Patterns of CO2 and radiocarbon across high northern latitudes during International Polar Year 2008

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 116, Issue 14, 2011, Pages

  Vay, S A ^a   Choi, Y ^b   Vadrevu, K P ^c   Blake, D R ^d   Tyler, S C ^d,e   Wisthaler, A ^f   Hecobian, A ^g   Kondo, Y ^h   Diskin, G S ^a   Sachse, G W ^b   Woo, J H ⁱ   Weinheimer, A J ^j   Burkhart, J F ^k   Stohl, A ^k   Wennberg, P O ^l  

^a NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e Norco College   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

^g GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

ⁱ Konkuk University   (South Korea)

^j NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^k NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^l CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FIRES; FOSSIL FUELS; NASA; POLLUTION;

AIR MASS; AIR SAMPLES; ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION; ATHABASCA; BIOMASS-BURNING; BLACK CARBON; BOREAL FORESTS; CO EMISSIONS; DATA SETS; DRY MATTERS; EMISSION FACTORS; ENHANCEMENT RATIOS; FIELD CAMPAIGN; FIRE EMISSIONS; FIRE PLUME; HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION; HIGH RESOLUTION; IN-SITU; INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR; LONG RANGE TRANSPORT; MASS EXCESS; MIDLATITUDES; NORTH AMERICAN; NORTH POLE; NORTHERN LATITUDES; POLLUTION PLUMES; RECEPTOR SITES; SASKATCHEWAN; SEASONAL DIFFERENCES; SOURCE REGION; SUB-ARCTIC; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE;

CARBON DIOXIDE;

AIR MASS; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC PLUME; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; BIOMASS BURNING; BLACK CARBON; BOREAL FOREST; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON ISOTOPE; CARBON MONOXIDE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMISSION INVENTORY; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; OZONE; RADIONUCLIDE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; WILDFIRE;

ARCTIC; NORTH AMERICA; NORTH POLE;

