Forward dynamic simulation of bipedal walking in the Japanese macaque: Investigation of causal relationships among limb kinematics, speed, and energetics of bipedal locomotion in a nonhuman primate

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 145, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 568-580

  Ogihara, Naomichi ^a   Aoi, Shinya ^b   Sugimoto, Yasuhiro ^c   Tsuchiya, Kazuo ^d   Nakatsukasa, Masato ^b  

^a KEIO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c OSAKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

biomechanics; evolution; force; human bipedalism; musculoskeletal model

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BIOENERGY; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMECHANICS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENERGY COST; GAIT; HIP; JAPANESE; KINEMATICS; LEG MUSCLE; LOCOMOTION; MACACA; MALE; MUSCLE FORCE; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; SIMULATION; WALKING; WALKING SPEED;

ALGORITHMS; ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; MACACA; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; WALKING;

EID: 79960160040     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21537     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Anderson FC, Pandy MG,. 2001. Dynamic optimization of human walking. J Biomech Eng 123: 381-390. (Pubitemid 32938934)
2. Aoi S, Ogihara N, Sugimoto Y, Tsuchiya K,. 2008. Simulating adaptive human bipedal locomotion based on phase resetting using foot-contact information. Adv Robot 22: 1697-1713.
3. Berge C,. 1994. How did the australopithecines walk-a biomechanical study of the hip and thigh of Australopithecus afarensis. J Hum Evol 26: 259-273. (Pubitemid 124013671)
4. Biewener AA,. 2003. Animal locomotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR,. 1977. Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion-2 basic mechanisms for minimizing energy-expenditure. Am J Physiol 233: R243-R261. (Pubitemid 8240886)
6. Crompton RH, Li Y, Wang WJ, Gunther M, Savage R,. 1998. The mechanical effectiveness of erect and "bent-hip, bent-knee" bipedal walking in Australopithecus afarensis. J Hum Evol 35: 55-74. (Pubitemid 28469719)
7. Day MH, Wickens EH,. 1980. Laetoli Pliocene hominid footprints and bipedalism. Nature 286: 385-387.
8. Ferguson RA, Ball D, Krustrup P, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Sargeant AJ, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J,. 2001. Muscle oxygen uptake and energy turnover during dynamic exercise at different contraction frequencies in humans. J Physiol 536: 261-271. (Pubitemid 32952235)
9. Ferziger JH,. 1998. Numerical methods for engineering application, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
10. Hase K, Yamazaki N,. 1998. Computational evolution of human bipedal walking by a neuro-musculo-skeletal model. Artif Life Robot 3: 133-138.
11. Hirasaki E, Ogihara N, Hamada Y, Kumakura H, Nakatsukasa M,. 2004. Do highly trained monkeys walk like humans? A kinematic study of bipedal locomotion in bipedally trained Japanese macaques. J Hum Evol 46: 739-750. (Pubitemid 38861267)
12. Holt KG, Hamill J, Andres RO,. 1990. The force-driven harmonic-oscillator as a model for human locomotion. Hum Mov Sci 9: 55-68.
13. Ikai M, Fukunaga T,. 1968. Calculation of muscle strength per unit cross-sectional area of human muscle by means of ultrasonic measurement. Int Z angew Physiol 26: 26-32.
14. Ishida H, Kimura T, Okada M,. 1974. Patterns of bipedal walking in anthropoid primates. In:, Kondo S, Kawai M, Ehara A, Kawamura S, editors. The 5th Congress of the International Primatological Society. Tokyo: Japan Science Press. p 287-301.
15. Jo S, Massaquoi SG,. 2007. A model of cerebrocerebello-spinomuscular interaction in the sagittal control of human walking. Biol Cybern 96: 279-307. (Pubitemid 46375306)
16. Jungers WL,. 1988. Relative joint size and hominoid locomotor adaptations with implications for the evolution of hominid bipedalism. J Hum Evol 17: 247-265.
17. Kramer PA,. 1999. Modelling the locomotor energetics of extinct hominids. J Exp Biol 202: 2807-2818.
18. Kramer PA, Eck GG,. 2000. Locomotor energetics and leg length in hominid bipedality. J Hum Evol 38: 651-666. (Pubitemid 30325191)
19. Kuo AD,. 2007. The six determinants of gait and the inverted pendulum analogy: a dynamic walking perspective. Hum Mov Sci 26: 617-656. (Pubitemid 47324189)
20. Latimer B, Lovejoy CO,. 1989. The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the evolution of bipedality. Am J Phys Anthropol 78: 369-386. (Pubitemid 19076958)
21. Lovejoy CO,. 1988. Evolution of human walking. Sci Am 259: 118-125.
22. Margaria R,. 1968. Positive and negative work performances and their efficiencies in human locomotion. Int Z Angew Physiol 25: 339-351.
23. Massaad F, Lejeune TM, Detrembleur C,. 2007. The up and down bobbing of human walking: a compromise between muscle work and efficiency. J Physiol 582: 789-799. (Pubitemid 47040561)
24. McHenry HM,. 1991. Femoral lengths and stature in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 85: 149-158.
25. McHenry HM, Berger LR,. 1998. Body proportions in Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus and the origin of the genus Homo. J Hum Evol 35: 1-22. (Pubitemid 28469716)
26. Minetti AE, Capelli C, Zamparo P, Diprampero PE, Saibene F,. 1995. Effects of stride frequency on mechanical power and energy-expenditure of walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27: 1194-1202.
