Management of the clinically negative neck in early-stage head and neck cancers after transoral resection

Head and Neck

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1210-1219

  Rodrigo, Juan P ^a,b   Shah, Jatin P ^c   Silver, Carl E ^d   Medina, Jesus E ^e   Takes, Robert P ^f   Robbins, K Thomas ^g   Rinaldo, Alessandra ^h   Werner, Jochen A ⁱ   Ferlito, Alfio ^h  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO CENTRAL DE ASTURIAS   (Spain)

^b DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOQUÍMICA Y BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR   (Spain)

^c MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^d ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^f RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^g SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF UDINE   (Italy)

ⁱ PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

early stage; elective neck dissection; head and neck cancers; management of cN0; transoral resection; watchful waiting

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; EARLY CANCER; ELECTIVE SURGERY; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; LARYNGECTOMY; LARYNX CANCER; MOUTH CANCER; NECK DISSECTION; OROPHARYNX CANCER; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALVAGE THERAPY; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TRANSORAL RESECTION; WATCHFUL WAITING;

CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; DECISION MAKING; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; FEMALE; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; MALE; MOUTH; NECK DISSECTION; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, ELECTIVE; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; WATCHFUL WAITING;

EID: 79960390537     PISSN: 10433074     EISSN: 10970347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hed.21505     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Wei WI, Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, et al. Management of the N0 neck-reference or preference. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 115-122.
2. Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Silver CE, et al. Elective and therapeutic selective neck dissection. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 14-25. (Pubitemid 41831517)
3. Werning JW, Heard D, Pagano C, Khuder S,. Elective management of the clinically negative neck by otolaryngologists in patients with oral tongue cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129: 83-88. (Pubitemid 36070880)
4. Dünne AA, Folz BJ, Kuropkat C, Werner JA,. Extent of surgical intervention in case of N0 neck in head and neck cancer patients: an analysis of data collection of 39 hospitals. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 261: 295-303. (Pubitemid 38998245)
5. Buckley JG, MacLennan K,. Cervical node metastases in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer: a prospective analysis of prevalence and distribution. Head Neck 2000; 22: 380-385. (Pubitemid 30413304)
6. Devaney KO, Rinaldo A, Ferlito A,. Micrometastases in cervical lymph nodes from patients with squamous carcinoma of the head and neck: should they be actively sought? Maybe. Am J Otolaryngol 2007; 28: 271-274. (Pubitemid 46990606)
7. Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Devaney KO, Nakashiro K, Hamakawa H,. Detection of lymph node micrometastases in patients with squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265: 1147-1153.
8. van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Snow GB,. Diagnostic evaluation of the neck. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1998; 31: 601-620. (Pubitemid 28406529)
9. Nahmias C, Carlson ER, Duncan LD, et al. Positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) scanning for preoperative staging of patients with oral/head and neck cancer. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 65: 2524-2635.
10. Tuli HS, Singh B, Prasad V, Das A, Gupta AK, Mittal BR,. Diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc- MIBI-SPECT in the detection of lymph node metastases in patients with carcinoma of the tongue: comparison with computed tomography and MRI. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29: 803-808.
11. Schroeder U, Dietlein M, Wittekindt C, et al. Is there a need for positron emission tomography imaging to stage the N0 neck in T1-T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2008; 117: 854-863.
12. Takes RP,. Diagnostic procedures for detection of lymph node metastasis in cancer of the head and neck. In:, Ferlito A, Robbins KT, Silver CE, editors. Neck Dissection, Chapter 4. San Diego: Plural Publishing Company; 2010.