EID: 79960482450     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JD015643     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Akagi, S. K., et al. (2011), Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for usein atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039-4072, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011.
2. Alvarado, M. J., et al. (2010), Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and their impact on ozone: An integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9739-9760, doi:10.5194/acp-10-9739-2010.
3. Amiro, B. D., S. C. Sheppard, F. L. Johnston, W. G. Evenden, and D. R. Harris (1996), Burning radionuclide question: What happens to iodine, cesium, and chlorine in biomass fires?, Sci. Total Environ., 187, 93-103, doi:10.1016/0048-9697(96)05125-X. (Pubitemid 26251764)
4. Barletta, B., et al. (2009), Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Asian and north American pollution plumes during INTEX-B: Identification of specific Chinese air mass tracers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5371-5388, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5371-2009.
5. Barrie, L. A. (1986), Arctic air pollution: An overview of current knowledge, Atmos. Environ., 20(4), 643-663, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(86) 90180-0. (Pubitemid 16117462)
6. Blake, D. R., and F. S. Rowland (1995), Urban leakage of liquefied petroleum gas and its impact on Mexico City air quality, Science, 269, 953-956, doi:10.1126/science.269.5226.953. (Pubitemid 26440927)
7. Blake, D. R., T.-Y. Chen, T. W. Smith Jr., C. J.-L. Wang, O. W. Wingenter, N. J. Blake, and F. S. Rowland (1996), Three-dimensional distribution of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the northwestern Pacific during the 1991 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-West A), J. Geophys. Res., 101(D1), 1763-1778, doi:10.1029/95JD02707. (Pubitemid 26472959)
8. Blake, N. J., D. R. Blake, T.-Y. Chen, J. E. Collins Jr., G. W. Sachse, B. E. Anderson, and F. S. Rowland (1997), Distribution and seasonality of selected hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the western Pacific basin during PEM-West A and PEM-West B, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D23), 28,315-28,331, doi:10.1029/97JD02538.
9. Blake, N. J., et al. (2003), NMHCs and halocarbons in Asian continental outflow during the transport and chemical evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) field campaign: Comparison with PEM-West, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 8806, doi:10.1029/2002JD003367. (Pubitemid 350187736)
10. Boggs, P. T., C. H. Spiegelman, J. R. Donaldson, and R. B. Schnabel (1988), A computational examination of orthogonal distance regression, J. Econometrics, 38, 169-201, doi:10.1016/0304-4076(88)90032-2.
11. Campbell, J. E., et al. (2007), Analysis of anthropogenic CO2 signal in ICARTT using a regional chemical transport model and observed tracers, Tellus, Ser. B, 59, 199-210. (Pubitemid 46455926)
12. Choi, Y., et al. (2008), Characteristics of the atmospheric CO2 signal as observed over the conterminous United States during INTEX-NA, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D07301, doi:10.1029/2007JD008899.
13. Crounse, J. D., et al. (2009), Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the Central Mexican Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4929-4944, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4929-2009.
14. Crutzen, P. J., and M. O. Andreae (1990), Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles, Science, 250, 1669-1678, doi:10.1126/science.250.4988.1669. (Pubitemid 120031869)
15. de Gouw, J. A., C. Warneke, D. D. Parrish, J. S. Holloway, M. Trainer, and F. C. Fehsenfeld (2003), Emission sources and ocean uptake of acetoni-trile (CH3CN) in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D11), 4329, doi:10.1029/2002JD002897.
16. de Gouw, J. A., et al. (2004), Chemical composition of air masses transported from Asia to the U.S. West Coast during ITCT 2K2: Fossil fuel combustion versus biomass-burning signatures, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S20, doi:10.1029/2003JD004202. (Pubitemid 40318592)
17. de Gouw, J. A., et al. (2006), Volatile organic compounds compositions of merged and aged forest fire plumes from Alaska and western Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006175. (Pubitemid 44043253)
18. Djuricin, S., D. E. Pataki, and X. Xu (2010), A comparison of tracer methods for quantifying CO2 sources in an urban region, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D11303, doi:10.1029/2009JD012236.
19. Fisher, J. A., et al. (2010), Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 977-996, doi:10.5194/acp-10-977-2010.
