The value of avitourism for conservation and job creation - An analysis from South Africa

Conservation and Society

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 80-90

  Biggsa, Duan ^a,b   Turpieb, Jane ^a   Fabriciusc, Christo ^c   Spenceleyd, Anna ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Avitourism; Bird watching; Community based conservation; Ecotourism; Job creation; Nature based tourism; Poverty alleviation; Skills development; Tour guides

Indexed keywords

AVES;

EID: 79960604270     PISSN: 09724923     EISSN: 09753133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0972-4923.79198     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Ashley, C. 2006. Facilitating pro-poor tourism with the private sector. Lessons learned from pro-poor tourism pilots in southern Africa. Pro-Poor Tourism Report 2. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.
2. Ashley, C., D. Roe and H. Goodwin. 2001. Pro-poor tourism strategies: Making tourism work for the poor: A review of experience. Pro-poor tourism Report No. 1. April 2001. ODI/IIED/CRT. London: The Russell Press
3. Barnes, K.N. 1998. Important Bird Areas of southern Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: BirdLife South Africa.
4. Berkes, F. 2004. Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology 18: 621-630. (Pubitemid 38689083)
5. Bernard, H.R. 2002. Research methods in anthropology. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Third Edition. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
6. Biggs, D. 2001. The economic feasibility of developing local guides for the Blue Swallow Natural Heritage Site in Kaapsehoop. A report to the Blue Swallow Working Group - Endangered Wildlife Trust and BirdLife South Africa.
7. BirdLife South Africa. 2009. Avitourism mission and policy. Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa. http://www.birdlife.org.za/page/5370/avitourism. Accessed on November 18, 2009.
8. BirdLife South Africa 2010. Birding routes. http://www.birdlife.org.za/ page/5312/birding-routes. Accessed on May 6, 2010.
9. Bookbinder, M.P., E. Dinerstein, A. Rijal, H. Cauley and A. Rajoria. 1998. Ecotourism's support of biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 12: 1399-1404. (Pubitemid 29015022)
10. Brooks, T. and H.S. Thompson. 2001. Current bird conservation issues in Africa. Auk 118: 575-582. (Pubitemid 32908234)
11. Briedenhann, J. and E. Wickens. 2004a. Tourism routes as a tool for the economic development of rural areas-Vibrant hope or impossible dream? Tourism Management 25: 71-79. (Pubitemid 38144064)
12. Briedenhann, J. and E. Wickens. 2004b. Rural tourism - meeting the challenges of the new South Africa. International Journal of Tourism Research 6: 189-203.
13. Cattarinich, X. 2001. Pro-poor tourism in developing countries: Analysis of secondary case studies. Pro-Poor Tourism Working Paper Number 8.
14. Christie, I.T. and D.E. Crompton. 2001. Tourism in Africa. Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 12. www.Worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp12.pdf. Accessed February 18, 2011.
15. Cordell, H.K. and N.G. Herbert. 2002. The popularity of birding is still growing. Birding 34: 54-59.
16. Czaja, R. and J. Blair 2005. Designing surveys: A guide to decisions and procedures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
17. De Beer, F. and H. Swannepoel. 1998. Community development and beyond: Issues structures and procedures. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik Publishers.
18. de Kadt, E. 1990. Making the alternative sustainable, lessons from development for tourism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
19. Dixey, L. 2008. The unsustainability of community tourism donor projects: Lessons from Zambia. In: Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development (ed. Spenceley, A.). London & Sterling VA: Earthscan.
20. Drake, S.P. 1991. Local participation in ecotourism projects. In: Nature tourism (ed. Whelan, T.). Pp. 132-156. Washington DC, USA: Island Press.
21. Fabricius, C. 2004. The fundamentals of community-based natural resource management. In: Rights, resources and rural development: Community-based natural resource manag ement in southern Africa (ed. Fabricius, C. and E. Koch). Pp. 3-43. London: Earthscan.
22. Hvengaard, G.T. and P. Dearden. 1998. Linking ecotourism and biodiversity conservation: A case study of Doi Inthanon National Park, Thailand. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 19: 193-211. (Pubitemid 29070545)
23. Kiss, A. 2004. Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 19: 232-237. (Pubitemid 38503478)
24. Likert, R. 1967. The method of constructing an attitude scale. In: Readings in attitude theory and measurement (ed. Fishbein, M.). Pp. 90-95. New York, NY: Wiley.
