Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central cordilleras of Colombia

Lithos

Volumn 125, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 875-896

  Villagómez, Diego ^a   Spikings, Richard ^a   Magna, Tomas ^b,e,f   Kammer, Andreas ^c   Winkler, Wilfried ^d   Beltrán, Alejandro ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA   (Colombia)

^d GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^f CZECH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Central Cordillera Colombia; Geochemistry; Geochronology; Tectonics; Western Cordillera Colombia

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL MARGIN; CRETACEOUS; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GNEISS; IGNEOUS ROCK; METAMORPHIC ROCK; OCEANIC CRUST; SEDIMENTARY ROCK; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; URANIUM-LEAD DATING; ZIRCON;

COLOMBIA; CORDILLERA CENTRAL [COLOMBIA]; CORDILLERA OCCIDENTAL [COLOMBIA];

EID: 79960617972     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2011.05.003     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Arculus R.J., Lapierre H., Jaillard E. Geochemical window into subduction and accretion processes: Raspas metamorphic complex, Ecuador. Geology 1999, 27:547-550.
2. Aspden J.A. The Geology of the Western Cordillera, Department of Valle, Colombia (sheets 261, 278, 280, 299) 1984, Ingeominas-Mision Britanica (British Geological Survey), Cali-Colombia.
3. Aspden J.A., Litherland M. The geology and Mesozoic collisional history of the Cordillera Real, Ecuador. Tectonophysics 1992, 205:187-204.
4. Aspden J.A., McCourt W.J., Brook M. Geometrical control of subduction-related magmatism: the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic history of Western Colombia. Journal of the Geological Society 1987, 144:893-905.
5. Barrero D. Geology of the Central Western Cordillera, West of Buga and Roldanillo,Colombia. Publicaciones Geológicas Especiales del Ingeominas (Bogota) 1979, 4:1-75.
6. Bosch D., Gabriele P., Lapierre H., Malfere J.-L., Jaillard E. Geodynamic significance of the Raspas Metamorphic Complex (SW Ecuador): geochemical and isotopic constraints. Tectonophysics 2002, 345:83-102.
7. Bourgois J., Toussaint J.-F., Gonzales H., Azema J., Calle B., Desmet A., Murcia L.A., Acevedo A.P., Parra E., Tournon J. Geological history of the Cretaceous ophiolitic complexes of Northwestern South America (Colombian Andes). Tectonophysics 1987, 143:307-327.
8. Brook M. New radiometric age data from SW Colombia 1984, Ingeominas-Mision Britanica (British Geologial Service), Colombia, report, 10.
9. Burkley, L. A., 1976. Geochronology of the central Venezuelan Andes. PhD thesis, Case Western Reserve University.
10. Bustamante, A., 2008. Geobarometria, geoquímica, geocronologia e evolução tectônica das rochas de fácies xisto azul nas áreas de Jambaló (Cauca) e Barragán (Valle del Cauca), Colômbia. PhD Thesis. Instituto de Geociências, Universidad de São Paulo, Brasil, 179.
11. Cardona A., Cordani U.G., MacDonald W.D. Tectonic correlations of pre-Mesozoic crust from the northern termination of the Colombian Andes, Caribbean region. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2006, 21:337-354.
12. Cardona A., Valencia V., Garzón A., Montes C., Ojeda G., Ruiz J., Weber M. Permian to Triassic I to S-type magmatic switch in the northeast Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and adjacent regions, Colombian Caribbean: tectonic setting and implications within Pangea paleogeography. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2010, 29:772-783.
13. Case J.E., Duran S L.G., Alfonso L.R., Moore W.R. Tectonic investigations in Western Colombia and Eastern Panama. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1971, 82:2685-2712.
14. Cawood P.A. Terra Australis Orogen: Rodinia breakup and development of the Pacific and Iapetus margins of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic. Earth-Science Reviews 2005, 69:249-279.
15. Cawood P.A., Buchan C. Linking accretionary orogenesis with supercontinent assembly. Earth-Science Reviews 2007, 82:217-256.
16. Cediel F., Cáceres C. Geological Map of Colombia. GEOTEC, Ltd, Bogotá, digital format with legend and tectonostratigraphic chart 2003, 3rd. edition.
17. Cediel F., Shaw R.P., Caceres C. Tectonic assembly of the Northern Andean Block. The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon Habitats, Basin Formation, And Plate Tectonics: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2003, 79:815-848. C. Bartolini, R.T. Buffler, J. Blickwede (Eds.).