20. Fritz, S., et al. (2003), Harmonisation, mosaicing and production of the Global Land Cover 2000 database (Beta version), EUR 20849 EN, 41 pp., Off. for Off. Publ. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg.
21. Fuelberg, H. E., D. L. Harrigan, and W. Sessions (2010), A meteorological overview of the ARCTAS 2008 mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 817-842, doi:10.5194/acp-10-817-2010.
22. Gamnitzer, U., U. Karstens, B. Kromer, R. E. M. Neubert, H. A. J. Meijer, H. Schroeder, and I. Levin (2006), Carbon monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO2?, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22302, doi:10.1029/2005JD006966. (Pubitemid 47386232)
23. Giglio, L., I. Csiszar, and C. O. Justice (2006), Global distribution and seasonality of active fires as observed with the Terra and Aqua MODIS sensors, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G02016, doi:10.1029/2005JG000142. (Pubitemid 47489878)
24. Goode, J. G., R. J. Yokelson, D. E. Ward, R. A. Susott, R. E. Babbitt, M. A. Davies, and W. M. Hao (2000), Measurements of excess O3, CO2, CO, CH4, C2H4, C2H2, HCN, NO, NH3, HCOOH, CH3COOH, HCHO, and CH3OH in 1997 Alaskan biomass burning plumes by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res., 105(D17), 22,147-22,166, doi:10.1029/2000JD900287.
25. Graven, H. D., et al. (2009), Vertical profiles of biospheric and fossil fuel-derived CO2 and fossil fuel CO2:CO ratios from airborne measurements of D 1 C, CO2, and CO above Colorado, USA, Tellus, Ser. B, 61, 536-546.
26. Gregory, G. L., et al. (1992), Tropospheric ozone and aerosol observations: The Alaskan Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D15), 16,451-16,471, doi:10.1029/91JD01310.
27. Hansen, D. A., and T. Novakov (1989), Real time measurement of the size fractionation of ambient black carbon aerosols at elevated humidities, Aerosol Sci. Technol, 10, 106-110, doi:10.1080/02786828908959225. (Pubitemid 19081762)
28. Harrigan, D. L., et al. (2011), Transport of anthropogenic emissions during ARCTAS-A: A climatology and regional case studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 5435-5491, doi:10.5194/acpd-11-5435-2011.
29. Heald, C. L., et al. (2003), Asian outflow and trans-Pacific transport of carbon monoxide and ozone pollution: An integrated satellite, aircraft, and model perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4804, doi:10.1029/2003JD003507.
30. Heard, D. E., L. J. Carpenter, D. J. Creasey, J. R. Hopkins, J. D. Lee, A. C. Lewis, M. J. Pilling, P. W. Seakins, N. Carslaw, and K. M. Emmerson (2004), High levels of the hydroxyl radical in the winter urban troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett, 31, L18112, doi:10.1029/2004GL020544. (Pubitemid 39660782)
31. Hegg, D. A., L. F. Radke, P. V. Hobbs, R. A. Rasmussen, and P. J. Riggan (1990), Emissions of some trace gases from some biomass fires, J. Geophys. Res., 95(D5), 5669-5675, doi:10.1029/JD095iD05p05669.
32. Higuchi, K., D. Worthy, D. Chan, and A. Shashkov (2003), Regional source/sink impact on the diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual variations in atmospheric CO2 at a boreal forest site in Canada, Tellus, Ser. B, 55, 115-125. (Pubitemid 36610957)
33. Hsueh, D. Y., N. Y. Krakauer, J. T. Randerson, X. Xu, S. E. Trumbore, and J. R. Southon (2007), Regional patterns of radiocarbon and fossil fuel derived CO2 in surface air across North America, Geophys. Res. Lett, 34, L02816, doi:10.1029/2006GL027032. (Pubitemid 47277701)
34. Hudman, R. C, et al. (2007), Surface and lightning sources of nitrogen oxides over the United States: Magnitudes, chemical evolution, and outflow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S05, doi:10.1029/2006JD007912. (Pubitemid 47241661)
35. Jacob, D. J., et al. (2010), The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: Design, execution, and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5191-5212, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010.
36. Kasischke, E. S., and L. P. Bruhwiler (2002), Emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane from boreal forest fires in 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8146, doi:10.1029/2001JD000461 [printed 108(D1), 2003].
37. Kasischke, E. S., E. J. Hyer, P. C. Novelli, L. P. Bruhwiler, N. H. F. French, A. I. Sukhinin, J. H. Hewson, and B. J. Stocks (2005), Influences of boreal fire emissions on Northern Hemisphere atmospheric carbon and carbon monoxide, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB1012, doi:10.1029/2004GB002300. (Pubitemid 40801463)
38. Katzenstein, A. S., et al. (2003), Extensive regional atmospheric hydrocarbon pollution in the Southwestern United States, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 11,975-11,979, doi:10.1073/pnas.1635258100. (Pubitemid 37271500)
