Experimental study of the brittle behavior of clay shale in rapid unconfined compression

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 415-430

  Amann, Florian ^a   Button, Edward Alan ^b   Evans, Keith Frederick ^a   Gischig, Valentin Samuel ^a   Blümel, Manfred ^c  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Geoconsult Pvt Ltd   (India)

^c GRAZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Acoustic emissions; Anisotropic rock; Brittle failure; Clay shale; Damage initiation; Unconfined compressive strength

Indexed keywords

ANISOTROPIC ROCK; BRITTLE FAILURES; CLAY SHALE; DAMAGE INITIATION; UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH;

ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS; COMPRESSION TESTING; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; CRACK INITIATION; CRACKS; DEEP OIL WELL DRILLING; DEEP WELL DISPOSAL; EXCAVATION; RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL; RADIOACTIVE WASTES; RESEARCH LABORATORIES; SHALE; STRESS CORROSION CRACKING; WATER CONTENT; WELL DRILLING;

ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING;

ACOUSTICS; ANISOTROPIC MEDIUM; BRITTLE FAILURE; COMPRESSION; DEEP DRILLING; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; MEASUREMENT METHOD; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; RADIOACTIVE WASTE; ROCK MASS RESPONSE; STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP; THRESHOLD; UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION; WASTE DISPOSAL;

JURA [SWITZERLAND]; MONT TERRI; SWITZERLAND;