27. Nagano A, Umberger BR, Marzke MW, Gerritsen KGM,. 2005. Neuromusculoskeletal computer modeling and simulation of upright, straight-legged, bipedal locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288-1). Am J Phys Anthropol 126: 2-13. (Pubitemid 39612931)
28. Nakatsukasa M, Ogihara N, Hamada Y, Goto Y, Yamada M, Hirakawa T, Hirasaki E,. 2004. Energetic costs of bipedal and quadrupedal walking in Japanese macaques. Am J Phys Anthropol 124: 248-256. (Pubitemid 38856835)
29. Nakayama T, Hori T, Nagasaka T, Tokura H, Tadaki E,. 1971. Thermal and metabolic responses in the Japanese monkey at temperatures of 5-38 degrees C. J Appl Physiol 31: 332-337.
30. Neptune RR, Kautz SA, Zajac FE,. 2001. Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking. J Biomech 34: 1387-1398. (Pubitemid 32970753)
31. Ogihara N, Hirasaki E, Kumakura H, Nakatsukasa M,. 2007. Ground-reaction-force profiles of bipedal walking in bipedally trained Japanese monkeys. J Hum Evol 53: 302-308. (Pubitemid 47324026)
32. Ogihara N, Makishima H, Aoi S, Sugimoto Y, Tsuchiya K, Nakatsukasa M,. 2009. Development of an anatomically based whole-body musculoskeletal model of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). Am J Phys Anthropol 139: 323-338.
33. Ogihara N, Makishima H, Nakatsukasa M,. 2010. Three-dimensional musculoskeletal kinematics during bipedal locomotion in the Japanese macaque reconstructed based on an anatomical model-matching method. J Hum Evol 58: 252-261.
34. Ogihara N, Usui H, Hirasaki E, Hamada Y, Nakatsukasa M,. 2005. Kinematic analysis of bipedal locomotion of a Japanese macaque that lost its forearms due to congenital malformation. Primates 46: 11-19. (Pubitemid 40240416)
35. Ogihara N, Yamazaki N,. 2001. Generation of human bipedal locomotion by a bio-mimetic neuro-musculo-skeletal model. Biol Cybern 84: 1-11. (Pubitemid 33605155)
36. Okada M, Morimoto M, Kimura T,. 1996. Mobility of hindlimb joints in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) as influenced by biarticular musculature. Folia Primatol 66: 181-191. (Pubitemid 126462059)
37. Ortega JD, Farley CT,. 2005. Minimizing center of mass vertical movement increases metabolic cost in walking. J Appl Physiol 99: 2099-2107. (Pubitemid 41691625)
38. Pronost N, Dumont G, Berillon G, Nicolas G,. 2006. Morphological and stance interpolations in database for simulating bipedalism of virtual humans. Visual Comput 22: 4-13. (Pubitemid 41783436)
39. Ralston HJ,. 1958. Energy-speed relation and optimal speed during level walking. Int Z Angew Physiol 17: 277-283.
40. Ruina A, Bertram JEA, Srinivasan M,. 2005. A collisional model of the energetic cost of support work qualitatively explains leg sequencing in walking and galloping, pseudo-elastic leg behavior in running and the walk-to-run transition. J Theor Biol 237: 170-192. (Pubitemid 41406403)
41. Saunders JBdM, Inman VT, Eberhart HD,. 1953. The major determinants in normal and pathological gait. J Bone Joint Surg 35: 543-558.
42. Schmidt-Nielsen K,. 1997. Animal physiology: adaptation and environment, 5th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Schmitt D,. 2003. Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates. J Exp Biol 206: 1437-1448. (Pubitemid 36573057)
44. Sellers WI, Cain GM, Wang WJ, Crompton RH,. 2005. Stride lengths, speed and energy costs in walking of Australopithecus afarensis: using evolutionary robotics to predict locomotion of early human ancestors. J Roy Soc Interface 2: 431-441.
45. Sellers WI, Dennis LA, Crompton RH,. 2003. Predicting the metabolic energy costs of bipedalism using evolutionary robotics. J Exp Biol 206: 1127-1136. (Pubitemid 36409154)
46. Srinivasan M, Ruina A,. 2006. Computer optimization of a minimal biped model discovers walking and running. Nature 439: 72-75. (Pubitemid 43053630)
47. Stern JT, Susman RL,. 1983. The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. Am J Phys Anthropol 60: 279-317. (Pubitemid 13132318)
48. Susman RL, Stern JT, Jungers WL,. 1984. Arboreality and bipedality in the Hadar hominids. Folia Primatol 43: 113-156.
49. Taga G,. 1995. A model of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system for human locomotion. I. Emergence of basic gait. Biol Cybern 73: 97-111.
50. Tokura H, Hara F, Okada M, Mekata F, Ohsawa W,. 1975. A comparison of thermoregulatory responses in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) and the crab-eating macaque (Macaca irus) during cold exposure. Jpn J Physiol 25: 147-152.
51. Winter DA,. 2005. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement, 3rd ed. Hoboken: Wiley.
52. Yamaguchi GT, Zajac FE,. 1990. Restoring unassisted natural gait to paraplegics via functional neuromuscular stimulation-a computer-simulation study. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 37: 886-902. (Pubitemid 20368423)
53. Yamazaki N, Hase K, Ogihara N, Hayamizu N,. 1996. Biomechanical analysis of the development of human bipedal walking by a neuro-musculo-skeletal model. Folia Primatol 66: 253-271. (Pubitemid 126462065)
54. Zajac FE, Neptune RR, Kautz SA,. 2003. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking. Part II: Lessons from dynamical simulations and clinical implications. Gait Posture 17: 1-17. (Pubitemid 36132184)
55. Zarrugh MY, Todd FN, Ralston HJ,. 1974. Optimization of energy expenditure during level walking. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 33: 293-306.