39. Klonecki, A., P. Hess, L. Emmons, L. Smith, J. Orlando, and D. Blake (2003), Seasonal changes in the transport of pollutants into the Arctic troposphere-model study, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D4), 8367, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002199.
40. Koch, D., and J. Hansen (2005), Distant origins of Arctic black carbon: A Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04204, doi:10.1029/2004JD005296. (Pubitemid 40599447)
41. Kondo, Y., et al. (2011), Emissions of black carbon, organic, and inorganic aerosols from biomass burning in North America and Asia in 2008, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D08204, doi:10.1029/2010JD015152.
42. Law, K. S., and A. Stohl (2007), Arctic air pollution: Origins and impacts, Science, 315, 1537-1540, doi:10.1126/science.1137695. (Pubitemid 46449462)
43. Lefer, B. L., et al. (1994), Enhancement of acidic gases in biomass burning impacted air masses over Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D1), 1721-1737, doi:10.1029/93JD02091.
44. Levin, I., and V. Hesshaimer (2000), Radiocarbon-A unique tracer of global carbon cycle dynamics, Radiocarbon, 42(1), 69-80.
45. Levin, I., K. O. Munnich, and W. Weiss (1980), The effect of anthropogenic CO2 and C sources on the distribution of C in the atmosphere, Radiocarbon, 22(2), 379-391.
46. Levin, I., et al. (2010), Observations and modelling of the global distribution and long-term trend of atmospheric 14CO2, Tellus, Ser. B, 62, 26-46, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00446.x.
47. Li, Q., D. J. Jacob, I. Bey, R. M. Yantosca, Y. Zhao, Y. Kondo, and J. Notholt (2000), Atmospheric hydrogen cyanide (HCN): Biomass burning source, ocean sink? Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(3), 357-360, doi:10.1029/1999GL010935.
48. Li, Q., D. J. Jacob, R. M. Yantosca, C. L. Heald, H. B. Singh, M. Koike, Y. Zhao, G. W. Sachse, and D. G. Streets (2003), A global three-dimensional model analysis of the atmospheric budgets of HCN and CH3CN: Constraints from aircraft and ground measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 8827, doi:10.1029/2002JD003075.
49. Liu, H., D. J. Jacob, I. Bey, R. M. Yantosca, B. N. Duncan, and G. W. Sachse (2003), Transport pathways for Asian pollution outflow over the Pacific: Interannual and seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 8786, doi:10.1029/2002JD003102. (Pubitemid 350187710)
50. Matsui, H., et al. (2011), Seasonal variation of the transport of black carbon aerosol from the Asian continent to the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05202, doi:10.1029/2010JD015067.
51. Moteki, N., and Y. Kondo (2007), Effects of mixing state on black carbon measurements by laser-induced incandescence, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 398-417, doi:10.1080/02786820701199728. (Pubitemid 46393086)
52. Naegler, T., and I. Levin (2009), Biosphere-atmosphere gross carbon exchange flux and the d13CO2 and D14CO2 disequilibria constrained by the biospheric excess radiocarbon inventory, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17303, doi:10.1029/2008JD011116.
53. Newman, S., X. Xu, H. P. Affek, E. Stolper, and S. Epstein (2008), Changes in mixing ratio and isotopic composition of CO2 in urban air from the Los Angeles basin, California, between 1972 and 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23304, doi:10.1029/2008JD009999.
54. Oechel, W. C., and G. L. Vourlitis (1994), The effects of climate change on Arctic tundra ecosystems, Trends Ecol. Evol., 9, 324-329, doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90152-X. (Pubitemid 2125705)
55. Paliouris, G., H. W. Taylor, R. W. Wein, J. Svoboda, and B. Mierzynski (1995), Fire as an agent in redistributing fallout 137Cs in the Canadian boreal forest, Sci. Total Environ., 160-161, 153-166, doi:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04353-3.
56. Paris, J.-D., et al. (2009), Wildfire smoke in the Siberican Arctic in summer: Source characterization and plume evolution from airborne measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9315-9327, doi:10.5194/acp-9-9315-2009.
57. Pataki, D. E., D. R. Bowling, and J. R. Ehleringer (2003), Seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition in an urban atmosphere: Anthropogenic and biogenic effects, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 4735, doi:10.1029/2003JD003865.
58. Peischl, J., et al. (2010), A top-down analysis of emissions from selected Texas power plants during TexAQS 2000 and 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16303, doi:10.1029/2009JD013527.
59. Quinn, P. K., et al. (2007), Arctic haze: Current trends and knowledge gaps, Tellus, Ser. B, 59, 99-114. (Pubitemid 46152670)