18. Chew D.M., Magna T., Kirkland C.L., Miskovic A., Cardona A., Spikings R., Schaltegger U. Detrital zircon fingerprint of the Proto-Andes: evidence for a Neoproterozoic active margin?. Precambrian Research 2008, 167:186-200.
19. Chiaradia M., Vallance J., Fontboté L., Stein H., Schaltegger U., Coder J., Richards J., Villeneuve M., Gendall I. U-Pb, Re-Os, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Nambija Au-skarn and Pangui porphyry Cu deposits, Ecuador: implications for the Jurassic metallogenic belt of the Northern Andes. Mineralium Deposita 2009, 44:371-387.
20. Chicangana, G., 2005. Estudio del Sistema de Fallas de Romeral (0.5°-11.5° N) a partir de una caracterización sismotectónica regional. Master Thesis. Postgrado en Geología - Universidad Nacional de Bogotá, 23.
21. De Souza H.A.F., Espinosa A., Delaloye M. K-Ar ages of basic rocks in the Patia Valley, southwest Colombia. Tectonophysics 1984, 107:135-145.
22. Duque-Caro H. The Choco Block in the northwestern corner of South America: structural, tectonostratigraphic, and paleogeographic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 1990, 3:71-84.
23. Etayo-Serna F. Trochoceramus del Campaniano-Maastrichtiano en la Formacion Espinal de la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia. Geologia Norandina 1985, 8:27-30.
24. Etayo-Serna F. Documentación paleontológica del Infracretácico de San Félix y Valle Alto, Cordillera Central. Proyecto Cretácico 1985, 16:1-7.
25. Fitton J.G., Saunders A.D., Norry M.J., Hardarson B.S., Taylor R.N. Thermal and chemical structure of the Iceland plume. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1997, 153:197-208.
26. Gabriele, P., 2002. HP terranes exhumation in an active margin setting: geology, petrology and geochemistry of the Raspas Complex in SW Ecuador. PhD thesis. Université de Lausanne.
27. Garcia D., Vinasco C., Weber M. Caracterizacion de la deformacion y el metamorfismo de los esquistos de Sabaletas, parte norte de la Cordillera Central de Colombia 2007, XI Congreso Colombiano de Geologia, 15 p.
28. Giraldo M.I., Vinasco C., Weber M. Esquema geodinamico de la parte Nor-occidental de la Cordillera Central de Colombia 2007, XI Congreso Colombiano de Geologia, 16 p.
29. Gómez-Cruz A.D.J., Moreno-Sánchez M., Pardo A. Edad y origen del "Complejo metasedimentario Aranzazu-Manizales" en los alrededores de Manizales (Departamento de Caldas, Colombia). Geología Colombiana 1995, 19:83-93.
30. Gómez, J., Nivia, A., Montes, N.E., Jimenez, D.M., Tejada, M.L., Sepulveda, J., Osorio, J.A., Gaona, T., Diederix, H., Uribe, H., Mora, M., 2007. Geological map of Colombia. Escala 1:1'000.000. Ingeominas, 2nd Edition, Bogota.
31. González H. Geología de las planchas 167 (Sonsón) y 187 (Salamina). Boletín Geológico Ingeominas 1980, 23:174.
32. 39Ar mineral ages of granitoid intrusions in the Mabujina Unit, Central Cuba: thermal exhumation history of the Escambray massif. Journal of Geology 2001, 109:615-631.
33. Guillong M., Meier D.K., Allan M.M., Heinrich C.A., Yardley B.W.D. SILLS: A Matlab-Based Program for the Reduction of Laser Ablation ICP-MS Data of Homogeneous Materials and Inclusions 2008, 328-333. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 40, Vancouver, B.C.
34. Hastie A.R., Kerr A.C., Pearce J.A., Mitchell S.F. Classification of Altered volcanic island arc rocks using immobile trace elements: development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. Journal of Petrology 2007, 48:2341-2357.
35. Hauff F., Hoernle K., Tilton G., Graham D.W., Kerr A.C. Large volume recycling of oceanic lithosphere over short time scales: geochemical constraints from the Caribbean Large Igneous Province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 174:247-263.
36. Hoernle K., Hauff F., den Bogaard Van 70m.y. history (139-69) for the Caribbean large igneous province. Geology 2004, 32:697-700.
37. Hughes R.A., Pilatasig L.F. Cretaceous and Tertiary terrane accretion in the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes of Ecuador. Tectonophysics 2002, 345:29-48.
38. Ibañez-Mejia M., Tassinari C.C.G., Jaramillo-Mejia J.M. U-Pb zircon ages of the "Antioquian Batholith": geochronological constraints of Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Central Andes of Colombia. 11th Colombian Geological Congress, extended abstracts 2007, 11 p.