EID: 79960098207     PISSN: 07232632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00603-011-0156-3     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. F Amann EA Button R Thoeny S Loew 2009 RC-experiment, rock mass characterisation ENSI Erfahrungs- und Forschungsbericht 2009 177 185
2. Amann F, Kaiser PK, Steiner W (2010a) Triggering swelling potential of anhydrite clay rocks by brittle failure processes. In: Zhao J, Labiouse V, Dudt J-P, Mathier J-F (eds) Rock mechanics and environmental engineering. Paper presented at European Rock Mechanics Symposium 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 339-342. ISBN 978-0-415-58654-2
3. Amann F, Button EA, Blümel M, Toeny R (2010b) Insight into the mechanical behaviour of Opalinus Clay. In: Zhao J, Labiouse V, Dudt J-P, Mathier J-F (eds) Rock mechanics and environmental engineering. Paper presented at European Rock Mechanics Symposium 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 759-762, ISBN 978-0-415-58654-2
4. Aristorenas GV (1992) Time-depended behavior of tunnels excavated in shale. Ph.D-thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
5. T Bai DD Pollard 2000 Fracture spacing in layered rocks: a new explanation based on the stress transition J Struct Geol 22 43 57 10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00137-6
6. P Baud E Klein T-F Wong 2004 Compaction localization in porous sandstones: spatial evolution of damage and acoustic emission activity J Struct Geol 26 603 624 10.1016/j.jsg.2003.09.002 (Pubitemid 38259203)
7. Bellwald P (1990) A contribution to the design of tunnels in argillaceous rock. Ph.D-Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
8. ZT Bieniawski 1967 Mechanism of brittle failure of rock. Part I. Theory of fracture process Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 4 4 395 406 10.1016/0148-9062(67)90030-7
9. Bläsi HR (1996a) Mont Terri Technical Note 96-08, thin section analyses. Mont Terri Project
10. Bläsi HR (1996b) Mont Terri Technical Note 96-09, detailed descriptions of drill cores. Mont Terri Project
11. P Blümling F Bernier P Lebon CD Martin 2007 The excavation damaged zone in clay formations time-dependent behaviour and influence on performance assessment Phys Chem Earth 32 588 599 (Pubitemid 46381616)
12. Bock H (2008) RA experiment-updated review of the rock mechanics properties of the opalinus clay of the mont terri url based on laboratory and field testing, Mont Terri Technical Report 2008-04
13. P Bossart PM Meier A Moeri T Trick J-C Mayor 2002 Geological and hydraulic characterization of the excavation disturbed zone in the Opalinus Clay of the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory Eng Geol 66 19 38 10.1016/S0013-7952(01) 00140-5
14. SJ Bourne 2003 Contrast of elastic properties between rock layers as a mechanism for the initiation and orientation of tensile failure under uniform remote compression J Geophys Res 108 B8 1 11 10.1029/2001JB001725
15. WF Brace EG Bombolaski 1963 A note on brittle crack growth in compression J Geophys Res 68 12 3709 3713 10.1029/JZ068i012p03709
16. WF Brace BR Paulding C Scholz 1966 Dilatancy in fracture of crystalline rocks J Geophys Res 71 16 3939 3953
17. Chiarelli AS (2000) Experimental investigation and constitutive modeling of coupled elastoplastic damage in hard claystones. Doctoral thesis, Laboratory of Mechanics, University of Lille, Lille, France (in French)
18. Zhang Ch-L T Rothfuchs K Su N Hoteit 2007 Experimental study of the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of indurated clays Phys Chem Earth 32 957 965 (Pubitemid 46381630)
19. NGW Cook 1965 The failure of rock Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2 389 403 10.1016/0148-9062(65)90004-5
20. AG Corkum CD Martin 2007 Modelling a mine-by test at the Mont Terri rock laboratory, Switzerland Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44 846 859 10.1016/j.ijrmms. 2006.12.003 (Pubitemid 46593906)
21. MS Diederichs 2003 Rock fracture and collapse under low confinement conditions Rock Mech Rock Eng 36 5 339 381 10.1007/s00603-003-0015-y (Pubitemid 37540343)
22. MS Diederichs 2007 The 2003 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium. Mechanistic interpretation and practical application of damage and spalling prediction criteria for deep tunnelling Can Geotech J 44 1082 1116 10.1139/T07-033 (Pubitemid 351268210)
23. Diederichs MS, Martin DC (2010) Measurement of spalling parameter from laboratory testing. In: Zhao J, Labiouse V, Dudt J-P, Mathier J-F (eds) Rock mechanics and environmental engineering. Paper presented at European Rock Mechanics Symposium 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 323-326. ISBN 978-0-415-58654-2
24. MS Diederichs PK Kaiser E Eberhardt 2004 Damage initiation and propagation in hard rock during tunnelling and the influence of near-face stress rotation Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41 785 812 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.02.003 (Pubitemid 38804527)
25. E Eberhardt D Stead B Stimpson RS Read 1998 Identifying crack initiation and propagation thresholds in brittle rock Can Geotech J 35 222 233 10.1139/t97-091
26. RT Ewy NGW Cook 1990 Deformation and fracture around cylindrical openings in rock. II. Initiation, growth and interaction of fractures Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 27 5 846 859
