Principles of conservative prescribing

Archives of Internal Medicine

Volumn 171, Issue 16, 2011, Pages 1433-1440

  Schiff, Gordon D ^a   Galanter, William L ^b   Duhig, Jay ^c   Lodolce, Amy E ^c   Koronkowski, Michael J ^c   Lambert, Bruce L ^c  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; BUTALBITAL; CAFFEINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; DIAMORPHINE; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; GABAPENTIN; HALOPERIDOL; METFORMIN; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR;

DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG USE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MIGRAINE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; OPIATE ADDICTION; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICIAN; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SYMPTOM; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VAGINA CANCER; WEIGHT GAIN; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS;

EID: 79960346286     PISSN: 00039926     EISSN: 15383679     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.256     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Table 92: selected prescription and nonprescription drugs recorded during physician office visits and hospital outpatient department visits, by sex and age: United States, 1995-1996 and 2003-2004. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus06.pdf#092. Accessed April 26, 2011.
2. Sommers JP; US Dept of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Statistical brief 158: prescription drug expenditures in the 10 largest states for persons under age 65, 2004. http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/ mepsweb/data-files/publications/st158/stat158.shtml. Accessed April 26, 2011.
3. Schiff GD, Galanter WL. Promoting more conservative prescribing. JAMA. 2009;301(8):865-867.
4. World Health Organization. Selection and rational use of medications. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/rational-use/en/index.html. Accessed March 29, 2011.
5. Hamilton HJ, Gallagher PF, O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing and adverse drug events in older people. BMC Geriatr. 2009;9(9):5.
6. Rigler SK, Jachna CM, Perera S, Shireman TI, Eng ML. Patterns of potentially inappropriate medication use across three cohorts of older Medicaid recipients. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(7-8):1175-1181. (Pubitemid 40943165)
7. Zhang Y, Baicker K, Newhouse JP. Geographic variation in Medicare drug spending. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(5):405-409.
8. Nugent R, Back E, Beith A. The race against drug resistance: a report of the Center for Global Development's Drug Resistance Working Group. http://www.awmueller.com/deposito/www-cgdev-org.pdf. Accessed April 26, 2010.
9. Krumholz HM, Lee TH. Redefining quality - implications of recent clinical trials. N Engl JMed. 2008;358(24):2537-2539. (Pubitemid 351831354)
10. Martizzi M, Tickner J. The Precautionary Principle: Protecting Public Health, the Environment and the Future of Our Children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Europe; 2004.
11. Myers N. The precautionary principle puts values first. Bull Sci Technol Soc. 2002;22(3):210-219. (Pubitemid 34690569)
12. Association of American Medical Colleges. Contemporary issues in medicine: education in safe and effective prescribing practices: July 2008. https://wiki.usask.ca/download/attachments/129138760/Prescribing+Practices.AAMC. pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1257795302000. Accessed April 26, 2011.
13. Garbutt JM, Highstein G, Jeffe DB, Dunagan WC, Fraser VJ. Safe medication prescribing: training and experience of medical students and housestaff at a large teaching hospital. Acad Med. 2005;80(6):594-599. (Pubitemid 40734342)
14. Avorn J. Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks and Costs of Prescription Drugs. New York, NY: Random House Inc; 2004.
15. Angel M. Big pharma, bad medicine, how corporate dollars corrupt research and education. http://bostonreview.net/BR35.3/angell.php. Accessed March 29, 2011.
16. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al; Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-1252. (Pubitemid 37553153)
17. Horvath K, Jeitler K, Siering U, et al. Long-term effects of weight-reducing interventions in hypertensive patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(6):571-580. (Pubitemid 351468391)
18. Ratner R, Goldberg R, Haffner S, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Impact of intensive lifestyle and metformin therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(4):888-894. (Pubitemid 40434491)
19. Joshi S. Nonpharmacologic therapy for insomnia in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2008;24(1):107-119, viii.
20. Fiechtner J, Dinning D. Non-pharmacologic treatment options in rheumatologic disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2009;5(4):199-203.
21. Lee YC, Shmerling RH. The benefit of nonpharmacologic therapy to treat symptomatic osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(1):5-10.
22. Lake AE III. Behavioral and nonpharmacologic treatments of headache. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85(4):1055-1075.
23. Kung AW, Pang RW, Janus ED. Elevated serum lipoprotein(a) in subclinical hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 1995;43(4):445-449.
