The analgesic properties of intraoral sucrose: An integrative review

Advances in Neonatal Care

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 83-92

  Hatfield, Linda A ^a,b,d   Chang, Karen ^e   Bittle, Marianne ^f   Deluca, Joanne ^d   Polomano, Rosemary C ^c,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF NURSING   (United States)

^b Iowa Department of Public Health   (United States)

^c Division of Biobehavioral and Health Sciences   (United States)

^d PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Infant; Neonate; Oral sucrose; Pain; Randomized controlled trial

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; SUCROSE;

ANALGESIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; NEWBORN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PREMATURITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANALGESIA; ANALGESICS; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; SUCROSE;

EID: 79960092740     PISSN: 15360903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ANC.0b013e318210d043     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Taddio A, Katz J. The effects of early pain experience in neonates on pain responses in infancy and childhood. Paediatr Drugs. 2005;7:245-257. (Pubitemid 41623989)
2. Maxwell LG, Yaster M. The myth of conscious sedation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:665-667.
3. Yamamoto T, Shimoyama N, Mizuguchi T. Role of the injury discharge in the development of thermal hyperesthesia after sciatic nerve constriction injury in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:993-1002; discussion 28A (Pubitemid 23339059)
4. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Surgery; Canadian Paediatric Society Fetus and Newborn Committee, Batton DG, Barrington KJ, Wallman C. Prevention and management of pain in the neonate: an update. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2231-2241. (Pubitemid 46393716)
5. Anand KJ, Hickey PR. Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1321-1329.
6. Coskun V, Anand KJS. Development of supraspinal pain processing. In: Anand KJS, McGrath PJ, eds. Pain in Neonates. 2nd ed. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science; 2000:23-54.
7. Fitzgerald M. The development of descending brainstem control of spinal cord sensory processing. In: Hanson M, ed. Foetal and Neonatal Brainstem: Development and Clinical Issues. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1991:127-136.
8. Anand KJ, Carr DB. The neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry of pain, stress, and analgesia in newborns and children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989; 36:795-822.
9. Andrews K, Fitzgerald M. The cutaneous withdrawal reflex in human neonates: sensitization, receptive fields, and the effects of contralateral stimulation. Pain. 1994;56:95-101. (Pubitemid 24037264)
10. Fitzgerald M. Developmental neurobiology of pain. In: Wall PD, Melzack R, eds. Textbook of Pain. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:235-52.
11. Marti E, Gibson SJ, Polak JM, et al. Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin. J Comp Neurol. 1987;266:332-359. (Pubitemid 18003969)
12. Porter FL, Grunau RE, Anand KJ. Long-term effects of pain in infants. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1999;20:253-261.
13. Anand KJ, Scalzo FM. Can adverse neonatal experiences alter brain development and subsequent behavior? Biol Neonate. 2000;77:69-82. (Pubitemid 30088153)
14. Taylor BJ, Robbins JM, Gold JI, Logsdon TR, Bird TM, Anand KJ. Assessing postoperative pain in neonates: a multicenter observational study. Pediatrics. 2006;118: e992-e1000. (Pubitemid 46393748)
15. Grunau R. Early pain in preterm infants. A model of long-term effects. Clin Perinatol. 2002;29:373-394.
16. Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, Koren G. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet. 1997;349:599-603. (Pubitemid 27101886)
17. Stevens B, Taddio A, Ohlsson A, Einarson T. The efficacy of sucrose for relieving procedural pain in neonates-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:837-842. (Pubitemid 27342727)
18. Blass EM, Hoffmeyer LB. Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants. Pediatrics. 1991;87:215-218.
19. Hatfield LA, Gusic ME, Dyer AM, Polomano RC. Analgesic properties of oral sucrose during routine immunizations at 2 and 4 months of age. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e327-e334. (Pubitemid 351198439)
20. Stevens BJ. Measurement of pain in infants and children. In: Finley GA, McGrath PA, eds. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Seattle, WA: International Association for the Study of Pain Press; 1997:161-177.
21. Anseloni VC, Weng HR, Terayama R, et al. Age-dependency of analgesia elicited by intraoral sucrose in acute and persistent pain models. Pain. 2002; 97:93-103. (Pubitemid 34603313)
22. Fidler P, Kalman BA, Ziemer HE, Green KF. Early onset of reduced morphine analgesia by ingestion of sweet solutions. Physiol Behav. 1993;53:167-171. (Pubitemid 23026696)
23. Blass E, Fitzgerald E, Kehoe P. Interactions between sucrose, pain and isolation distress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987;26:483-489. (Pubitemid 17047718)
