Alzheimer's disease: Diagnosis and treatment across the spectrum of disease severity

Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 596-612

  Neugroschl, Judith ^a   Wang, Sophia ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

agitation; Alzheimer; behavior; dementia; differential diagnosis; end of life; hospice; mild cognitive impairment; palliative care; treatment

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CITALOPRAM; DESVENLAFAXINE; DONEPEZIL; DULOXETINE; ESCITALOPRAM; GABAPENTIN; GALANTAMINE; LAMOTRIGINE; MEMANTINE; MIRTAZAPINE; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; RIVASTIGMINE; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TACRINE; TRAZODONE; VENLAFAXINE; ZIPRASIDONE;

AGITATION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANORGASMIA; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; APATHY; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRADYCARDIA; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSTIPATION; DECREASED APPETITE; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EJACULATION DISORDER; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FAMILY THERAPY; FATIGUE; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION DISTURBANCE; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; INAPPROPRIATE VASOPRESSIN SECRETION; INCREASED APPETITE; INSOMNIA; LIVER CELL DAMAGE; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MEDICAL HISTORY; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; METABOLIC DISORDER; MIGRAINE; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; MYDRIASIS; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NORMOTENSIVE HYDROCEPHALUS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOSIS; QT PROLONGATION; REVIEW; SEDATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; STANDING; SWEATING; TERMINAL CARE; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREMOR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; VIVID DREAM; WAKEFULNESS; WEIGHT GAIN; XEROSTOMIA;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PALLIATIVE CARE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 79960248380     PISSN: 00272507     EISSN: 19317581     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/msj.20279     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 1985-1992. (Pubitemid 33143977)
2. Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M, et al. Mild cognitive impairment-beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Intern Med 2004; 256: 240-246. (Pubitemid 39222993)
3. Petersen RC, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, et al. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment is higher in men. The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Neurology 2010; 75: 889-897.
4. Mitchell AJ, Shiri-Feshki M., Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia-meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 119: 252-265.
5. Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Shen C, et al. Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: an epidemiologic study. Neurology 2004; 63: 115-121. (Pubitemid 38943788)
6. Barnes DE, Covinsky KE, Whitmer RA, et al. Predicting risk of dementia in older adults: the late-life dementia risk index. Neurology 2009; 73: 173-179.
7. Clark CM, Schneider JA, Bedell BJ, et al. Use of florbetapir-PET for imaging beta-amyloid pathology [published correction appears in JAMA 2011; 305: 1096 ]. JAMA 2011; 305: 275- 283.
8. Alzheimer's Association. New diagnostic criteria and guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Accessed June 20, 2011.
9. Jack CR Jr, Lowe VJ, Senjem ML, et al. 11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain 2008; 131 (part 3): 665-680. (Pubitemid 351294719)
10. Visser PJ, Verhey F, Knol DL, et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 619-627.
11. Jagust WJ, Landau SM, Shaw LM, et al. Relationships between biomarkers in aging and dementia. Neurology 2009; 73: 1193-1199.
12. Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2379-2388. (Pubitemid 40958434)
13. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939-944. (Pubitemid 14076461)
14. Spalletta G, Musicco M, Padovani A, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 18: 1026-1035.
15. Okura T, Plassman BL, Steffens DC, et al. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and their association with functional limitations in older adults in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58: 330-337.
16. Dotson VM, Beydoun MA, Zonderman AB., Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2010; 75: 27-34.
17. Saczynski JS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: the Framingham Heart Study. Neurology 2010; 75: 35-41.
18. Rosenberg PB, Mielke MM, Appleby B, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI subtypes: the importance of executive dysfunction. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 26: 364-372.