24. Stenson WF, Newberry R, Lorenz R, Baldus C, Civitelli R. Increased prevalence of celiac disease and need for routine screening among patients with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(4):393-399. (Pubitemid 40280193)
25. Huang GD, Feuerstein M, Sauter SL. Occupational stress and work-related upper extremity disorders: concepts and models. Am J Ind Med. 2002;41(5):298-314. (Pubitemid 34326886)
26. Buettner C, Davis RB, Leveille SG, Mittleman MA, Mukamal KJ. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and statin use. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(8):1182-1186.
27. Chiuve SE, McCullough ML, Sacks FM, Rimm EB. Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipidlowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation. 2006;114(2):160-167. (Pubitemid 44420748)
28. Chiuve SE, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D, Logroscino G, Manson JE, Rimm EB. Primary prevention of stroke by healthy lifestyle. Circulation. 2008;118(9):947-954.
29. Hatziandreu EI, Koplan JP, Weinstein MC, Caspersen CJ, Warner KE. A cost-effectiveness analysis of exercise as a health promotion activity. Am J Public Health. 1988;78(11):1417-1421. (Pubitemid 18259678)
30. Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(5):306-314.
31. Schroeder SA, Warner KE. Don't forget tobacco. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):201-204.
32. Hwang PH. A 51-year-old woman with acute onset of facial pressure, rhinorrhea, and tooth pain: review of acute rhinosinusitis. JAMA. 2009;301(17):1798-1807.
33. Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, Moore M, Warner G, Dunleavey J. Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of two prescribing strategies for childhood acute otitis media. BMJ. 2001;322(7282):336-342. (Pubitemid 32150733)
34. Arredondo SA, Downs TM, Lubeck DP, et al. Watchful waiting and health related quality of life for patients with localized prostate cancer: data from CaPSURE. J Urol. 2008;179(5)(Suppl):S14-S18. (Pubitemid 351492524)
35. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, et al; Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study No. 4. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(19):1977-1984. (Pubitemid 40638368)
36. Rustin GJ, van der Burg ME, Griffin CL, et al; MRC OV05; EORTC 55955 investigators. Early versus delayed treatment of relapsed ovarian cancer (MRC OV05/EORTC 55955): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9747):1155-1163.
37. Mattar K, Jewett MA. Watchful waiting for small renal masses. Curr Urol Rep. 2008;9(1):22-25.
38. Shen FH, Samartzis D, Andersson GB. Nonsurgical management of acute and chronic low backpain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14(8):477-487. (Pubitemid 44916637)
39. Ardeshna KM, Smith P, Norton A, et al; British National Lymphoma Investigation. Long-term effect of a watch and wait policy versus immediate systemic treatment for asymptomatic advanced-stage non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9383):516-522. (Pubitemid 36976715)
40. Portlock CS, Rosenberg SA. No initial therapy for stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of favorable histologic types. Ann Intern Med. 1979;90(1):10-13. (Pubitemid 9096771)
41. Schiff GD, Kim S, Seger AC, Bult J, Bates DW. Ability of practitioners to identify solid oral dosage tablets. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(9):838-843.
42. De Vries TP, Daniels JM, Mulder CW, et al. Should medical students learn to develop a personal formulary? An international, multicentre, randomised controlled study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64(6):641-646.
43. Robertson J, Fryer JL, O'Connell DL, Smith AJ, Henry DA. Personal formularies. An index of prescribing quality? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;57(4):333-341. (Pubitemid 32703942)
44. Rucker TD, Schiff G. Drug formularies: myths-in-formation. Med Care. 1990;28(10):928-942.
45. Bates DW. A 40-year-old woman who noticed a medication error. JAMA. 2001;285(24):3134-3140. (Pubitemid 32578211)
46. de Bakker DH, Coffie DS, Heerdink ER, van Dijk L, Groenewegen PP. Determinants of the range of drugs prescribed in general practice: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7:132.
47. Berwick DM. Controlling variation in health care: a consultation from Walter Shewhart. Med Care. 1991;29(12):1212-1225.