25. Linkie, M., R.J. Smith, Y. Zhu, D.J. Martyr, B. Suedmeyer, J. Pramono and N. Leader-Williams. 2008. Evaluating biodiversity conservation around a large Sumatran protected area. Conservation Biology 22: 683-690. (Pubitemid 351813431)
26. Morgan-Brown, T., S.K. Jacobson, K. Wald and B. Child. 2010. Quantitative assessment of a Tanzanian integrated conservation and development project involving butterfly farming. Conservation Biology 24: 563-572.
27. Mugisha, A.R. and S.K. Jacobson. 2004. Threat reduction assessment of conventional and community-based conservation approaches to managing protected areas in Uganda. Environmental Conservation 31: 233-241. (Pubitemid 40186434)
28. Murphy, P.E. 1985. Tourism: A community approach. New York, NY: Methuen.
29. Naidoo, R. and W.L. Adamowicz. 2005a. Biodiversity and nature-based tourism at forest reserves in Uganda. Environment and Development Economics 10: 159-178. (Pubitemid 40518252)
30. Naidoo, R. and W.L. Adamowicz. 2005b. Economic benefits of biodiversity exceed costs of conservation at an African rainforest reserve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 16712-16716. (Pubitemid 41688842)
31. Quinn, G.P. and M.J. Keough. 2002. Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press.
32. Salafsky, N. and R. Margoluis. 1999. Threat Reduction Assessment: A practical and cost-effective approach to evaluating conservation and development projects. Conservation Biology 13: 830-841. (Pubitemid 29368644)
33. Salafsky, N., H. Cauley, G. Balachander, B. Cordes, J. Parks, C. Margoluis, S. Bhatt, C. Encarnacion, D. Russell and R. Margoluis. 2001. A systematic test of an enterprise strategy for community-based biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 15: 1585-1595. (Pubitemid 34045724)
34. Sanderson, S. 2005. Poverty and conservation: The new century's "Peasant Question"? World Development 33: 323-332. (Pubitemid 40205429)
35. Sekercioglu, C.H. 2002. Impacts of birdwatching on human and avian communities. Environmental Conservation 29: 282-289. (Pubitemid 35447370)
36. Siegel, S. and J.N. Castellan Jr. 1988. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioural sciences. Second edition. Singapore: McGraw Hill International Editions.
37. South Africa.info. 2009. Gateway to the nation. http://www.southafrica. info/business/economy/sectors/tourism-overview.htm. Accessed on April 1, 2009.
38. Spenceley, A. 2008a. Local impacts of community-based tourism in southern Africa. In: Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development (ed. Spenceley, A.). Pp. 159-187. Earthscan: London & Sterling VA.
39. Spenceley, A. 2008b. Implications of responsible tourism for conservation and development in southern Africa. In: Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development (ed. Spenceley, A.). Pp. 365-372. Earthscan: London & Sterling VA.
40. Stem, C. J., J.P. Lassoie, D.R. Lee, D.D. Deshler and J.W. Schelhas. 2003. Community participation in ecotourism benefits: The link to conservation practices and perspectives. Society & Natural Resources 16: 387-413. (Pubitemid 36689632)
41. Steele, P. 1995. Ecotourism: An economic analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3: 29-44.
42. Tao, T.C.H. and G. Wall. 2009. Tourism as a sustainable livelihood strategy. Tourism Management 30: 90-98.
43. Tourangeau, R., L.J. Rips and K. Rasinski. 2000. The Psychology of survey response. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
44. Turpie, J. and P.G. Ryan. 1998. The nature and value of birding in South Africa. BirdLife South Africa Research Series No. 1. Randburg. South Africa.
45. Urban-Econ. 2000. Job creation. A method to determine the total number of jobs created by government assisted housing. A report to the Chief Director of Housing Performance, Pretoria, South Africa. www.polity.org.za/html/govdocs/ misc/housing/jobreport.pdf. Accessed on November 17, 2005.
46. US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. Birding in the United States: A demographic and economic analysis. Addendum to the 2001 national survey of fishing, hunting and wildlife associated recreation. Report 1-2001. US Fish & Wildlife Service. Washington DC, USA.
47. US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. National survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation. National Overview. http://library.fws.gov/ Pubs/nat-survey2006.pdf. Accessed on April 21, 2010.
48. Walpole, M. 1997. Dragon tourism in Komodo National Park, Indonesia: Its contribution to conservation and local development. Ph.D. thesis. Durrell Institute of Conserva tion and Ecology, Kent, UK.
49. Wells, M.P. and K.E. Brandon. 1992. People and parks: Linking protected area management with local communities. World Bank/WWF/USAID. Washington DC, USA.
50. Wilkinson, P.F. 1989. Strategies for tourism in island microstates. Annals of Tourism Research 16: 153-177.