24. Ren K, Blass EM, Zhou Q, Dubner R. Suckling and sucrose ingestion suppress persistent hyperalgesia and spinal Fos expression after forepaw inflammation in infant rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:1471-1475. (Pubitemid 27087875)
25. Boyer K, Johnston C, Walker CD, Filion F, Sherrard A. Does sucrose analgesia promote physiologic stability in preterm neonates? Biol Neonate. 2004;85:26-31. (Pubitemid 38437644)
26. Hatfield LA. Sucrose decreases infant biobehavioral pain response to immunizations: a randomized controlled trial. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2008;40:219-225.
27. Blass EM, Miller LW. Effects of colostrum in newborn humans: dissociation between analgesic and cardiac effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2001;22:385-390. (Pubitemid 34026942)
28. Allen KD, White DD, Walburn JN. Sucrose as an analgesic agent for infants during immunization injections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:270-274. (Pubitemid 26086089)
29. Reis EC, Roth EK, Syphan JL, Tarbell SE, Holubkov R. Effective pain reduction for multiple immunization injections in young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:1115-1120. (Pubitemid 37433178)
30. Barr RG, Young SN, Wright JH, et al. "Sucrose analgesia" and diphtheria-tetanuspertussis immunizations at 2 and 4 months. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1995;16:220-225.
31. Lewindon PJ, Harkness L, Lewindon N. Randomised controlled trial of sucrose by mouth for the relief of infant crying after immunisation. Arch Dis Child. 1998; 78:453-456. (Pubitemid 28237387)
32. Ramenghi LA, Webb AV, Shevlin PM, Green M, Evans DJ, Levene MI. Intra-oral administration of sweet-tasting substances and infants' crying response to immunization: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Neonate. 2002;81:163-169. (Pubitemid 34293654)
33. Fuller BF. Acoustic discrimination of three types of infant cries. Nurs Res. 1991; 40:156-160.
34. Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004:CD001069.
35. Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001:CD001069.
36. Stevens BJ, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1998:CD001069.
37. Stevens B, Johnston C, Petryshen P, Taddio A. Premature Infant Pain Profile: development and initial validation. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:13-22. (Pubitemid 26128581)
38. Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A. Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting. Clin J Pain. 1999;15:297-303. (Pubitemid 30004889)
39. Soetenga D, Frank J, Pellino TA. Assessment of the validity and reliability of the University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital Pain Scale for Preverbal and Nonverbal Children. Pediatr Nurs. 1999;25:670-676.
40. Efe E, Ozer ZC. The use of breast-feeding for pain relief during neonatal immunization injections. Appl Nurs Res. 2007;20:10-16.
41. Carbajal R, Paupe A, Hoenn E, Lenclen R, Olivier-Martin M. APN: Evaluation Behavioral Scale of acute pain in newborn infants. Arch Pediatr. 1997;4:623-628. (Pubitemid 27287262)
42. Voepel-Lewis T, Merkel S, Tait AR, Trzcinka A, Malviya S. The reliability and validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:1224-1229. (Pubitemid 35239112)
43. Ogawa S, Ogihara T, Fujiwara E, et al. Venipuncture is preferable to heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90: F432-F436. (Pubitemid 41224082)
44. Acharya AB, Annamali S, Taub NA, Field D. Oral sucrose analgesia for preterm infant venepuncture. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F17-F18. (Pubitemid 38125471)
45. Grunau RE, Oberlander T, Holsti L, Whitfield MF. Bedside application of the Neonatal Facial Coding System in pain assessment of premature neonates. Pain. 1998;76:277-286. (Pubitemid 28342737)
46. Barr RG, Rotman A, Yaremko J, Leduc D, Francoeur TE. The crying of infants with colic: a controlled empirical description. Pediatrics. 1992;90:14-21.
47. Franck LS, Boyce WT, Gregory GA, Jemerin J, Levine J, Miaskowski C. Plasma norepinephrine levels, vagal tone index, and flexor reflex threshold in premature neonates receiving intravenous morphine during the postoperative period: a pilot study. Clin J Pain. 2000;16:95-104. (Pubitemid 30397148)
48. Fernandez M, Blass EM, Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Diego M, Sanders C. Sucrose attenuates a negative electroencephalographic response to an aversive stimulus for newborns. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2003;24:261-266. (Pubitemid 37063197)
49. Johnston CC, Stremler R, Horton L, Friedman A. Effect of repeated doses of sucrose during heel stick procedure in preterm neonates. Biol Neonate. 1999; 75:160-166. (Pubitemid 29067299)
50. Haouari N, Wood C, Griffith G, Levene M. The analgesics effect of sucrose in full term infants: a randomized controlled trial. Br Med J. 1995;310:498-500.
51. Overgaard C, Knudsen A. Pain-relieving effect of sucrose in newborns during heel prick. Biol Neonate. 1999;75:279-284. (Pubitemid 29151505)