48. Edlinger M, Baumgartner S, Eltanaihi- Furtmüller N, Hummer M, Fleischhacker WW. Switching between second-generation antipsychotics: why and how? CNS Drugs. 2005;19(1):27-42. (Pubitemid 40165155)
49. Sherr L, Lampe F, Norwood S, et al. Successive switching of antiretroviral therapy is associated with high psychological and physical burden. Int J STD AIDS. 2007;18(10):700-704. (Pubitemid 351738902)
50. Parker M. False dichotomies: EBM, clinical freedom, and the art of medicine. Med Humanit. 2005;31(1):23-30. (Pubitemid 40823814)
51. Assmann SF, Pocock SJ, Enos LE, Kasten LE. Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials. Lancet. 2000;355(9209):1064-1069. (Pubitemid 30162810)
52. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. A consumer's guide to subgroup analyses. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(1):78-84.
53. Mamdani M, Juurlink DN, Lee DS, et al. Cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitors versus non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and congestive heart failure outcomes in elderly patients: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2004;363(9423):1751-1756. (Pubitemid 38698377)
54. Hartung DM, Touchette DR, Bultemeier NC, Haxby DG. Risk of hospitalization for heart failure associated with thiazolidinedione therapy: a medicaid claims-based case-control study. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(10):1329- 1336. (Pubitemid 41407629)
55. Pollock M, Bazaldua OV, Dobbie AE. Appropriate prescribing of medications: an eight-step approach. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(2):231-236. (Pubitemid 46143425)
56. Lamb GC, Green SS, Heron J. Can physicians warn patients of potential side effects without fear of causing those side effects? Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(23):2753-2756. (Pubitemid 24378447)
57. Campbell WH, Califf RM. Improving communication of drug risks to prevent patient injury: proceedings of a workshop. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003;12(3):183-194. (Pubitemid 36442806)
58. Garcia-Doval I, LeCleach L, Bocquet H, Otero XL, Roujeau JC. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: does early withdrawal of causative drugs decrease the risk of death? Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(3):323-327. (Pubitemid 30149104)
59. Bahra A, Walsh M, Menon S, Goadsby PJ. Does chronic daily headache arise de novo in association with regular use of analgesics? Headache. 2003;43(3):179-190. (Pubitemid 36348764)
60. Diener HC, Limmroth V. Medication-overuse headache: a worldwide problem. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(8):475-483. (Pubitemid 38903098)
61. Reimer C, Søndergaard B, Hilsted L, Bytzer P. Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(1):80-87, 87, e1.
62. Haddad PM. Antidepressant discontinuation syndromes. Drug Saf. 2001;24(3):183-197.
63. Karachalios GN, Charalabopoulos A, Papalimneou V, et al. Withdrawal syndrome following cessation of antihypertensive drug therapy. Int J Clin Pract. 2005;59(5):562-570. (Pubitemid 41632462)
64. Miller RR, Olson HG, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT. Propranolol-withdrawal rebound phenomenon. Exacerbation of coronary events after abrupt cessation of antianginal therapy. N Engl JMed. 1975;293(9):416-418.
65. Medawar C, Hardon A. Medicines Out of Control? Antidepressants and the Conspiracy of Goodwill. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Aksant; 2004.
66. Olsson S, Pal S. Drug bulletins: independent information for global use. Lancet. 2006;368(9539):903-904. (Pubitemid 44331370)
67. Issa AM, Phillips KA, Van Bebber S, et al. Drug withdrawals in the United States: a systematic review of the evidence and analysis of trends. Curr Drug Saf. 2007;2(3):177-185. (Pubitemid 47578123)
68. Baron JA, Sandler RS, Bresalier RS, et al. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib: final analysis of the APPROVe trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9651):1756-1764.
69. Ioannidis JP. Adverse events in randomized trials: neglected, restricted, distorted, and silenced. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(19):1737-1739.
70. Pitrou I, Boutron I, Ahmad N, Ravaud P. Reporting of safety results in published reports of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(19):1756-1761.
71. James WP, Caterson ID, Coutinho W, et al; SCOUT Investigators. Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(10):905-917.
72. Lasser KE, Allen PD, Woolhandler SJ, Himmelstein DU, Wolfe SM, Bor DH. Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications. JAMA. 2002;287(17):2215-2220. (Pubitemid 34441937)
73. Ross JS, Madigan D, Hill KP, Egilman DS, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Pooled analysis of rofecoxib placebo-controlled clinical trial data: lessons for postmarket pharmaceutical safety surveillance. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(21):1976-1985.
74. Institute of Medicine. The future of drug safety: action steps for Congress. http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2006/The-Future-of- Drug-Safety/futureofdrugsafety-reportbrief.pdf. Accessed April 26, 2011.
