The kinematic consequences of locomotion on sloped arboreal substrates in a generalized (Rattus norvegicus) and a specialized (Sciurus vulgaris) rodent

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 214, Issue 15, 2011, Pages 2544-2559

  Schmidt, André ^a   Fischer, Martin S ^b  

^a OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

Author keywords

3 D kinematics; Climbing; Incline; X ray imaging

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; FORELIMB; GAIT; HINDLIMB; LOCOMOTION; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT; SCIURIDAE;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; FORELIMB; GAIT; HINDLIMB; LOCOMOTION; MALE; RATS; SCIURIDAE;

ANIMALIA; MAMMALIA; METATHERIA; PRIMATES; RATTUS; RATTUS NORVEGICUS; RODENTIA; SCIURUS VULGARIS;

EID: 79960695449     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.051086     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Alexander, R. M. (ed.) (2003). Climbing and jumping. In Principles of Animal Locomotion, pp. 146-165. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2. Andrada, E., Mämpel, J., Schmidt, A., Fischer, M. S. and Witte, H. (2010). Biomechanical analyses of rat locomotion during walking and climbing as a base for the design and construction of climbing robots. In: Design and Nature V. Comparing Design in Nature with Science and Engineering (ed. C. A. Brebbia and A. Carpi), pp. 165-178. Southampton: WIT.
3. Armstrong, R. B., Laughlin, M. H., Rome, L. and Taylor, C. R. (1983). Metabolism of rats running up and down an incline. J. Appl. Physiol. 55, 518-521. (Pubitemid 13044082)
4. Blickhan, R., Seyfarth, A., Geyer, H., Grimmer, S., Wagner, H. and Günther, M. (2007). Intellgence by mechanics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 365, 199-220.
5. Byron, C., Kunz, H., Matuszek, H., Lewis, S. and Van Valkinburgh, D. (2011). Rudimentary pedal grasping in mice and implications for terminal branch arboreal quadrupedalism. J. Morphol. 272, 230-240.
6. Carlson, K. J. and Demes, B. (2010). Gait dynamics of Cebus apelladuring quadrupedalism on different substrates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 142, 273-286.
7. Carlson, K. J., Demes, B. and Franz, T. M. (2005). Mediolateral forces associated with quadrupedal gaits of lemurids. J. Zool. (Lond.) 266, 261-273. (Pubitemid 40995822)
8. Carlson-Kuhta, P., Trank, T. V. and Smith, J. L. (1998). Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. II. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for upslope and level walking. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 1687-1701. (Pubitemid 28183309)
9. Cartmill, M. (1974). Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion. In Primate Locomotion (ed. F. A. Jenkins), pp. 45-83. New York: Academic Press.
10. Cartmill, M. (1985). Climbing. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (ed. M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake), pp. 73-88. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11. Clarke, K. A. (1992). A technique for the study of spatiotemporal aspects of paw contact patterns, applied to rats treated with a TRH analogue. Behav. Res. Methods 24, 407-411.
12. Daley, M. A. and Biewener, A. A. (2006). Running over rough terrain reveals limb control for intrinsic stability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 15681-15686. (Pubitemid 44625652)
13. Demes, B. and Carlson, K. J. (2009). Locomotor variation and bending regimes of capuchin limb bones. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 139, 558-571.
14. Essner, R. L., Jr (2007). Morphology, locomotor behavior and microhabitat use in North American squirrels. J. Zool. 22, 101-109. (Pubitemid 46632648)
15. Falster, D. S., Warton, D. I. and Wright, I. J. (2003). (S) MATR: Standardised major axis tests and routines. Version 2.0. http://www.bio.mq.edu. au/ecology/SMATR/.
16. Fischer, M. S. (1994). Crouched posture and high fulcrum, a principle in the locomotion of small mammals: the example of the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) (Mammalia: Hyracoidea). J. Hum. Evol. 26, 501-524. (Pubitemid 124013684)
17. Fischer, M. S. and Blickhan, R. (2006). The tri-segmented limbs of therian mammals: kinematics, dynamics, and self-stabilization - a review. J. Exp. Zool. 305, 935-952. (Pubitemid 44752838)
