Benzodiazepinewhole blood concentrations in cases with positive oral fluid on-site screening test results using the DrugWipe® single for benzodiazepines

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 349-356

  Blencowe, Tom ^a   Vimpari, Kari ^a   Lillsunde, Pirjo ^a  

^a NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; BENZODIAZEPINE; BROMAZEPAM; CLONAZEPAM; DIAZEPAM; FLUNITRAZEPAM; LORAZEPAM; MEDAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; NITRAZEPAM; NORDAZEPAM; OPIATE; OXAZEPAM; PHENAZEPAM; TEMAZEPAM; TRIAZOLAM; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; STREET DRUG;

ARTICLE; BLOOD LEVEL; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DATA BASE; DEVICE; DRIVER; DRIVING ABILITY; FINLAND; FLUID INTAKE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH STROKE SCALE; POLICE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCREENING TEST; TOXICOLOGY; BLOOD; CAR DRIVING; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; SALIVA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

AUTOMOBILE DRIVING; BENZODIAZEPINES; HUMANS; SALIVA; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION;

EID: 79960289167     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: 19452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/anatox/35.6.349     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. C.H. Ashton. The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 18: 249-255 (2005).
2. O.H. Drummer and M. Odell. The Forensic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse. Arnold, London, U.K., 2001, pp 104-175.
3. C.H. Ashton. Benzodiazepine abuse. In Drugs and Dependence. Harwood Academic, London, U.K., 2002, pp 197-212.
4. J.G. Bramness, S. Skurtveit, and J. Mørland. Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines-relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 68: 131-141 (2002).
5. J. Mørland. Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs. Forensic Sci. Rev. 12: 80-105 (2000).
6. L. Orriols, L.R. Salmi, P. Philip, N. Moore, B. Delorme, A. Castot, and E. Lagarde. The impact of medicinal drugs on traffic safety: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 18: 647-658 (2009).
7. B.E. Smink, K.J. Lustof, J.J. de Gier, D.R.A. Uges, and A.C.G. Egberts. The relation between blood benzodiazepine concentration and performance in suspected impaired drivers. J. Forensic Leg. Med. 15: 483-488 (2008).
8. K.K. Ojaniemi, T.R. Lintonen, A.O. Impinen, P.M. Lillsunde, and A.I. Ostamo. Trends in driving under the influence of drugs: a register-based study on DUID suspects during 1977-2007. Accid. Anal. Prev. 41: 191-196 (2009).
9. P. Lillsunde, T. Korte, L. Michelson, M. Portman, J. Pikkarainen, and T. Seppälä. Drugs usage of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. A study of one week's samples in 1979 and 1993 in Finland. Forensic Sci. Int. 77: 119-129 (1996).
10. A.S. Christophersen, G. Ceder, J. Kristinsson, P. Lillsunde, and A. Steentoft. Drugged driving in the Nordic countries-a comparative study between ive countries. Forensic Sci. Int. 106: 173-190 (1999).
11. P. Lillsunde. Commentary: alcohol/drug users and traffic accidents- a review on epidemiological studies. J. Traffic Med. 26: 5-10 (1998).
12. T. Blencowe, K. Raaska, and P. Lillsunde. Benzodiazepines and sedative-hypnotics in blood of drivers under the influence and their association with other common illegal drug use and national sales figures. Ther. Drug Monit. 33(1): 64-71 (2011).
13. P. Lillsunde and T. Gunnar. Drugs and driving: the Finnish perspective. Bull. Narc. LVII: 213-229 (2005).
14. A.G. Verstraete. Oral fluid testing for driving under the influence of drugs: history, recent progress and remaining challenges. Forensic Sci. Int. 150: 143-50 (2005).
15. A. Pehrsson, T. Gunnar, C. Engblom, H. Seppa, A. Jama, and P. Lillsunde. Roadside oral fluid testing: comparison of the results of Drugwipe 5 and Drugwipe Benzodiazepines on-site tests with laboratory confirmation results of oral fluid and whole blood. Forensic Sci. Int. 175: 140-148 (2008).