75. Furberg CD, Levin AA, Gross PA, Shapiro RS, Strom BL. The FDA and drug safety: a proposal for sweeping changes. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(18):1938- 1942. (Pubitemid 44537173)
76. Brewer T, Colditz GA. Postmarketing surveillance and adverse drug reactions: current perspectives and future needs. JAMA. 1999;281(9):824-829. (Pubitemid 29113743)
77. Fleming TR. Identifying and addressing safety signals in clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(13):1400-1402.
78. Lee WM. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(5):474-485. (Pubitemid 36910027)
79. Fleming TR. Objective response rate as a surrogate end point: a commentary. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):4845-4846. (Pubitemid 46223986)
80. Fleming TR, DeMets DL. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(7):605-613. (Pubitemid 126450094)
81. Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC Jr, et al; Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study With Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA. 2007;297(12):1319-1331.
82. Montori VM, Gandhi GY, Guyatt GH. Patient-important outcomes in diabetes - time for consensus. Lancet. 2007;370(9593):1104-1106. (Pubitemid 47464565)
83. Psaty BM, Lumley T. Surrogate end points and FDA approval: a tale of 2 lipid-altering drugs. JAMA. 2008;299(12):1474-1476. (Pubitemid 351468448)
84. Psaty BM, Weiss NS, Furberg CD, et al. Surrogate end points, health outcomes, and the drug-approval process for the treatment of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 1999;282(8):786-790. (Pubitemid 29404389)
85. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(12):781-788.
86. Concorde Coordinating Committee. Concorde: MRC/ANRS randomised double-blind controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudine in symptom-free HIV infection. Lancet. 1994;343(8902):871-881.
87. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al; CHOIR Investigators. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(20):2085-2098. (Pubitemid 44749317)
88. Drüeke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, et al; CREATE Investigators. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(20):2071-2084. (Pubitemid 44749316)
89. Drazen JM, Jarcho JA, Morrissey S, Curfman GD. Cholesterol lowering and ezetimibe. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(14):1507-1508. (Pubitemid 351482747)
90. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545-2559.
91. Nilsson PM. ACCORD and risk-factor control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(17):1628-1630.
92. Steinman MA, Bero LA, Chren MM, Landefeld CS. Narrative review: the promotion of gabapentin: an analysis of internal industry documents. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(4):284-293. (Pubitemid 46768613)
93. Howard J. Environmental "nasty surprise" as a window on precautionary thinking. IEEE Technol Soc Mag. 2003;22(4):19-22.
94. Kastelein JJ, van Leuven SI, Burgess L, et al; RADIANCE 1 Investigators. Effect of torcetrapib on carotid atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(16):1620-1630. (Pubitemid 46631671)
95. Nissen SE, Tardif JC, Nicholls SJ, et al; ILLUSTRATE Investigators. Effect of torcetrapib on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(13):1304-1316. (Pubitemid 46513296)
96. Wright JM, Perry TL, Bassett KL, Chambers GK. Reporting of 6-month vs 12-month data in a clinical trial of celecoxib. JAMA. 2001;286(19):2398-2400. (Pubitemid 33098155)
97. Kyzas PA, Loizou KT, Ioannidis JP. Selective reporting biases in cancer prognostic factor studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(14):1043-1055. (Pubitemid 41417921)
98. DeAngelis CD, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, et al; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Clinical trial registration: a statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. JAMA. 2004;292(11):1363- 1364. (Pubitemid 39223230)
99. Chan AW, Altman DG. Identifying outcome reporting bias in randomised trials on PubMed: review of publications and survey of authors. BMJ. 2005;330(7494):753.
100. Donohue JM, Cevasco M, Rosenthal MB. A decade of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(7):673-681. (Pubitemid 47267237)
101. Kravitz RL, Epstein RM, Feldman MD, et al. Influence of patients' requests for direct-to-consumer advertised antidepressants: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(16):1995-2002. (Pubitemid 40570893)
102. Bell RA, Wilkes MS, Kravitz RL. Advertisement-induced prescription drug requests: patients' anticipated reactions to a physician who refuses. J Fam Pract. 1999;48(6):446-452. (Pubitemid 30491157)
103. Paterniti DA, Fancher TL, Cipri CS, Timmermans S, Heritage J, Kravitz RL. Getting to "no": strategies primary care physicians use to deny patient requests. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(4):381-388.