27. G Fabre F Pellet 2006 Creep and time-dependent damage in argillaceous rocks Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 43 950 960 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.02.004 (Pubitemid 43811935)
28. Fairhurst C, Cook NGW (1966) The phenomenon of rock splitting parallel to the direction of maximum compression in the neighborhood of a surface. In: Proceedings of the 1st congress of the international society of rock mechanics, Lisbon, pp 687-692
29. Feder GF (1980) Rock mechanics aspects of the "New Austrian Tunneling Method" (NATM). Paper presented at the Arlberg-Seminar 1980, American Engineering Society, USA
30. LN Germanovich AV Dyskin 2000 Fracture mechanism and instability of openings in compression Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37 263 284 10.1016/S1365- 1609(99)00105-7 (Pubitemid 30627083)
31. AA Griffith 1921 The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids Philos Trans Roy Soc London A 221 163 197 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006
32. Griffith AA (1924) Theory of rupture. In: Bienzo CB, Burgers JM (eds) Proceedings of the first international congress for applied mechanics. Technische Boekhandel and Drukkerij, Delft, pp 55-63
33. A Gudmundsson O Gjesdal SL Brenner I Fjeldskaar 2003 Effects of linking up of discontinuities on fracture growth and groundwater transport Hydrogeology J 11 84 99 10.1007/s10040-002-0238-0 (Pubitemid 36906241)
34. DK Hallbauer H Wagner NGW Cook 1973 Some observation concerning the microscopic and mechanical behaviour of quartzite specimens in stiff, triaxial compression tests Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 10 713 726 10.1016/0148-9062(73)90015-6
35. J-S Heo Lee Ch-I S Jeon 2004 Measurement of acoustic emission and source location considering anisotropy of rock under triaxial compression Key Eng Mater 270-273 1574 1579 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.270-273.1574
36. DW Hobbs 1967 The formation of tension joints in sedimentary rocks: an explanation Geol Mag 104 550 556 10.1017/S0016756800050226
37. Hoek E (1968) Brittle failure of rock. In: Zienkiewicz (ed) Rock mechanics in engineering practice, pp 99-124
38. E Hoek ZT Bieniawski 1965 Brittle rock fracture propagation in rock under compression Int J Frac Mech 1 3 137 155
39. GR Holzhausen AM Johnson 1979 Analyses of longitudinal splitting of uniaxially compressed rock cylinders Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 16 163 177 10.1016/0148-9062(79)90482-0 (Pubitemid 9462770)
40. H Horii S Nemat-Nasser 1985 Compression-induced microcrack growth in brittle solids: axial splitting and shear failure J Geophys Res 90 3105 3125 10.1029/JB090iB04p03105
41. H Horii S Nemat-Nasser 1986 Brittle failure in compression: splitting, faulting and brittle-ductile transition Phil Trans R Soc Lond A 319 337 374 10.1098/rsta.1986.0101
42. I.S.R.M. 1979 Suggested methods for determining water content, porosity, density, absorption and related properties and swelling and slake-durability index properties Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 16 2 141 156
43. Kaiser PK, Kim BH (2008a) Rock mechanics advances of underground construction and mining. In: Paper presented at Korea rock mechanics, Seoul, Korea, pp 1-16
44. Kaiser PK, Kim BH (2008b) Rock mechanics challenges in underground construction and mining. In: Potvin Y, Carter J, Dyskin A, Jeffrey R (eds) Paper presented at 1st southern hemisphere international rock mechanics symposium, Australia, pp 23-38
45. Kaiser PK, Diederichs MS, Martin CD, Sharp J, Steiner W (2000) Underground works in hard rock tunneling and mining. In: Paper presented at GeoEng2000, Melbourne, Australia, pp 841-926
46. Kaiser PK, Amann F, Steiner W (2010) How highly stressed brittle rock failure impacts tunnel design. In: Zhao J, Labiouse V, Dudt J-P, Mathier J-F (eds) Rock Mechanics and Environmental Engineering. Paper presented at European rock mechanics symposium 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 27-38. ISBN 978-0-415-58654-2
47. JM Kemeny 1991 A model for non-linear rock deformation under compression due to sub-critical crack growth Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 28 459 467 10.1016/0148-9062(91)91121-7
48. M Klinkenberg S Kaufhold R Dohrmann S Siegesmund 2009 Influence of carbonate micofabric on the failure strength of claystones Eng Geol 107 42 54 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.04.001
49. RL Kranz CH Scholz 1977 Critical dilatant volume of rocks at the onset of tertiary creep J Geophys Res 82 30 4893 4898 10.1029/JB082i030p04893
50. EZ Lajtai 1974 Brittle fracture in compression Int J Fract 10 4 525 536 10.1007/BF00155255
51. EZ Lajtai VN Lajtai 1974 The evolution of brittle fracture in rock J Geol Soc 130 1 16 10.1144/gsjgs.130.1.0001
52. H Lan CD Martin B Hu 2010 Effects of heterogeneity of brittle rock on micromechanical extensile behavior during compression loading J Geophys Res 115 1 14 10.1029/2009JB006496
53. B Larsen A Gudmundsson 2010 Linking of fractures in layered rocks: implication for permeability Tectonophysics 492 108 120 10.1016/j.tecto.2010.05. 022
54. Lockner DA, Moore DE, Reches Z (1992) Microcrack interaction leading to shear fracture. In: Tillerson JR, Wawersik WR (eds) Paper presented at the 33rd US rock mechanics symposium, 908-816. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 807-816