16. + on-site oral fluid creening device. Int. J. Legal Med., in press.
17. D.J. Crouch, J.M. Walsh, L. Cangianelli, and O. Quintela. Laboratory evaluation and field application of roadside oral fluid collectors and drug testing devices. Ther. Drug Monit. 30: 188-195 (2008).
18. N. Samyn and C. van Haeren. On-site testing of saliva and sweat with Drugwipe and determination of concentrations of drugs of abuse in saliva, plasma and urine of suspected users. Int. J. Legal Med. 113: 150-154 (2000).
19. J.M.Walsh, R. Flegel, D.J. Crouch, L. Cangianelli, and J. Baudys. An evaluation of rapid point-of-collection oral fluid drug-testing devices. J. Anal. oxicol. 27: 429-439 (2003).
20. S.M.R.Wille, N. Samyn, M.D.M. Ramirez-Fernandez, and G. De Boeck. Evaluation of on-site oral fluid screening using Drugwipe-5+®, RapidSTAT® and Drug Test 5000® for the detection of drugs of abuse in drivers. Forensic Sci. Int. 198: 2-6 (2010).
21. T. Gunnar, A. Rantanen, C. Engblom, H. Seppä, and P. Lillsunde. ROSITA 2 in Finland. In Rosita-2 Project: Final Report, Ch. 5, A.G. Verstraete and Raes, Eds. Academia Press, Gent, Belgium, 2006.
22. T. Blencowe, A. Pehrsson, P. Lillsunde, K. Vimpari, S. Houwing, B.E. Smink, M.P.M. Mathijssen, G. van der Linden, S. Legrand, K. Pil, and A.G. Verstraete. An analytical evaluation of eight onsite oral fluid screening devices using laboratory confirmation results from oral fluid. Forensic Sci. Int. 208(1-3): 73-179 (2011).
23. P. Rajala, K. Ariniemi, S. Mykkänen, and P. Lillsunde. Screening for abused drugs in blood samples using modified EMIT immunoassay. 6th Conference of the International Society of Addiction Medicine, Helsinki, Finland 2004.
24. T. Gunnar, S. Mykkänen, K. Ariniemi, and P. Lillsunde. Validated semiquantitative/quantitative screening of 51 drugs in whole blood as silylated derivatives by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry and gas chromatography electron capture detection. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. echnol. Biomed. Life Sci. 806: 205-219 (2004).
25. T. Gunnar, K. Ariniemi, and P. Lillsunde. Determination of 14 benzodiazepines and hydroxy metabolites, zaleplon and zolpidem as tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives compared with other common silylating reagents in whole blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. iomed. Life Sci. 818: 175-189 (2005).
26. T. Gunnar, K. Ariniemi, and P. Lillsunde. Fast gas chromatography- negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry with microscale volume sample preparation for the determination of benzodiazepines and alpha-hydroxy metabolites, zaleplon and zopiclone in whole blood. J. Mass Spectrom. 41: 741-754 2006).
27. A. Kankaanpaa, T. Gunnar, K. Ariniemi, P. Lillsunde, S. Mykkanen, and T. Seppälä. Single-step procedure for gas chromatography- mass spectrometry screening and quantitative determination of amphetamine-type stimulants and related drugs in blood, serum, oral fluid and urine samples. J. hromatogr. B 818: 205-219 (2004).
28. P. Heizmann, M. Eckert, and W.H. Ziegler. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of midazolam. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 16: 43S-49S (1983).
29. S. Mykkänen, T. Gunnar, K. Ariniemi, P. Lillsunde, and R. Krasnova. Quantitation of phenazepam in blood by GC-MS in positive drug-driving cases in Finland. Annual meeting of the Society of Forensic Toxicologists,Washington, D.C., 2004.
30. S.M.R. Wille, E. Raes, P. Lillsunde, T. Gunnar, M. Laloup, N. Samyn, A.S. Christophersen, M.R. Moeller, K.P. Hammer, and A.G. Verstraete. Relationship between oral fluid and blood doncentrations of drugs of abuse in drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs. Ther. Drug Monit. 31: 11-519 (2009).
31. J.M.Walsh, J.J. de Gier, A.S. Christophersen, and A.G.Verstraete. Drugs and driving. Traffic Inj. Prev. 5: 241-253 (2004).
32. W.M. Bosker and M.A. Huestis. Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse. Clin. Chem. 55: 1910-1931 (2009).