60. Randerson, J. T., I. G. Enting, E. A. G. Schuur, K. Caldeira, and I. Y. Fung (2002), Seasonal and latitudinal variability of troposphere D14CO2: Post bomb contributions from fossil fuels, oceans, the stratosphere, and the terrestrial biosphere, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16(4), 1112, doi:10.1029/2002GB001876.
61. Rastigejev, Y., R. Park, M. P. Brenner, and D. J. Jacob (2010), Resolving intercontinental pollution plumes in global models of atmospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D02302, doi:10.1029/2009JD012568.
62. Sachse, G. W., G. F. Hill, L. O. Wade, and M. G. Perry (1987), Fast-response, high-precision carbon monoxide sensor using a tunable diode laser absorption technique, J. Geophys. Res., 92(D2), 2071-2081, doi:10.1029/ JD092iD02p02071. (Pubitemid 17070932)
63. Saha, A., et al. (2010), Pan-Arctic sunphotometry during the ARCTAS-A campaign of April 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L05803, doi:10.1029/ 2009GL041375.
64. Schuur, E. A. G., S. E. Trumbore, M. C. Mack, and J. W. Harden (2003), Isotopic composition of carbon dioxide from a boreal forest fire: Inferring carbon loss from measurements and modeling, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17(1), 1001, doi:10.1029/2001GB001840.
65. Shindell, D. T., et al. (2008), A multi-model assessment of pollutant transport to the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5353-5372, doi:10.5194/acp-8- 5353-2008.
66. Simpson, I. J., et al. (2010), Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 75 speciated C2-C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO2, CO, CH4, NO, NOy, O3 and SO2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11,931-11,954, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11931-2010.
67. Simpson, I. J., et al. (2011), Boreal forest fire emissions in fresh Canadian smoke plumes:C1-C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO2, CO, NO2, NO, HCN and CH3CN, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 9515-9566, doi:10.5194/acpd-11-9515-2011.
68. Soja, A. J., W. R. Cofer, H. H. Shugart, A. I. Sukhinin, P. W. Stackhouse Jr., D. J. McRae, and S. G. Conard (2004), Estimating fire emissions and disparities in boreal Siberia (1998-2002), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14S06, doi:10.1029/2004JD004570. (Pubitemid 39364483)
69. Soja, A. J., B. Stocks, P. Maczeck, M. Fromm, R. Servranckx, M. Turetsky, and B. Benscoter (2008), ARCTAS: The perfect smoke, Can. Smoke Newsl., Fall 2008, 2-7.
70. Staudt, A. C., D. J. Jacob, J. A. Logan, D. Bachiochi, T. N. Krishnamurti, and G. W. Sachse (2001), Continental sources, transoceanic transport, and interhemispheric exchange of carbon monoxide over the Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32,571-32,589, doi:10.1029/2001JD900078.
71. Stocks, B. J. (1991), The extent and impact of forest fires in northern cir-cumpolar countries, in Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications, edited by J. S. Levine, pp. 197-202, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
72. Stocks, B. J., et al. (1998), Climate change and forest fire potential in Russian and Canadian boreal forests, Clim. Change, 38, 1-13, doi:10.1023/A:1005306001055. (Pubitemid 28102122)
73. Stohl, A. (2006), Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006888. (Pubitemid 44137685)
74. Stohl, A., S. Eckhardt, C. Forster, P. James, N. Spichtinger, and P. Seibert (2002), A replacement for simple back trajectory calculations in the interpretation of atmospheric trace substance measurements, Atmos. Environ., 36(29), 4635-4648, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00416-8. (Pubitemid 36153135)
75. Stuiver, M., and H. A. Polach (1977), Reporting of 14C data, Radiocarbon, 19(3), 355-363.
76. Suess, H. E. (1955), Radiocarbon concentration in modern wood, Science, 122, 415-417, doi:10.1126/science.122.3166.415-a.
77. Suntharalingam, P., et al. (2004), Improved quantification of Chinese carbon fluxes using CO2/CO correlations in Asian outflow, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18S18, doi:10.1029/2003JD004362. (Pubitemid 39621665)
78. Susott, R. A., G. J. Olbu, S. P. Baker, D. E. Ward, J. B. Kauffman, and R. W. Shea (1996), Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and thermogravi-metric analysis of tropical ecosystem biomass, in Biomass Burning and Global Change, edited by J. S. Levine, pp. 350-360, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
79. Turnbull, J. C., J. B. Miller, S. J. Lehman, P. P. Tans, R. J. Sparks, and J. Southon (2006), Comparison of 14CO2, CO, and SF6 as tracers for recently added fossil fuel CO2 in the atmosphere and implications for biological CO2 exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01817, doi:10.1029/2005GL024213.