18. Fischer, M. S., Schilling, N., Schmidt, M., Haarhaus, D. and Witte, H. (2002). Basic limb kinematics of small therian mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1315-1338. (Pubitemid 34853767)
19. Fischer, M. S., Krause, C. and Lilje, K. E. (2010). Evolution of chameleon locomotion, or how to become arboreal as a reptile. Zoology 113, 67-74.
20. Franz, T. M., Demes, B. and Carlson, K. J. (2005). Gait mechanics of lemurid primates on terrestrial and arboreal substrates. J. Hum. Evol. 48, 199-217. (Pubitemid 40205314)
21. Gebo, D. L. (2004). A shrew-sized origin for primates. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 47, 40-62.
22. Gillis, G. B. and Biewener, A. A. (2001). Effects of surface grade on proximal hindlimb muscle strain and activation during rat locomotion. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 1731-1743. (Pubitemid 36082987)
23. Hanna, J. B., Schmitt, D. and Griffin, T. M. (2008). The energetic cost of climbing in primates. Science 320, 898. (Pubitemid 351929580)
24. Hirasaki, E., Kumakura, H. and Matano, S. (1993). Kinesiological characteristics of vertical climbing in Ateles geoffroyiand Macaca fuscata. Folia Primat. 61, 148-156.
25. Hunt, K. D., Cant, J. G. H., Gebo, D. L., Rose, M. D., Walker, S. E. and Youlatos, D. (1996). Standardized descriptions of primate locomotor and postural modes. Primates 37, 363-387. (Pubitemid 126626468)
26. Imaizumi, Y. (1978). Climbing behavior of Apodemus argenteus and Apodemus speciosus (Rodentia: Muridae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 13, 304-307.
27. Jenkins, F. A., Jr (1974). Tree shrew locomotion and the origins of primate arborealism. In Primate Locomotion (ed. F. A. Jenkins, Jr), pp. 85-115. New York: Academic Press.
28. Jenkins, F. A., Jr and Camazine, S. M. (1977). Hip structure and locomotion in ambulatory and cursorial carnivores. J. Zool. (Lond.) 181, 351-370.
29. Jenkins, F. A., Jr and Weijs, W. A. (1979). The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginia). J. Zool. (Lond.) 188, 379-410.
30. Kivell, T. L., Schmitt, D. and Wunderlich, R. E. (2010). Hand and foot pressures in the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) reveal novel biomechanical trade-offs required for walking on gracile digits. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 1549-1557.
31. Koopmans, G. C., Deumens, R., Brook, G., Gerver, J., Honig, W. M. M., Hamers, F. P. T. and Joosten, E. A. J. (2007). Strain and locomotor speed affect overground locomotion in intact rats. Physiol. Behav. 92, 993-1001. (Pubitemid 350110458)
32. Krakauer, E., Lemelin, P. and Schmitt, D. (2002). Hand and body position during locomotor behavior in the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis). Am. J. Primat. 57, 105-118. (Pubitemid 34793688)
33. Ladine, T. A. and Kissel, R. E., Jr (1994). Escape behavior of Virginia opossums. Am. Mid. Nat. 132, 234-238.
34. Lammers, A. R. (2007). Locomotor kinetics on sloped arboreal and terrestrial substrates in a small quadrupedal mammal. Zoology 110, 93-103. (Pubitemid 46654783)
35. Lammers, A. R. and Biknevicius, A. R. (2004). The biodynamics of arboreal locomotion: the effects of substrate diameter on locomotor kinetics in the gray shorttailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4325-4336. (Pubitemid 40099381)
36. Lammers, A. R., Earls, K. D. and Biknevicius, A. R. (2006). Locomotor kinetics and kinematics on inclines and declines in the gray short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 4154-4166. (Pubitemid 44769383)
37. Lemelin, P. and Cartmill, M. (2010). The effect of substrate size on the locomotion and gait patterns of the kinkajou (Potos flavus). J. Exp. Zool. 313, 157-168.
38. Montgomery, W. I. (1980). The use of arboreal runways by woodland rodents, Apodemus sylvaticus (L.), A. flavicollis (Melchoir) and Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber). Mammal Rev. 10, 189-195.
39. Nakano, Y. (2002). The effects of substratum inclination on locomotor patterns in primates. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 83, 189-199.
40. Nyakatura, J. A., Fischer, M. S. and Schmidt, M. (2008). Gait parameter adjustments of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus, Callitrichidae) to locomotion on inclined arboreal substrates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 135, 13-25.
41. Piechocki, R. (1958). Die Zwergmaus, Micromys minutusPallas. Vol. 222. Wittenberg, Lutherstadt: Neue Brehm-Bücherei.