13. Takes RP, Rinaldo A, Rodrigo JP, Devaney KO, Fagan JJ, Ferlito A,. Can biomarkers play a role in the decision about treatment of the clinically negative neck in patients with head and neck cancer? Head Neck 2008; 30: 525-538. (Pubitemid 351578758)
14. Pitman KT,. Rationale for elective neck dissection. Am J Otolaryngol 2000; 21: 31-37. (Pubitemid 30059062)
15. Weiss MH, Harrison LB, Isaacs RS,. Use of decision analysis in planning a management strategy for the stage N0 neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120: 699-702. (Pubitemid 24217580)
16. Okura M, Aikawa T, Sawai NY, Iida S, Kogo M,. Decision analysis and treatment threshold in a management for the N0 neck of the oral cavity carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2009; 45: 908-911.
17. Dias FL, Kligerman J, Matos de Sá G, et al. Elective neck dissection versus observation in stage I squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125: 23-29. (Pubitemid 33661086)
18. Greenberg JS, El-Naggar AK, Mo V, Roberts D, Myers JN,. Disparity in pathologic and clinical lymph node staging in oral tongue carcinoma. Implication for therapeutic decision making. Cancer 2003; 98: 508-515. (Pubitemid 36885990)
19. Haddadin KJ, Soutar DS, Oliver RJ, Webster MH, Robertson AG, MacDonald DG,. Improved survival for patients with clinically T1/T2, N0 tongue tumors undergoing a prophylactic neck dissection. Head Neck 1999; 21: 517-525. (Pubitemid 29415156)
20. Sano D, Myers JN,. Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 26: 645-662. (Pubitemid 350115112)
21. Andersen PE, Cambronero E, Shaha AR, Shah JP,. The extent of neck disease after regional failure during observation of the N0 neck. Am J Surg 1996; 172: 689-691. (Pubitemid 27024781)
22. Huang SF, Kang CJ, Lin CY, et al. Neck treatment of patients with early stage oral tongue cancer: comparison between observation, supraomohyoid dissection, and extended dissection. Cancer 2008; 112: 1066-1075.
23. Kaya S, Yilmaz T, Gürsel B, Saraç S, Sennaroǧlu L,. The value of elective neck dissection in treatment of cancer of the tongue. Am J Otolaryngol 2001; 22: 59-64. (Pubitemid 32156417)
24. Yuen AP, Wei WI, Wong YM, Tang KC,. Elective neck dissection versus observation in the treatment of early oral tongue carcinoma. Head Neck 1997; 19: 583-588. (Pubitemid 27407312)
25. NCCN practice guidelines in oncology. Head and neck cancers. V. 1. 2009. Available from:
26. Cheng A, Schmidt BL,. Management of the N0 neck in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2008; 20: 477-497.
27. Spiro RH, Strong EW,. Epidermoid carcinoma of the mobile tongue. Treatment by partial glossectomy alone. Am J Surg 1971; 122: 707-710.
28. Cunningham MJ, Johnson JT, Myers EN, Schramm VL Jr, Thearle PB,. Cervical lymph node metastasis after local excision of early squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Am J Surg 1986; 152: 361-366. (Pubitemid 16001463)
29. Lee JG, Litton WB,. Occult regional metastasis: carcinoma of the oral tongue. Laryngoscope 1972; 82: 1273-1281.
30. Mendelson BC, Woods JE, Beahrs OH,. Neck dissection in the treatment of carcinoma of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976; 143: 75-80.
31. Whitehurst JO, Droulias CA,. Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: factors influencing survival. Arch Otolaryngol 1977; 103: 212-215. (Pubitemid 8086413)
32. Hughes CJ, Gallo O, Spiro RH, Shah JP,. Management of occult neck metastases in oral cavity squamous carcinoma. Am J Surg 1993; 166: 380-383. (Pubitemid 24240992)
33. Teichgraeber JF, Clairmont AA,. The incidence of occult metastases for cancer of the oral tongue and floor of the mouth: treatment rationale. Head Neck Surg 1984; 7: 15-21.
34. Ho CM, Lam KH, Wei WI, Lau SK, Lam LK,. Occult lymph node metastasis in small oral tongue cancers. Head Neck 1992; 14: 359-363.
35. Lydiatt DD, Robbins KT, Byers RM, Wolf PF,. Treatment of stage I and II oral tongue cancer. Head Neck 1993; 15: 308-312. (Pubitemid 23174895)
36. Capote A, Escorial V, Muñoz-Guerra MF, Rodríguez-Campo FJ, Gamallo C, Naval L,. Elective neck dissection in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma-does it influence recurrence and survival? Head Neck 2007; 29: 3-11. (Pubitemid 46032560)
37. Duvvuri U, Simental AA Jr, D'Angelo G, et al. Elective neck dissection and survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 2228-2234. (Pubitemid 39602495)
38. Keski-Säntti H, Atula T, Törnwall J, Koivunen P, Mäkitie A,. Elective neck treatment versus observation in patients with T1/T2 N0 squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 96-101. (Pubitemid 41831529)