104. Gamble J, Stevenson M, McClean E, Heaney LG. The prevalence of nonadherence in difficult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(9):817-822.
105. Schmittdiel JA, Uratsu CS, Karter AJ, et al. Why don't diabetes patients achieve recommended risk factor targets? Poor adherence versus lack of treatment intensification. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(5):588-594.
106. Ho PM, Magid DJ, Shetterly SM, et al. Medication nonadherence is associated with a broad range of adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2008;155(4):772-779. (Pubitemid 351410514)
107. Ho PM, Magid DJ, Shetterly SM, et al. Importance of therapy intensification and medication nonadherence for blood pressure control in patients with coronary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(3):271-276. (Pubitemid 351281672)
108. Crespin DJ, Modi AV, Wei D, et al. Repeat medication errors in nursing homes: Contributing factors and their association with patient harm. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8(3):258-270.
109. Finnerty FA Jr. Step-down therapy in hypertension. Importance in long-term management. JAMA. 1981;246(22):2593-2596.
110. Zillich AJ, Shay K, Hyduke B, et al. Quality improvement toward decreasing high-risk medications for older veteran outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(7):1299-1305.
111. Gawande A. Letting go: what should medicine do when it can't save your life? The New Yorker [August 2, 2010]. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/ 08/02/100802fa-fact-gawande. Accessed April 26, 2011.
112. Benson J, Britten N. Patients' decisions about whether or not to take antihypertensive drugs: qualitative study. BMJ. 2002;325(7369):873.
113. Phatak HM, Thomas J III. Relationships between beliefs about medications and nonadherence to prescribed chronic medications. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(10):1737-1742. (Pubitemid 44544869)
114. Hansen DL, Holstein BE, Hansen EH. "I'd rather not take it, but . . . ": young women's perceptions of medicines. Qual Health Res. 2009;19(6):829-839.
115. Epstein E. How often does oral treatment of toenail onychomycosis produce a disease-free nail? An analysis of published data. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(12):1551-1554. (Pubitemid 29009255)
116. Padwal RS, Majumdar SR. Drug treatments for obesity: orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant. Lancet. 2007;369(9555):71-77. (Pubitemid 46027230)
117. Remington G. Tardive dyskinesia: eliminated, forgotten, or overshadowed? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20(2):131-137.
118. Allison DB, Mentore JL, Heo M, et al. Antipsychotic- induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(11):1686-1696. (Pubitemid 29517559)
119. Melnick S, Cole P, Anderson D, Herbst A. Rates and risks of diethylstilbestrol-related clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. An update. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(9):514-516. (Pubitemid 17035554)
120. Giusti RM, Iwamoto K, Hatch EE. Diethylstilbestrol revisited: a review of the long-term health effects. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(10):778-788.
121. Rubin MM. Antenatal exposure to DES: lessons learned . . . futureconcerns. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007;62(8):548-555. (Pubitemid 47203385)
122. Jones OA, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN. Potential ecological and human health risks associated with the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aquatic environment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2004;34(4):335-350. (Pubitemid 38888063)
123. Bates DW, Leape LL, Cullen DJ, et al. Effect of computerized physician order entry and a team intervention on prevention of serious medication errors. JAMA. 1998;280(15):1311-1316. (Pubitemid 28473716)
124. Schiff GD, Rucker TD. Computerized prescribing: building the electronic infrastructure for better medication usage. JAMA. 1998;279(13):1024-1029. (Pubitemid 28173003)
125. Schiff GD, Klass D, Peterson J, Shah G, Bates DW. Linking laboratory and pharmacy: opportunities for reducing errors and improving care. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(8):893-900. (Pubitemid 36519735)
126. Ammenwerth E, Schnell-Inderst P, Machan C, Siebert U. The effect of electronic prescribing on medication errors and adverse drug events: a systematic review. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2008;15(5):585-600.
127. Baciu A, Stratton K, Burke SP; Committee on the Assessment of the US Drug Safety System. The Future of Drug Safety: Promoting and Protecting the Health of the Public. Atlanta, GA: The National Academies Press; 2007.
128. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487-497. (Pubitemid 41127293)
129. Graham DJ, Campen D, Hui R, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study. Lancet. 2005;365(9458):475-481. (Pubitemid 40215729)
130. Giugliano D, Esposito K. Clinical inertia as a clinical safeguard. JAMA. 2011;305(15):1591-1592.