39. Jaillard E., Lapierre H., Ordonez M., Alava J.T., Amortegui A., Vanmelle J. Accreted oceanic terranes in Ecuador: southern edge of the Caribbean Plate?. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2009, 328:469-485.
40. Jaillard E., Ordoñez M., Suárez J., Toro J., Iza D., Lugo W. Stratigraphy of the late Cretaceous-Paleogene deposits of the cordillera occidental of central ecuador: geodynamic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2004, 17:49-58.
41. Jaillard E., Sempere T., Soler P., Carlier G., Marocco R. The role of Tethys in the evolution of the Northern Andes between late Permian and late Eocene times. The Tetkys Ocean 1995, 8:463-492. Plenum Press, NewYork. A.E.M. Naim (Ed.).
42. John T., Scherer E., Schenk V., Herms P., Halama R., Garbe-Schönberg D. Subducted seamounts in an eclogite-facies ophiolite sequence: the Andean Raspas Complex, SW Ecuador. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2010, 159:265-284.
43. Jolly W.T., Lidiak E.G., Dickin A.Ap., Wu T.W. Secular geochemistry of central Puerto Rican island arc lavas: constraints on Mesozoic tectonism in the eastern Greater Antilles. Journal of Petrology 2001, 42:2197-2214.
44. Kerr A.C., Iturralde-Vinent M.A., Saunders A.D., Babbs T.L., Tarney J. A new plate tectonic model of the Caribbean: implications from a geochemical reconnaissance of Cuban Mesozoic volcanic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1999, 111:1581-1599.
45. Kerr A.C., Marriner G.F., Tarney J., Nivia A., Saunders A.D., Thirlwall M.F., Sinton C.W. Cretaceous basaltic terranes in Western Colombia: elemental, chronological and Sr-Nd isotopic constraints on petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology 1997, 38:677-702.
46. Kerr A.C., Tarney J., Kempton P.D., Pringle M., Nivia A. Mafic pegmatites intruding oceanic plateau gabbros and ultramafic cumulates from Bolivar, Colombia: evidence for a 'wet' mantle plume?. Journal of Petrology 2004, 45:1877-1906.
47. Lanphere M.A., Dalrymple G.B. The Use of 40ar/39ar Data in Evaluation of Disturbed K-Ar Systems 1978, 241-243. Geological Survey Open-file Report 78-701, U.S.
48. Litherland M., Aspden J.A., Jemielita R.A. The Metamorphic Belts of Ecuador 1994, 11. British Geological Survey. Overseas Memoir, 147 pp. 10.1017/S0016756897297657.
49. Ludwig K. User's Manual for Isoplot 3.00, A geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication 2003, No. 4. 71 p.
50. Luzieux L.D.A., Heller F., Spikings R., Vallejo C.F., Winkler W. Origin and Cretaceous tectonic history of the coastal Ecuadorian forearc between 1°N and 3°S: paleomagnetic, radiometric and fossil evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 249:400-414.
51. Mamberti M., Lapierre H., Bosch D., Jaillard E., Ethien R., Hernandez J., Polvé M. Accreted fragments of the Late Cretaceous Caribbean-Colombian Plateau in Ecuador. Lithos 2003, 66:173-199.
52. Mann P., Corrigan J. Model for late Neogene deformation in Panama. Geology 1990, 18:558-562.
53. Marschik R., Spikings R., Kuşcu I. Geochronology and stable isotope signature of alteration related to hydrothermal magnetite ores in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Mineralium Deposita 2008, 43:111-124.
54. McCourt W.J., Aspden J.A., Brook M. New geological and geochronological data from the Colombian Andes: continental growth by multiple accretion. Journal of the Geological Society 1984, 141:831-845.
55. McDougall I., Harrison T. Geochronology and Thermochronology by the 40Ar/39Ar Method 1999, Oxford University Press, New York. 2nd ed.
56. Miskovic A., Spikings R.A., Chew D.M., Kosler J., Ulianov A., Schaltegger U. Tectonomagmatic evolution of Western Amazonia: geochemical characterization and zircon U-Pb geochronologic constraints from the Peruvian Eastern Cordilleran granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2009, 121:1298-1324.
57. Moreno-Sanchez M., Pardo-Trujillo A. Western Colombia geological history. Stratigraphy of some Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia: Regional Implications 2002, 91-113. International Journal of Tropical Geology, Geography and Ecology. A. Pardo, G.A. Moreno M (Eds.).
58. Moreno-Sanchez M., Pardo-Trujillo A. Stratigraphical and sedimentological constraints on Western Colombia: implications on the evolution of the Caribbean Plate. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2003, 79:891-924. C. Bartolini, R.T. Buffler, J. Blickwede (Eds.).
