004. Structural relaxation behaviors of three different asphaltenes using MD calculations. Petroleum Science and Technology, 22, 901-914.
    • (2004) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.22 , pp. 901-914
    • Takanohashi, T.1    Sato, S.2    Tanaka, R.3
  • 100
    • 79960740592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular dynamic simulation of oxidative aging in asphaltene
    • In: R.A. Tarefder, Y.R. Kim, Z. You and L. Wang, eds. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
    • Tarefder, R.A. and Arisa, I.R., 2010. Molecular dynamic simulation of oxidative aging in asphaltene. In: R.A. Tarefder, Y.R. Kim, Z. You and L. Wang, eds. Pavement and materials: Testing and modeling in multiple length scales. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 16-30.
    • (2010) Pavement and Materials: Testing and Modeling in Multiple Length Scales , pp. 16-30
    • Tarefder, R.A.1    Arisa, I.R.2
  • 101
    • 0037799734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of asphaltene phase behavior with the SAFT equation of state
    • Ting, P.D., Hirasaki, G.J. and Chapman, W.G., 2003. Modeling of asphaltene phase behavior with the SAFT equation of state. Petroleum Science and Technology, 21, 641-661.
    • (2003) Petroleum Science and Technology , vol.21 , pp. 641-661
    • Ting, P.D.1    Hirasaki, G.J.2    Chapman, W.G.3
  • 102
    • 0028423602 scopus 로고
    • Representation of the molecular structure of petroleum resid through characterization and Monte Carlo modeling
    • Trauth, D.M., et al., 1994. Representation of the molecular structure of petroleum resid through characterization and Monte Carlo modeling. Energy Fuels, 8, 576-580.
    • (1994) Energy Fuels , vol.8 , pp. 576-580
    • Trauth, D.M.1
  • 103
    • 64249103950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a general method for modeling asphaltene stability
    • Vargas, F.M., et al., 2009a. Development of a general method for modeling asphaltene stability. Energy Fuels, 23, 1147-1154.
    • (2009) Energy Fuels , vol.23 , pp. 1147-1154
    • Vargas, F.M.1
  • 104
    • 64249116688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling asphaltene phase behavior in crude oil systems using the perturbed chain form of the statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state
    • Vargas, F.M., et al., 2009b. Modeling asphaltene phase behavior in crude oil systems using the perturbed chain form of the statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state. Energy Fuels, 23, 1140-1146.
    • (2009) Energy Fuels , vol.23 , pp. 1140-1146
    • Vargas, F.M.1
  • 105
    • 0030175108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic micellization model of asphaltene precipitation from petroleum fluids
    • Victorov, A.I. and Firoozabadi, A., 1996. Thermodynamic micellization model of asphaltene precipitation from petroleum fluids. AIChE Journal, 42, 1753-1764. (Pubitemid 26410344)
    • (1996) AIChE Journal , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 1753-1764
    • Victorov, A.I.1    Firoozabadi, A.2
  • 106
    • 0033150690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description of asphaltene polydispersity and precipitation by means of thermodynamic model of self-assembly
    • DOI 10.1016/S0378-3812(99)00053-9, PII S0378381299000539
    • Victorov, A.I. and Smirnova, N.A., 1999. Description of asphaltene polydispersity and precipitation by means of thermodynamic model of self-assembly. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 158-160, 471-480. (Pubitemid 29333505)
    • (1999) Fluid Phase Equilibria , vol.158-160 , pp. 471-480
    • Victorov, A.I.1    Smirnova, N.A.2
  • 108
    • 0042325425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asphaltenes, resins, and other petroleum macromolecules
    • Wiehe, I.A. and Liang, K.S., 1996. Asphaltenes, resins, and other petroleum macromolecules. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 117, 201-210. (Pubitemid 126379428)
    • (1996) Fluid Phase Equilibria , vol.117 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 201-210
    • Wiehe, I.A.1    Liang, K.S.2
  • 109
    • 0032070018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecularthermodynamic framework for asphaltene-oil equilibria
    • Wu, J., Prausnitz, J.M. and Firoozabadi, A., 1998. Molecularthermodynamic framework for asphaltene-oil equilibria. AIChE Journal, 44, 1188-1199.