55. Mandl G (2005) Rock joints. The mechanical genesis. Springer, Berlin
56. P Marschall S Horseman T Gimmi 2005 Characterisation of gas transport properties of the opalinus clay, a potential host rock formation for radioactive waste disposal, oil & gas science and technology-rev IFP 60 1 121 139 (Pubitemid 40849732)
57. CD Martin 1997 Seventeenth Canadian geotechnical colloquium: the effects of cohesion loss and stress path on brittle rock strength Can Geotech J 34 698 725
58. CD Martin NA Chandler 1994 The progressive fracture of Lac du Bonnet granite Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 31 643 659 10.1016/0148-9062(94)90005-1
59. Martin CD, Lanyon GW, Bossart P, Blümling P (2004) Excavation disturbed zone (edz) in clay shale: Mont Terri, Mont Terri Technical Report 2001-01
60. A Millard J Mamann A Rejeb S Uehara 2009 Study of the initiation and propagation of excavation damage zones around openings in argillaceous rock Environ Geol 57 1325 1335 10.1007/s00254-008-1518-3
61. K Mogi 1962 Study of elastic shocks caused by the fracture of heterogeneous materials and its relations to earthquake phenomena Bull Earthq Res Inst 40 125 173
62. Nagra (2002) Projekt Opalinuston-Synthese der geowissenschaftlichen Untersuchungsergebnisse. Technical Report of the National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste, NTB 02-03
63. M Naumann U Hunsche O Schulze 2007 Experimental investigations on anisotropy in dilatancy, failure and creep of Opalinus Clay Phys Chem Earth 32 889 895 (Pubitemid 46381635)
64. H Niandou JF Shao JP Henry D Fourmaintraux 1997 Laboratory investigation of the mechanical behavior of tournemire shale Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 34 1 3 16 10.1016/S1365-1609(97)80029-9
65. T Popp K Salzer 2007 Anisotropy of seismic and mechanical properties of Oplainus clay during triaxial deformation in a multi-anvil apparatus Phys Chem Earth 32 879 888 (Pubitemid 46381633)
66. Price NJ (1966) Fault and joint development in brittle and semi-brittle rock, Pergamon, New York
67. Rejeb A, Cabrera J (2006) Time-dependent evolution of the excavation damaged zone in the argillaceous Tournemire site. In: Paper presented at the GeoProc international conference on coupled T-H-M-C processes in geosystems, 22-25 May, Nanjing, P R. China, pp 65-74
68. CH Scholz 1968 Microfracturing and inelastic deformation of rock in compression J Geophys Res 73 4 1417 1432 10.1029/JB073i004p01417
69. CH Scholz 1968 Experimental study of the fracturing process in brittle rock J Geophys Res 73 4 1447 1454 10.1029/JB073i004p01447
70. KR Shah JF Labuz 1995 Damage mechanism in stressed rock from acoustic emission J Geophys Res 100 B8 15527 15539 10.1029/95JB01236
71. Stefanizzi S, Barla G, Kaiser PK, Grasselli G (2008) Numerical modeling of rock mechanics tests in layered media using finite/discrete element approach. In: 12th international congress of IACMAG, Goa, India, pp 1126-1131
72. CA Tang ZZ Liang YB Zhang X Chang X Tao DG Wang JX Zhang JS Liu WC Zhu D Elsworth 2008 Fracture spacing in layered materials: a new explanation based on two-dimensional failure process modeling Am J Sci 3008 49 72 10.2475/01.2008.02
73. P Tapponier WF Brace 1976 Development of stress-induced microcracks in Westerly Granit Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 13 103 112 10.1016/0148-9062(76)91937-9
74. Thoeny R, Amann F, Button EA (2010) Ground conditions and the relationship to ground behavior-a new mine-by project in Opalinus clay at Mont Terri Rock Laboratory. In: Zhao J, Labiouse V, Dudt J-P, Mathier J-F (eds) Rock mechanics and environmental engineering. Paper presented at European Rock Mechanics Symposium 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 775-778. ISBN 978-0-415-58654-2
75. Thury M, Bossart P (1999) Mont Terri Rock Laboratory, Results of the Hydrogeological, Geochemical and Geotechnical Experiments performed in 1996 and 1997, Landeshydrologie und -geologie, Geologischer Bericht Nr. 23
76. Underwood LB (1967) Classification and identification of shales. J Soil Mech Found Div Proc Am Soc Civ Eng 93:97-116
77. F Valès DN Minh H Gharbi A Rejeb 2004 Experimental study of the influence of the degree of saturation on physical and mechanical properties in Tournemire shale (France) Appl Clay Sci 26 197 207 10.1016/j.clay.2003.12.032 (Pubitemid 38958302)
78. LR Van Loon JM Soler W Müller MH Bradbury 2004 Anisotropic diffusion in layered argillaceous rocks: a case study with opalinus clay Environ Sci Technol 38 5721 5728 10.1021/es049937g (Pubitemid 39447199)
79. JB Walsh WF Brace 1966 Elasticity of rock; a review of some recent theoretical studies Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 4 283 287
80. Yong S (2007) A three-dimensional analysis of excavation-induced perturbations in the opalinus clay at the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory. Ph.D-Thesis, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich (Diss. ETH No. 17575)
81. S Yong PK Kaiser S Loew 2010 The influence of pre-existing shears on tunnel-induced fracturing Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47 894 907 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.05.009
82. A Zang ChF Wagner G Dresen 1996 Acoustic emission, microstructure, and damage model of dry and wet sandstone stressed to failure J Geophys Res 101 B8 17507 17521 10.1029/96JB01189