59. Müller R.D., Royer J.-Y., Lawver L.A. Revised plate motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks. Geology 1993, 21:275-278.
60. Nivia, A., 2001. Mapa Geologico del Departamento del Valle del Cauca. Escala 1:250000. Memoria explicativa. Instituto de Investigacion e informacion geocientifica, Minero-Ambiental y Nuclear, Ingeominas, Bogota, 149 p.
61. Nivia A., Marriner G.F., Kerr A.C., Tarney J. The Quebradagrande Complex: a Lower Cretaceous ensialic marginal basin in the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2006, 21:423-436.
62. Ordóñez-Carmona O., Martins P M., Angel C.P. Consideraciones Geocronólogicas e Isotópicas preliminares del Magmatismo Cretáceo-Paleoceno en el norte de la Cordillera Central. In proceedings of VIII Congresso Colombiano Geologia 2001, 5p.
63. Ordóñez-Carmona O., Pimentel M.M. Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic study of the Puquí complex, Colombian Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2002, 15:173-182.
64. Ordóñez-Carmona O., Restrepo Álvarez J.J., Pimentel M.M. Geochronological and isotopical review of pre-Devonian crustal basement of the Colombian Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2006, 21:372-382.
65. Pindell J., Kennan L. Tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and northern South America in the mantle reference frame: an update. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2009, 328:1-55.
66. Pindell J., Kennan L., Stanek K.P., Maresch W.V., Draper G. Foundations of Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean evolution: eight controversies resolved. Geologica Acta 2006, 4:303-341.
67. Pindell J.L. Geological arguments suggesting a Pacific origin for the Caribbean Plate 1990, 1-4. Miami Geological Society, St. Croix. D.K. Larue, G. Draper (Eds.).
68. Pindell J.L. Regional synopsis of Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean evolution. Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic Development of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Region - A Context for Hydrocarbon Exploration 1993, 251-274. Gulf Coast Section SEPM. J.L. Pindell, R.F. Perkins (Eds.).
69. Pindell J.L., Cande S.C., Pitman Iii W.C., Rowley D.B., Dewey J.F., Labrecque J., Haxby W. A plate-kinematic framework for models of Caribbean evolution. Tectonophysics 1988, 155:121-138.
70. Restrepo J.J., Dunlap W.J., Martens U., Ordoñez-Carmona O., Correa A.M. Ar-Ar Ages of Amphibolites from the Central Cordillera of Colombia and their Implications for Tectonostratigraphic Terrane Evolution in the Northwestern Andes. VI South American Symposium on Isotope Geology. Argentina 2008, 8 p.
71. Restrepo J.J., Ordoñez-Carmona O., Martens U., Correa A.M. Terrenos, Complejos y provincias en la Cordillera Central de Colombia. XII Congreso Colombiano de Geologia 2009, 12.
72. Restrepo J.J., Ordóñez-Carmona O., Moreno-Sánchez M. A comment on "the Quebradagrande Complex: a lower Cretaceous ensialic marginal basin in the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes" by Nivia et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2009, 28:204-205.
73. Restrepo J.J., Toussaint J.F. Edades radiométricas de algunas rocas de Antioquia, Colombia. Publicacion Especial Geología. Universidad Nacional de Medellin 1976, 12:1-11.
74. Restrepo J.J., Toussaint J.F. Terranes and continental accretion in the Colombian Andes. Episodes 1988, 7:189-193.
75. Schütte, P., 2009. Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Isotopic Composition (Sr, Nd, Pb) of Tertiary Porphyry Systems in Ecuador. PhD thesis. Université de Genève, 182.
76. Sillitoe R.H., Jaramillo L., Castro H. Geologic exploration of a molybdenum-rich porphyry copper deposit at Mocoa, Colombia. Economic Geology 1984, 79:106-123.
77. Sinton C.W., Duncan R.A., Denyer P. Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica: a single suite of Caribbean oceanic plateau magmas. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:15507-15520.
78. Sinton C.W., Duncan R.A., Storey M., Lewis J., Estrada J.J. An oceanic flood basalt province within the Caribbean plate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1998, 155:221-235.
79. Sláma J., Košler J., Condon D.J., Crowley J.L., Gerdes A., Hanchar J.M., Horstwood M.S.A., Morris G.A., Nasdala L., Norberg N., Schaltegger U., Schoene B., Tubrett M.N., Whitehouse M.J. Plesovice zircon - a new natural reference material for U-Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chemical Geology 2008, 249:1-35.