19. Rosenberg PB, Mielke MM, Xue QL, et al. Depressive symptoms predict incident cognitive impairment in cognitive healthy older women. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 18: 204-211.
20. Robert PH, Berr C, Volteau M, et al. Importance of lack of interest in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16: 770-776.
21. Apostolova LG, Cummings JL., Neuropsychiatric manifestations in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of the literature. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008; 25: 115-126. (Pubitemid 351196123)
22. Farlow MR, Salloway S, Tariot PN, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of high-dose (23 mg/d) versus standard-dose (10 mg/d) donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind study. Clin Ther 2010; 32: 1234-1251.
23. Doody RS, Corey-Bloom J, Zhang R, et al. Safety and tolerability of donepezil at doses up to 20 mg/day: results from a pilot study in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Drugs Aging 2008; 25: 163-174. (Pubitemid 351225820)
24. Long CO., Palliative care for advanced dementia. J Gerontol Nurs 2009; 35: 19-24.
25. Jeste DV, Blazer D, Casey D, et al. ACNP White Paper: update on use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly persons with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 957-970. (Pubitemid 351367549)
26. Rabins PV, Blacker D, Rovner BW, et al.; APA Work Group on Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias. American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Second edition. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164 (12 suppl): 5-56.
27. Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Rosen J, et al. A double-blind comparison of citalopram and risperidone for the treatment of behavioral and psychotic symptoms associated with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15: 942-952.
28. Seitz DP, Adunuri N, Gill SS, et al. Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 2: CD008191.
29. Sommer BR, Fenn HH, Ketter TA., Safety and efficacy of anticonvulsants in elderly patients with psychiatric disorders: oxcarbazepine, topiramate and gabapentin. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007; 6: 133-145. (Pubitemid 46380807)
30. Kim Y, Wilkins KM, Tampi RR., Use of gabapentin in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. Drugs Aging 2008; 25: 187-196. (Pubitemid 351363751)
31. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, et al. Gabapentin for the treatment of behavioural alterations in dementia: preliminary 15-month investigation. Drugs Aging 2003; 20: 1035-1040. (Pubitemid 37549878)
32. Ng B, Camacho A, Bardwell W, et al. Lamotrigine for agitation in older patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21: 207-208.
33. Sultzer DL, Davis SM, Tariot PN, et al.; CATIE-AD Study Group. Clinical symptom responses to atypical antipsychotic medications in Alzheimer's disease: phase 1 outcomes from the CATIE-AD effectiveness trial. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 844-854. (Pubitemid 351948716)
34. Schneider LS, Dagerman K, Insel PS., Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14: 191-210.
35. Zheng L, Mack WJ, Dagerman KS, et al. Metabolic changes associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in Alzheimer's disease patients: the CATIE-AD study. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 583-590.
36. Kalapatapu RK, Schimming C., Update on neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: antipsychotic use. Geriatrics 2009; 64: 10-18.
37. Alzheimer's Association. 2010 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures. Accessed June 20, 2011.
38. Watson LC, Lewis CL, Moore CG, et al. Perceptions of depression among dementia caregivers: findings from the CATIE-AD trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26: 397-402.
39. Cairns NJ, Bigio EH, Mackenzie IR, et al. Neuropathologic diagnostic and nosologic criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: consensus of the Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114: 5-22. (Pubitemid 47029055)
40. Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco. Frontotemporal dementia. 2009. Accessed June 20, 2011.
41. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium [published correction appears in Neurology 2005; 65: 1992]. Neurology 2005; 65: 1863-1872. (Pubitemid 43970103)
42. Román GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993; 43: 250-260. (Pubitemid 23060253)
43. Relkin N, Marmarou A, Klinge P, et al. Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2005; 57 (3 suppl): S4-S16; discussion ii-v.
44. Kalapatapu RK, Neugroschl JA., Update on neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: evaluation and management. Geriatrics 2009; 64: 20-26.
45. Salzman C, Jeste DV, Meyer RE, et al. Elderly patients with dementia-related symptoms of severe agitation and aggression: consensus statement on treatment options, clinical trials methodology, and policy. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 889-898. (Pubitemid 351944940)