    • (1998) AIChE Journal , vol.44 , pp. 1188-1199
    • Wu, J.1    Prausnitz, J.M.2    Firoozabadi, A.3
  • 110
    • 0033957656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular thermodynamics of asphaltene precipitation in reservoir fluids
    • Wu, J., Prausnitz, J.M. and Firoozabadi, A., 2000. Molecular thermodynamics of asphaltene precipitation in reservoir fluids. AIChE Journal, 46, 197-209. (Pubitemid 30062558)
    • (2000) AIChE Journal , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 197-209
    • Wu, J.1    Prausnitz, J.M.2    Firoozabadi, A.3
  • 111
    • 33947088720 scopus 로고
    • Present status of structure of petroleum heavy ends and its significance to various technical applications
    • Yen, T.F., 1972. Present status of structure of petroleum heavy ends and its significance to various technical applications. Preprints American Chemical Society Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 17, F102-F114.
    • (1972) Preprints American Chemical Society Division of Petroleum Chemistry , vol.17
    • Yen, T.F.1
  • 112
    • 33947473990 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the structure of petroleum asphaltenes by X-ray diffraction
    • Yen, T.F., Erdman, J.G. and Pollack, S.S., 1961. Investigation of the structure of petroleum asphaltenes by X-ray diffraction. Analytical Chemistry, 33, 1587-1594.
    • (1961) Analytical Chemistry , vol.33 , pp. 1587-1594
    • Yen, T.F.1    Erdman, J.G.2    Pollack, S.S.3
  • 113
    • 0028618841 scopus 로고
    • Molecular imaging of petroleum asphaltenes by scanning-tunnelling microscopy: Verification of structure from 13C and proton nuclear magnetic resonance data
    • Zajac, G.W., Sethi, N.K. and Joseph, J.T., 1994. Molecular imaging of petroleum asphaltenes by scanning-tunnelling microscopy: Verification of structure from 13C and proton nuclear magnetic resonance data. Scanning Microscopy, 8, 463-470.
    • (1994) Scanning Microscopy , vol.8 , pp. 463-470
    • Zajac, G.W.1    Sethi, N.K.2    Joseph, J.T.3
  • 114
    • 34250162529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyzing properties of model asphalts using molecular simulation
    • DOI 10.1021/ef060658j
    • Zhang, L. and Greenfield, M.L., 2007a. Analyzing properties of model asphalts using molecular simulation. Energy Fuels, 21, 1712-1716. (Pubitemid 46929392)
    • (2007) Energy and Fuels , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 1712-1716
    • Zhang, L.1    Greenfield, M.L.2
  • 115
    • 34247106386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular orientation in model asphalts using molecular simulation
    • DOI 10.1021/ef060449z
    • Zhang, L. and Greenfield, M.L., 2007b. Molecular orientation in model asphalts using molecular simulation. Energy Fuels, 21, 1102-1111. (Pubitemid 46585121)
    • (2007) Energy and Fuels , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 1102-1111
    • Zhang, L.1    Greendfield, M.L.2
  • 116
    • 36349029643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relaxation time, diffusion, and viscosity analysis of model asphalt systems using molecular simulation
    • Zhang, L. and Greenfield, M.L., 2007c. Relaxation time, diffusion, and viscosity analysis of model asphalt systems using molecular simulation. Journal of Chemical Physics, 127, 194502.
    • (2007) Journal of Chemical Physics , vol.127 , pp. 194502
    • Zhang, L.1    Greenfield, M.L.2
  • 117
    • 53849105790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of polymer modification on properties and microstructure of model asphalt systems
    • Zhang, L. and Greenfield, M.L., 2008. Effects of polymer modification on properties and microstructure of model asphalt systems. Energy Fuels, 22, 3363-3375.
    • (2008) Energy Fuels , vol.22 , pp. 3363-3375
    • Zhang, L.1    Greenfield, M.L.2
  • 118
    • 77952733507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rotational relaxation times of individual compounds within simulations of molecular asphalt models
    • Zhang, L.Q. and Greenfield, M.L., 2010. Rotational relaxation times of individual compounds within simulations of molecular asphalt models. Journal of Chemical Physics, 132, 184502.
    • (2010) Journal of Chemical Physics , vol.132 , pp. 184502
    • Zhang, L.Q.1    Greenfield, M.L.2
  • 119
    • 77955867540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggregate structure in heavy crude oil: Using a dissipative particle dynamics based mesoscale platform
    • Zhang, S.F., et al., 2010. Aggregate structure in heavy crude oil: Using a dissipative particle dynamics based mesoscale platform. Energy Fuels, 24, 4312-4326.
    • (2010) Energy Fuels , vol.24 , pp. 4312-4326
    • Zhang, S.F.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.