Substrate alters forelimb to hindlimb peak force ratios in primates

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 237-252

  Schmitt, Daniel ^a   Hanna, Jandy B ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Evolution; Forelimb; Hindlimb; Locomotion; Vertical peak force

Indexed keywords

LOCOMOTION; PRIMATE;

MAMMALIA; PRIMATES;

EID: 1842427762     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.11.008     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Barclay, O.R., 1953. Some aspects of the mechanics of mammalian locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 30, 116-120.
2. Cartmill, M., 1974a. Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion. In: Jenkins, F. (Ed.), Primate Locomotion. Academic Press, New York, pp. 45-83.
3. Cartmill, M., 1974b. Rethinking primate origins. Science 184, 436-443.
4. Cartmill, M., 1992. New views on primate origins. Evol. Anthrop. 2, 105-111.
5. Cartmill, C., Lemelin, P, Schmitt, D, 2002. Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136, 401-420.
6. Cartmill, M., 2003. Locomotor modes of primates II. Analysis of support patterns. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 36(Suppl.), 75-76.
7. Demes, B., Larson, S.G., Stern, J.T. Jr, Jungers, W.L., Biknevicius, A.R., Schmitt, D., 1994. The kinetics of primate quadrupedalism: "hindlimb drive" reconsidered. J. hum. Evol. 26, 353-374.
8. Fleagle, J.G., Stern, J.T. Jr, Jungers, W.L., Susman, R.L., Vangor, A.K., Wells, J.P., 1981. Climbing: a biomechanical link with brachiation and with bipedalism. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 48, 359-375.
9. Gregory, W.K., 1928. Were the ancestors of man primitive brachiators? Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 67, 129-150.
10. Hanna, J., Schmitt, D., Lemelin, P., 2003. The effect of speed and gait changes on vertical peak forces in primates. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 36(Suppl.), 108.
11. Hildebrand, M., 1967. Symmetrical gaits of primates. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 26, 119-130.
12. Hirasaki, E., Kumakura, H., Matano, S., 1993. Kinesiological characteristics of vertical climbing in Ateles geoffroyi and Macaca fuscata. Folia primatol. 61, 148-156.
13. Hirasaki, E., Kumakura, H., Matano, S., 1995. Electromyography of 15 limb muscles in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) during vertical climbing. Folia primatol, 64, 218-224.
14. Hirasaki, E., Kumakura, H., Matano, S., 2000. Biomechanical analysis of vertical climbing in the spider monkey and the Japanese macaque. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 113, 455-472.
15. Holm, S., 1979. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand. J. Stat. 6, 65-70.
16. Hooton, E., 1947. Up from the Ape. Macmillan, New York.
17. Ishida, H., Jouffroy, F.K., Nakano, Y., 1990. Comparative dynamics of pronograde and upside down horizontal quadrupedalism in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). In: Jouffroy, F.K., Stack, M.H., Niemitz, C. (Eds.), Gravity, Posture and Locomotion in Primates. II Sedicesimo, Florence, pp. 209-220.
18. Jones, F.W., 1916. Arboreal Man. Edward Arnold, London.
19. Keith, A., 1923. Man's posture: its evolution and disorders, Brit. Med. J. 1, 451-672.
20. Kimura, T., 1985. Bipedal and quadrupedal walking of primates: comparative dynamics. In: Kondo, S., Ishida, H., Kimura, T., Okada, M., Yamazaki, M., Prost, J. (Eds.), Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analyses and Human Bipedalism. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp. 47-58.
21. Kimura, T., 1992. Hindlimb dominance during primate high-speed locomotion. Primates 33, 465-474.
22. Kimura, T., Okada, M., Ishida, H., 1979. Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: its significance in human walking. In: Morbeck, M., Preuschoft, H., Gomberg, N. (Eds.), Environment, Behavior, Morphology: Dynamic Interactions in Primates. Gustav Fischer, New York, pp. 297-312.
23. Larson, S.G., 1998. Unique aspects of quadrupedal locomotion in nonhuman primates. In: Strasser, E., Fleagle, J., McHenry, H., Rosenberger, A. (Eds.), Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances. Plenum, New York, pp. 157-173.