80. Snoke A.W., Rowe D.W., Yule J.D., Wadge G. Petrologic and structural history of Tobago, West Indies: a fragment of the accreted Mesozoic oceanic-arc of the southern Caribbean. Geological Society of America Special Paper 2001, 354:56p.
81. Spikings R.A., Crowhurst P.V., Winkler W., Villagomez D. Syn- and post-accretionary cooling history of the Ecuadorian Andes constrained by their in-situ and detrital thermochronometric record. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2010, 30:121-133.
82. Spikings R.A., Winkler W., Hughes R.A., Handler R. Thermochronology of allochthonous terranes in Ecuador: unravelling the accretionary and post-accretionary history of the Northern Andes. Tectonophysics 2005, 399:195-220.
83. Spikings R.A., Winkler W., Seward D., Handler R. Along-strike variations in the thermal and tectonic response of the continental Ecuadorian Andes to the collision with heterogeneous oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 186:57-73.
84. Steiger R.H., Jäger E. Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1977, 36:359-362.
85. Stockhert B., Maresch W.V., Brix M., Kaiser C., Toetz A., Kluge R., Kruckhansleuder G. Crustal history of Margarita Island (Venezuela) in detail: constraint on the Caribbean plate-tectonic scenario. Geology 1995, 23:787-790.
86. Sun S.S., McDonough W.F. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. Geological Society of London Special Publication 1989, 42:313-345.
87. Sylvester P.J., Ghaderi M. Trace element analysis of scheelite by excimer laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ELA-ICP-MS) using a synthetic silicate glass standard. Chemical Geology 1997, 141:49-65.
88. Tassinari C.G., Macambira M.J.B. Geochronological provinces of the Amazonian Craton. Episodes 1999, 22:174-182.
89. Toussaint J.F. Evolucion Geologica de Colombia durante el Triasico y el Jurasico 1995, 21. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin.
90. Toussaint J.F. Evolución geológica de Colombia - Cretácico 1996, 227. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin.
91. Toussaint J.F., Gonzalez H., Restrepo J., Linares E. Edad K/Ar de tres rocas metamórficas del flanco noroccidental de la Cordillera Central. Publicación Especial Geológica N° 14 1978, Facultad de Ciencias, Medellín, 7 p.
92. Toussaint J.F., Restrepo J.J. The Colombian Andes during Cretaceous times. Cretaceous Tectonics of the Andes 1994, 61-100. Verlag Braunschweig, Wiesbaden, Germany. J.A. Salfity (Ed.).
93. Vallejo C., Spikings R.A., Luzieux L., Winkler W., Chew D., Page L. The early interaction between the Caribbean Plateau and the NW South American Plate. Terra Nova 2006, 18:264-269.
94. Vallejo C., Winkler W., Spikings R.A., Luzieux L., Heller F., Bussy F. Mode and timing of terrane accretion in the forearc of the Andes in Ecuador. Geological Society of America Memoir 2009, 204:197-216.
95. Van der Lelij R., Spikings R.A., Kerr A.C., Kounov A., Cosca M., Chew D., Villagomez D. Thermochronology and tectonics of the Leeward Antilles: evolution of the southern Caribbean Plate boundary zone. Tectonics 2010, 29:TC6003. 10.1029/2009tc002654.
96. Vesga C., Barrero D. Edades K/Ar en rocas ígneas y metamórficas de la Cordillera Central de Colombia y su implicación geológica. II Congreso Colombiano de Geología, Bogotá, Colombia 1978, 21-31.
97. Villagómez, D., 2010. Thermochronology, geochronology and geochemistry of the Western and Central cordilleras and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia: the tectonic evolution of NW South America., Département de Minéralogie, Université de Genève, Ph.D thesis.
98. Vinasco C.J., Cordani U.G., González H., Weber M., Pelaez C. Geochronological, isotopic, and geochemical data from Permo-Triassic granitic gneisses and granitoids of the Colombian Central Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2006, 21:355-371.
99. White R.V., Tarney J., Kerr A.C., Saunders A.D., Kempton P.D., Pringle M.S., Klaver G.T. Modification of an oceanic plateau, Aruba, Dutch Caribbean: implications for the generation of continental crust. Lithos 1999, 46:43-68.
100. Wiedenbeck M., Allé P., Corfu F., Griffin W., Meier M., Oberli F., von Quadt A., Roddick J.C., Spiegel W. Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analysis. Geostandards Newsletter 1995, 19:1-23.
101. Wright J.E., Wyld S.J. Late Cretaceous subduction initiation on the eastern margin of the Caribbean-Colombian Oceanic Plateau: one great arc of the Caribbean (?). Geosphere 2011, 7:468-493.