39. Franceschi D, Gupta R, Spiro RH, Shah JP,. Improved survival in the treatment of squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. Am J Surg 1993; 166: 360-365. (Pubitemid 24240988)
40. Jesse RH, Barkley HT Jr, Lindberg RD, Fletcher GH,. Cancer of the oral cavity. Is elective neck dissection beneficial? Am J Surg 1970; 120: 505-508.
41. White D, Byers RM,. What is the preferred initial method of treatment for squamous carcinoma of the tongue? Am J Surg 1980; 140: 553-555. (Pubitemid 10005993)
42. O'Brien CJ, Traynor SJ, McNeil E, McMahon JD, Chaplin JM,. The use of clinical criteria alone in the management of the clinically negative neck among patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126: 360-365. (Pubitemid 30144020)
43. Layland MK, Sessions DG, Lenox J,. The influence of lymph node metastasis in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx: N0 versus N+. Laryngoscope 2005; 115: 629-639. (Pubitemid 40530012)
44. Nieuwenhuis EJ, Castelijns JA, Pijpers R, et al. Wait-and-see policy for the N0 neck in early-stage oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma using ultrasonography-guided cytology: is there a role for identification of the sentinel node? Head Neck 2002; 24: 282-289. (Pubitemid 34193254)
45. Khafif RA, Gelbfish GA, Tepper P, Attie JN,. Elective radical neck dissection in epidermoid cancer of the head and neck. A retrospective analysis of 853 cases of mouth, pharynx, and larynx cancer. Cancer 1991; 67: 67-71.
46. D'Cruz AK, Siddachari RC, Walvekar RR, et al. Elective neck dissection for the management of the N0 neck in early cancer of the oral tongue: need for a randomized controlled trial. Head Neck 2009; 31: 618-624.
47. Vandenbrouck C, Sancho-Garnier H, Chassagne D, Saravane D, Cachin Y, Micheau C,. Elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity: results of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 1980; 46: 386-390. (Pubitemid 10085956)
48. Fakih AR, Rao RS, Borges AM, Patel AR,. Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in early carcinoma of the oral tongue. Am J Surg 1989; 158: 309-313. (Pubitemid 19246229)
49. Kligerman J, Lima RA, Soares JR, et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection in the treatment of T1/T2 squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. Am J Surg 1994; 168: 391-394. (Pubitemid 24345680)
50. Yuen AP, Ho CM, Chow TL, et al. Prospective randomized study of selective neck dissection versus observation for N0 neck of early tongue carcinoma. Head Neck 2009; 31: 765-772.
51. Shaw RJ, Lowe D, Woolgar JA, et al. Extracapsular spread in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2010; 32: 714-722.
52. Song T, Bi N, Gui L, Peng Z,. Elective neck dissection or "watchful waiting": optimal management strategy for early stage N0 tongue carcinoma using decision analysis techniques. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008; 121: 1646-1650.
53. Stoeckli SJ, Alkureishi LW, Ross GL,. Sentinel node biopsy for early oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266: 787-793.
54. Stoeckli SJ,. Sentinel node biopsy for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 2007; 117: 1539-1551. (Pubitemid 47357381)
55. Stoeckli SJ, Steinert H, Pfaltz M, Schmid S,. Sentinel lymph node evaluation in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 125: 221-226. (Pubitemid 33662671)
56. Shoaib T, Soutar DS, Prosser JE, et al. A suggested method for sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 1999; 21: 728-733.
57. Stoeckli SJ, Pfaltz M, Ross GL, et al. The second international conference on sentinel node biopsy in mucosal head and neck cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2005; 12: 919-924. (Pubitemid 41504225)
58. Paleri V, Rees G, Arullendran P, Shoaib T, Krishman S,. Sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity and oral pharynx: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Head Neck 2005; 27: 739-747. (Pubitemid 41266177)
59. Civantos FJ, Zitsch RP, Schuller DE, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy accurately stages the regional lymph nodes for T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinomas: results of a prospective multi-institutional trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1395-1400.
60. Ross GL, Soutar DS, Gordon MacDonald D, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer: preliminary results of a multicenter trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11: 690-696. (Pubitemid 40486704)
61. Ross G, Shoaib T, Soutar DS, et al. The use of sentinel node biopsy to upstage the clinically N0 neck in head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 128: 1287-1291. (Pubitemid 35403308)