24. Larson, S.G., Schmitt, D., Lemelin, P., Hamrick, M.W., 1999. The uniqueness of primate forelimb posture during quadrupedal locomotion. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 112, 87-101.
25. Larson, S.G., Schmitt, D., Lemelin, P., Hamrick, M.W., 2001. Limb excursion during quadrupedal walking: How do primates compare to other mammals. J. Zool. 255, 353-365.
26. Larney E., Larson S.G., in press. Compliant walking in primates: elbow and knee yield in primates compared to other mammals. Am. J. phys. Anthrop.
27. Manter, J.T., 1938. The dynamics of quadrupedal walking. J. Exp. Biol., 15, 522-540.
28. Morton, D.J., 1924. Evolution of the human foot. II. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 7, 1-52.
29. Pandy, M.G., Kumar, V., Berme, N., Waldron, K.J., 1988. The dynamics of quadrupedal locomotion. J. Biomech. Eng. 110, 230-237.
30. Polk, J.D., 2001. The influence of body size and body proportions on primate quadrupedal locomotion. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
31. Reynolds, T.R., 1985a. Mechanics of increased support of weight by the hindlimbs in primates. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 67, 335-349.
32. Reynolds, T.R., 1985b. Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 67, 351-362.
33. Reynolds, T.R., 1987. Stride length and its determinants in humans, early hominids, primates, and mammals. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 72, 101-115.
34. Rice, W.R., 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43, 223-225.
35. Schmitt, D., 1994. Forelimb mechanics as a function of substrate type during quadrupedalism in two anthropoid primates. J. hum. Evol. 26, 441-458.
36. Schmitt, D., 1995. A kinematic and kinetic analysis of forelimb use during arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism in Old World monkeys. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
37. Schmitt, D., 1998. Forelimb mechanics during arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism in Old World Monkeys. In: Strasser, E., Rosenberger, A., McHenry, H., Fleagle, J. (Eds.), Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 175-200.
38. Schmitt, D., 1999. Compliant walking in primates. J. Zool. 247, 149-160.
39. Schmitt, D., 2003a. Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 1437-1448.
40. Schmitt, D., 2003b. Evolutionary implications of the unusual walking mechanics of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Am. J. phys. Anthrop 122, 28-37.
41. Schmitt, D., 2003c. The effect of substrate size on the forelimb mechanics of primates: A test of the fine-branch hypothesis of primate origins. Int. J. Primatol 24, 1023-1036.
42. Schmitt, D., Larson, S.G., 1995. Heel substrate-contact as a function of substrate type and speed in primates. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 96, 39-50.
43. Schmitt, D., Lemelin, P., 2002. The origins of primate locomotion: gait mechanics of the woolly opossum. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 118, 231-238.
44. Schmitt, D., Lemelin, P., Hanna, J., 2003. Locomotor modes of primates at moderate speeds. I. The implications of the amble and the canter for primate locomotor evolution. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 36(Suppl.), 185.
45. Schultz, A., 1950. The specializations of man and his place among catarrhine primates. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 15, 37-52.
46. Sokal, R., Rohlf, J., 1981. Biometry. The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. Freeman, New York.
47. Stern, J.T., 1976. Before bipedality. Yearb. phys. Anthrop. 20, 59-68.
48. Straus, W., 1949. The riddle of man's ancestry. Quart. Rev. Biol. 51, 311-332.
49. Washburn, S.L., 1950. The analysis of primate evolution with particular reference to the origin of man. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 15, 67-78.
50. Wunderlich, R.E. (1999). Pedal form and plantar pressure distribution in anthropoid primates. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.