How is visibility important for defence? A GIS analysis of sites in the western Fijian Islands

Archaeology in Oceania

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 76-84

  Smith, Cecilia ^a   Cochrane, Ethan E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^b International Archaeological Research Institute Incorporated   (United States)

Author keywords

Agriculture; Defensive sites; GIS; Kolmogorov Smirnov test; Viewshed

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960676467     PISSN: 07284896     EISSN: 18344453     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.1834-4453.2011.tb00101.x     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Anderson, A. and G. Clark (1999). The age of Lapita settlement in Fiji. Archaeology in Oceania 34(1): 31-39.
2. Anderson, A., R. Roberts, W.R. Dickinson, G.R. Clark, D.V. Burley, A. de Biran, G. Hope and P.D. Nunn (2006). Times of sand: Sedimentary history and archaeology at the Sigatoka Dunes, Fiji. Geoarchaeology 21(2): 131-154.
3. Aswani, S. and M.W. Graves (1998). Tongan Sociopolitical Evolution. Asian Perspectives 37(2): 135-164.
4. Best, S. (1993). At the Halls of the Mountain Kings. Fijian and Samoan Fortifications: Comparison and Analysis. Journal of the Polynesian Society 102(4): 385-447.
5. Best, S.B. (1984). Lakeba: The Prehistory of a Fijian Island. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 783.
6. Burley, D.V. and J.T. Clark (2003). The Archaeology of Fiji/West Polynesia in the post-Lapita Era. Pacific Archaeology: assessments and prospects. C. Sand, Ed. Les Cahiers de l'Archaéologie en Nouvelle Calédonie 15: 235-254. Nouméa, Service des Musées et du Patrimonie de Nouvelle-Calédonie.
7. Burley, D.V. and W.R. Dickinson (2001). Origin and significance of a founding settlement in Polynesia. PNAS 98(20): 11829-11831.
8. Carneiro, R.L. (1990). Chiefdom-level warfare as exemplified in Fiji and the Cauca Valley. The Anthropology of War. J. Haas, Ed.: 190-211. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
9. Clark, G. and A. Anderson (2009). Site chronology and a review of radiocarbon dates from Fiji. The Early Prehistory of Fiji. G. Clark and A. Anderson, (eds). Terra Australis 31: 153-182. Canberra, The Australian National University.
10. Cochrane, E.E. (2008). Migration and Cultural Transmission: investigating human movement as an explanation for Fijian ceramic change. Cultural Transmission in Archaeology: Issues and Case Studies. M.J. O'Brien, Ed.: 132-145. Washington, D.C., Society for American Archaeology.
11. - (2009). The Evolutionary Archaeology of Ceramic Diversity in Ancient Fiji. Oxford, Archaeopress.
12. Cochrane, E.E., S. Matararaba and E. Nakoro (2007). Lapita and Later Archaeology of the Malolo and Mamanuca Islands, Fiji. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2(2): 245-250.
13. Cochrane, E.E., Rivera-Collazo, I.C. and E. Walsh (2011). New Evidence for Variation in Colonization, Cultural Transmission, and Subsistence from Lapita (2900 BP) to the Historic Period in Southwestern Fiji. Journal of Pacific Archaeology 2(1): 40-55.
14. Dickinson, W.R., D.V. Burley, P.D. Nunn, A., Anderson, G. Hope, A. De Biran, C. Burke and S. Matararaba (1998). Geomorphic and Archaeological Landscapes of the Sigatoka Dunes Site, Viti Levu, Fiji: Interdisciplinary Investigations. Asian Perspectives 37(1): 1-31.
15. Field, J.S. (1998). Natural and Constructed Defenses in Fijian Fortifications. Asian Perspectives 37(1): 32-58.
16. - (2004). Environmental and climatic considerations: a hypothesis for conflict and the emergence of social complexity in Fijian prehistory. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23(1): 79-99.
17. - (2005). Land tenure, competition and ecology in Fijian prehistory. Antiquity 79: 586-600.
18. - (2008). Explaining Fortifications in Indo-Pacific Prehistory. Archaeology in Oceania 43(1): 1-10.
19. Fisher, P., C. Farrelly, A. Maddocks and C. Ruggles (1997). Spatial Analysis of Visible Areas from the Bronze Age Cairns of Mull. Journal of Archaeological Science 24(7): 581-592.
20. Frost, E.L. (1974). Archaeological Excavations of Fortified Sites on Tavenuni, Fiji. Honolulu, Social Science Research Institute.
21. - (1979). Fiji. In The Prehistory of Polynesia. J.D. Jennings, (ed.): 61-81. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
22. Hunt, T.L., K.A. Aronson, E.E. Cochrane, J.S. Field, L. Humphrey and T.M. Rieth (1999). A Preliminary Report on Archaeological Research in the Yasawa Islands, Fiji. Domodomo 12(2): 5-43.
23. Kennett, D.J., A. Anderson, M. Prebble, E. Conte and J. Southon (2006). Prehistoric human impacts on Rapa, French Polynesia. Antiquity 80: 340-354.
24. Kirch, P. (1997). The Lapita peoples. Cambridge, Blackwell.
25. Kirch, P.V. (1984). The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
26. Krist, F.J. and D.G. Brown (1994). GIS Modelling of Palaeo-Indian period caribou migrations and viewsheds in northeastern Lower Michigan. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 60: 1129-1137.
27. Lake, M.W. and P.E. Woodman (2003). Visibility studies in archaeology: a review and case study. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30(5): 689-707.
28. Lake, M.W., P.E. Woodman and S.J. Mithen (1998). Tailoring GIS Software for Archaeological Applications: An Example Concerning Viewshed Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 25(1): 27-38.
29. Morrison, A.E. and E.E. Cochrane (2008). Investigating shellfish deposition and landscape history at the Natia Beach site, Fiji. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(8): 2387-2399.
30. Parry, J.T. (1977). Ring-Ditch Fortification in the Rewa Delta, Fiji: Air Photo Interpretation and Analysis. Suva, Fiji, The Fiji Museum.
31. - (1982). Ring-Ditch Fortification in the Navua Delta, Fiji: Air Photo Interpretation and Analysis. Suva, Fiji, The Fiji Museum.
32. - (1984). Air Photo Interpretations of Fortified Sites: Ring-ditch Fortifications in Southern Viti Levu, Fiji. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 6: 71-93.
33. Ramsey, C.B. (2003). OxCal 3.9, http://units.ox.ac.uk/departments/rlaha/ orau/06-01.htm.
34. Rieth, T.M. and T.L. Hunt (2008). A radiocarbon chronology for Samoan prehistory. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(7): 1901-1927.
35. Sutton, D., L. Furey and Y. Marshall (2003). The Archaeology of Pouerua. Auckland, Auckland University Press.
36. Toggweiler, J.R., K. Dixon and K. Bryan (1989). Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution world ocean model 1. Steady state prebomb distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research 94: 8217-8242.
37. Twyford, I.T. and A.C.S. Wright (1965). The soil resources of the Fiji Islands. Suva, Fiji, Government of Fiji.
38. Wheatley, D. and M. Gillings (2000). Vision, Perception and GIS: developing enriched approaches to the study of archaeological visibility. Beyond the Map: Archaeological and Spatial Technologies. G. Lock, Ed.: 1-27. Amsterdam, IOS Press.
39. Woodman, P.E. (2000). Beyond significant patterning, towards past intentions: The location of Orcadian chambered tombs. Proceedings of the UK Chapter of Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. C. Buck, V. Cummings, C. Henley, S. Mills and S. Trick (eds). British Archaeological Reports International Series 844: 91-105. Oxford, Archaeopress.