42. Preuschoft, H. (2002). What does "arboreal locomotion" mean exactly and what are the relationships between "climbing", environment and morphology? Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 83, 171-188.
43. Prost, J. H. and Sussman, R. W. (1969). Monkey locomotion on inclined surfaces. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 31, 53-58.
44. Schilling, N. (2005). Ontogenetic development of locomotion in small mammals - a kinematic study. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 4013-4034. (Pubitemid 41728308)
45. Schmidt, A. (2011). Functional differentiation of trailing and leading forelimbs during locomotion on the ground and on a horizontal branch in the European red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris, Rodentia). Zoology, doi:10.1016/j.zool.2011.01.001.
46. Schmidt, A. and Fischer, M. S. (2010). Arboreal locomotion in rats - the challenge of maintaining stability. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 3615-3624.
47. Schmidt, M. (2005). Hind limb proportions and kinematics: are small primates different from other small mammals? J. Exp. Biol. 208, 3367-3383. (Pubitemid 41399783)
48. Schmidt, M. (2008). Forelimb proportions and kinematics: how are small primates different from other small mammals? J. Exp. Biol. 211, 3775-3789.
49. Schmitt, D. (1994). Forelimb mechanics as a function of substrate type during quadrupedalism in two anthropoid primates. J. Hum. Evol. 26, 441-457.
50. Schmitt, D. (1999). Compliant walking in primates. J. Zool. (Lond.) 248, 149-160. (Pubitemid 29311700)
51. Schmitt, D. (2003a). Mediolateral reaction forces and forelimb anatomy in quadrupedal primates: implications for interpreting locomotor behavior in fossil primates. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 47-58. (Pubitemid 36333502)
52. Schmitt, D. (2003b). Evolutionary implications of the unusual walking mechanics of the common marmoset (C. jacchus). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 122, 28-37. (Pubitemid 37040546)
53. Schmitt, D. and Hanna, J. B. (2004). Substrate alters forelimb to hindlimb peak force ratios in primates. J. Hum. Evol. 46, 239-254. (Pubitemid 38454207)
54. Schmitt, D. and Lemelin, P. (2002). Origins of primate locomotion: gait mechanics of the woolly opossum. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 118, 231-238. (Pubitemid 34680699)
55. Snyder, G. and Carello, C. (2008). Body mass and the energy efficiency of locomotion: lessons from incline running. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 150 A, 144-150. (Pubitemid 351794563)
56. Stevens, N. J. (2003). The influence of substrate size, orientation and compliance upon prosimian arboreal quadrupedalism. PhD thesis, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
57. Vasquez, M. R. (2004). Comparative anatomy of Henkelotherium guimarotae (Holotheria), a late Jurassic small mammal, and its relevance for the evolution of the mode of locomotion of modern mammals. PhD thesis, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
58. Vilensky, J. A., Moore, A. M. and Libii, J. N. (1994). Squirrel monkey locomotion on an inclines treadmill: implications for the evolution of gaits. J. Hum. Evol. 26, 375-386.
59. Warton, D. I. and Weber, N. C. (2002). Common slope tests for bivariate structural relationships. Biometr. J. 44, 161-174.
60. Wickler, S. J., Hoyt, D. F., Cogger, E. A. and Hirschbein, M. H. (2000). Preferred speed and cost of transport: the effect of incline. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2195-2200. (Pubitemid 30610829)
61. Witte, H., Preuschoft, H. and Fischer, M. S. (2002). The importance of the evolutionary heritage of locomotion on flat ground in small mammals for the development of arboreality. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 83, 221-233.
62. Wu, G. and Cavanagh, P. R. (1995). ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data. J. Biomech. 28, 1257-1261.
63. Wunder, B. A. and Morrison, P. R. (1974). Red squirrel metabolism during incline running. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 48, 153-161.
64. Youlatos, D. (1999). Locomotor and postural behavior of Sciurus igniventrisand Microsciurus flaviventer (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in eastern Ecuador. Mammalia 63, 405-416. (Pubitemid 30343450)
65. Zwahlen, R. (1975). Die lokomotorische Aktivität des Eichhörnchens (Sciurus vulgaris). Oecologica 22, 79-98.