80. Turnbull, J., P. Rayner, J. Miller, T. Naegler, P. Ciais, and A. Cozic (2009), On the use of 14CO2 as a tracer for fossil fuel CO2: Quantifying uncertainties using an atmospheric transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22302, doi:10.1029/2009JD012308.
81. Tyler, S. C., H. O. Ajie, M. L. Gupta, R. J. Cicerone, D. R. Blake, and E. J. Dlugokencky (1999), Carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric methane: A comparison of surface level and upper tropospheric air, J. Geo-phys. Res., 104(D11), 13,895-13,910, doi:10.1029/1999JD900029.
82. Vay, S. A., B. E. Anderson, T. J. Conway, G. W. Sachse, J. E. Collins Jr., D. R. Blake, and D. J. Westberg (1999), Airborne observations of the tro-pospheric CO2 distribution and its controlling factors over the south Pacific Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D5), 5663-5676, doi:10.1029/98JD01420. (Pubitemid 29348058)
83. Vay, S. A., et al. (2003), Influence of regional-scale anthropogenic emissions on CO2 distributions over the western North Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 8801, doi:10.1029/2002JD003094. (Pubitemid 350187720)
84. Vay, S. A., et al. (2009), Sources and transport of D14C in CO2 within the Mexico City Basin and vicinity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4973-4985, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4973-2009.
85. Vogel, F. R., et al. (2010), Implication of weekly and diurnal 14C calibration on hourly estimates of CO-based fossil fuel CO2 at a moderately polluted site in southwestern Germany, Tellus, Ser. B, 62, 512-520.
86. Wang, Y., J. W. Munger, S. Xu, M. B. McElroy, J. Hao, C. P. Nielsen, and H. Ma (2010), CO2 and its correlation with CO at a rural site near Beijing: Implications for combustion efficiency in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8881-8897, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8881-2010.
87. Ward, D. E., and L. F. Radke (1993), Emissions measurements from vegetation fires: A comparative evaluation of methods and results, in Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires, edited by P. J. Crutzen and J. G. Goldammer, pp. 53-76, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
88. Warneke, C., et al. (2009), Biomass burning in Siberia and Kazakhstan as an important source for haze over the Alaskan Arctic in April 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02813, doi:10.1029/2008GL036194.
89. Weinheimer, A. J., J. G. Walega, B. A. Ridley, B. L. Gary, D. R. Blake, N. J. Blake, F. S. Rowland, G. W. Sachse, B. E. Anderson, and J. E. Collins (1994), Meridional distributions of NOx, NOy, and other species in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere during AASE II, Geophys. Res. Lett, 21(23), 2583-2586, doi:10.1029/94GL01897.
90. Wisthaler, A., A. Hansel, R. R. Dickerson, and P. J. Crutzen (2002), Organic trace gas measurements by PTR-MS during INDOEX 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 8024, doi:10.1029/2001JD000576. (Pubitemid 44793913)
91. Witte, J. C, M. R. Schoeberl, A. R. Douglass, J. F. Gleason, N. A. Krotkov, J. C. Gille, K. E. Pickering, and N. Livesey (2009), Satellite observations of changes in air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics and Paralympics, Geophys. Res. Lett, 36, L17803, doi:10.1029/2009GL039236.
92. Wofsy, S. C, et al. (1992), Atmospheric chemistry in the arctic and subarctic: Influence of natural fires, industrial emissions, and stratospheric inputs, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D15), 16,731-16,746, doi:10.1029/92JD00622.
93. Worthy, D. E., E. Chan, M. Ishizawa, D. Chan, C. Poss, E. J. Dlugokencky, S. Maksyutov, and I. Levin (2009), Decreasing anthropogenic methane emissions in Europe and Siberia inferred from continuous carbon dioxide and methane observations at Alert, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D10301, doi:10.1029/2008JD011239.
94. Wotawa, G., L.-E. De Geer, A. Becker, R. D'Amours, M. Jean, R. Servranckx, and K. Ungar (2006), Inter-and intra-continental transport of radioactive cesium released by boreal forest fires, Geophys. Res. Lett, 33, L12806, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026206. (Pubitemid 44687732)
95. Xu, X., S. Trumbore, H. Ajie, S. Tyler, J. Randerson, and N. Krakauer (2004), Atmospheric CO2 over the mid Pacific Ocean and at Point Barrow, Alaska, USA from 2002 to 2004, Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B23A-0948.
96. Yashiro, H., S. Sugawara, K. Sudo, S. Aoki, and T. Nakazawa (2009), Temporal and spatial variations of carbon monoxide over the western part of the Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08305, doi:10.1029/2008JD010876.
97. Yokelson, R. J., D. W. T. Griffith, and D. E. Ward (1996), Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D15), 21,067-21,080, doi:10.1029/96JD01800.