62. Civantos FJ, Stoeckli SJ, Takes RP, et al. What is the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of oral cancer in 2010? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267: 839-844.
63. Rodrigo JP, Suárez C, Silver CE, et al. Transoral laser surgery for supraglottic cancer. Head Neck 2008; 30: 658-666. (Pubitemid 351656108)
64. Cabanillas R, Rodrigo JP, Llorente JL, Suárez C,. Oncologic outcomes of transoral laser surgery of supraglottic carcinoma compared with a transcervical approach. Head Neck 2008; 30: 750-755. (Pubitemid 351913851)
65. Redaelli de Zinis LO, Nicolai P, Tomenzoli D, et al. The distribution of lymph node metastases in supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma: therapeutic implications. Head Neck 2002; 24: 913-920.
66. Hicks WL Jr, Kollmorgen DR, Kuriakose MA, et al. Patterns of nodal metastasis and surgical management of the neck in supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 121: 57-61. (Pubitemid 29325960)
67. Myers EN, Alvi A,. Management of carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx: evolution, current concepts, and future trends. Laryngoscope 1996; 106: 559-567. (Pubitemid 26137833)
68. Chiu RJ, Myers EN, Johnson JT,. Efficacy of routine bilateral neck dissection in the management of supraglottic cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 131: 485-488. (Pubitemid 39298217)
69. Yüce I, Caǧli S, Bayram A, Güney E,. Occult metastases from T1-T2 supraglottic carcinoma: role of primary tumor localization. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266: 1301-1304.
70. Oztürkcan S, Katilmiş H, Ozdemir I, Tuna B, Güvenç IA, Dündar R,. Occult contralateral nodal metastases in supraglottic laryngeal cancer crossing the midline. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266: 117-120.
71. Rodrigo JP, Cabanillas R, Franco V, Suárez C,. Efficacy of routine bilateral neck dissection in the management of the N0 neck in T1-T2 unilateral supraglottic cancer. Head Neck 2006; 28: 534-539. (Pubitemid 43846222)
72. Sessions DG, Lenox J, Spector GJ,. Supraglottic laryngeal cancer: analysis of treatment results Laryngoscope 2005; 115: 1402-1410. (Pubitemid 41105847)
73. Baredes S, Nussbaum M, Som ML,. The role of supraomohyoid neck dissection at the time of supraglottic laryngectomy. Laryngoscope 1985; 95: 151-155. (Pubitemid 15169265)
74. Fini-Storchi O, Fini-Storchi I,. The N0 neck in patients treated by supraglottic laryngectomy: abstention, surgery or radiotherapy? Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 1997; 118: 173-177. Article in French. (Pubitemid 27390834)
75. Maurizi M, Paludetti G, Galli J, Ottaviani F, D'Abramo G, Almadori G,. Oncological and functional outcome of conservative surgery for primary supraglottic cancer. Eur Arch Otorhynolaryngol 1999; 256: 283-290. (Pubitemid 29376265)
76. Ambrosch P, Kron M, Steiner W,. Carbon dioxide laser microsurgery for early supraglottic carcinoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998; 107: 680-688. (Pubitemid 28371389)
77. Motta G, Esposito E, Testa D, Iovine R, Motta S,. CO2 laser treatment of supraglottic cancer. Head Neck 2004; 26: 442-446. (Pubitemid 38569203)
78. Goudakos JK, Markou K, Nikolaou A, Themelis C, Vital V,. Management of the clinically negative neck (N0) of supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma: a systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009; 35: 223-229.
79. Bailey BJ,. Selective neck dissection: the challenge of occult metastases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124: 353.
80. Amorós Sebastiá LI, Carrasco Llatas M, Lõpez Mollá C, et al. Treatment of the N0 neck in supraglottic cancer. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2003; 54: 577-583. Article in Spanish. (Pubitemid 47233758)
81. Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Silver CE, et al. Neck dissection for laryngeal cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 207: 587-593.
82. El Ghani F, Van Den Brekel MW, De Goede CJ, Kuik J, Leemans CR, Smeele LE,. Shoulder function and patient well-being after various types of neck dissections. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2002; 27: 403-408. (Pubitemid 35278991)
83. Cappiello J, Piazza C, Giudice M, De Maria G, Nicolai P,. Shoulder disability after different selective neck dissections (levels II-IV versus levels II-V): a comparative study. Laryngoscope 2005; 115: 259-263. (Pubitemid 40216699)
84. Celik B, Coskun H, Kumas FF, et al. Accessory nerve function after level 2b-preserving selective neck dissection. Head Neck 2009; 31: 1496-1501.