52. Gibbins S, Stevens B. The influence of gestational age on the efficacy and shortterm safety of sucrose for procedural pain relief. Adv Neonatal Care. 2003;3:241-249. (Pubitemid 40418245)
53. Gibbins S, Stevens B, Hodnett E, Pinelli J, Ohlsson A, Darlington G. Efficacy and safety of sucrose for procedural pain relief in preterm and term neonates. Nurs Res. 2002;51:375-382.
54. Blass EM, Watt LB. Suckling- and sucrose-induced analgesia in human newborns. Pain. 1999;83:611-623.
55. Greenberg CS. A sugar-coated pacifier reduces procedural pain in newborns. Pediatr Nurs. 2002;28:271-277.
56. Johnston CC, Stremler RL, Stevens BJ, Horton LJ. Effectiveness of oral sucrose and simulated rocking on pain response in preterm neonates. Pain. 1997;72:193-199. (Pubitemid 27321917)
57. Stevens B, Johnston C, Franck L, Petryshen P, Jack A, Foster G. The efficacy of developmentally sensitive interventions and sucrose for relieving procedural pain in very low birth weight neonates. Nurs Res. 1999;48:35-43.
58. Blass EM, Shah A. Pain-reducing properties of sucrose in human newborns. Chem Senses. 1995;20:29-35.
59. Stevens B, Johnston C, Taddio A, et al. Management of pain from heel lance with lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream: is it safe and efficacious in preterm infants? J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1999;20:216-221.
60. Blass EM, Ciaramitaro V. A new look at some old mechanisms in human newborns: taste and tactile determinants of state, affect, and action. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59:1-81.
61. Bucher HU, Moser T, von Siebenthal K, Keel M, Wolf M, Duc G. Sucrose reduces pain reaction to heel lancing in preterm infants: a placebo-controlled, randomized and masked study. Pediatr Res. 1995;38:332-335.
62. Abad F, Diaz NM, Domenech E, Robayna M, Rico J. Oral sweet solution reduces pain-related behaviour in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:854-858. (Pubitemid 26267025)
63. Blass EM. Milk-induced hypoalgesia in human newborns. Pediatrics. 1997;99: 825-829. (Pubitemid 27231355)
64. Rushforth JA, Levene MI. Effect of sucrose on crying in response to heel stab. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:388-389. (Pubitemid 23291330)
65. Boyle EM, Freer Y, Khan-Orakzai Z, et al. Sucrose and non-nutritive sucking for the relief of pain in screening for retinopathy of prematurity: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006;91:F166-F168. (Pubitemid 43667612)
66. Grabska J, Walden P, Lerer T, et al. Can oral sucrose reduce the pain and distress associated with screening for retinopathy of prematurity? J Perinatol. 2005;25: 33-35.
67. Mitchell A, Stevens B, Mungan N, Johnson W, Lobert S, Boss B. Analgesic effects of oral sucrose and pacifier during eye examinations for retinopathy of prematurity. Pain Manag Nurs. 2004;5:160-168. (Pubitemid 40045135)
68. Gal P, Kissling GE, Young WO, et al. Efficacy of sucrose to reduce pain in premature infants during eye examinations for retinopathy of prematurity. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:1029-1033. (Pubitemid 40695968)
69. Stevens B, Yamada J, Beyene J, et al. Consistent management of repeated procedural pain with sucrose in preterm neonates: is it effective and safe for repeated use over time? Clin J Pain. 2005;21:543-548.
70. Ramenghi LA, Evans DJ, Levene MI. "Sucrose analgesia": absorptive mechanism or taste perception? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;80:F146-F147. (Pubitemid 29122219)
71. Curtis SJ, Jou H, Ali S, Vandermeer B, Klassen T. A randomized controlled trial of sucrose and(or pacifier as analgesia for infants receiving venipuncture in a pediatric emergency department. BMC Pediatr. 2007;7:27.
72. Campos RG. Rocking and pacifiers: two comforting interventions for heelstick pain. Res Nurs Health. 1994;17:321-331.
73. Stevens B, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Review: sucrose reduces crying during painful procedures in the newborn. Evid Based Nurs. 1998;1:74.
74. Willis DM, Chabot J, Radde IC, Chance GW. Unsuspected hyperosmolality of oral solutions contributing to necrotizing enterocolitis in very-low-birth- weight infants. Pediatr. 1997;60:535-538.
75. Johnston CC, Filion F, Snider L, et al. Routine sucrose analgesia during the first week of life in neonates younger than 31 weeks' postconceptional age. Pediatrics. 2002;110:523-528. (Pubitemid 34976680)
76. Walco, GA. Needle pain in children: contextual factors. Pediatrics. 2008;122(suppl 3):125-129.
77. von Baeyer CL, Marche TA, Rocha EM, Salmon K. Children's memory for pain: overview and implications for practice. J Pain. 2004;5:241-249.
78. Anand KJ, Scalzo FM. Can adverse neonatal experiences alter brain development and subsequent behavior? Biol Neonate. 2000;77:69-82. (Pubitemid 30088153)
79. Dahl JB, Moiniche S. Pre-emptive analgesia. Br Med Bull. 2004;71:13-27. (Pubitemid 40478219)
80. Shah V, Taddio A, Rieder MJ, Team HE. Effectiveness and tolerability of pharmacologic and combined interventions for reducing injection pain during routine childhood immunizations: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Ther. 2009;31(suppl 2):S104-S151.
81. Lefrak L, Burch K, Caravantes R, et al. Sucrose analgesia: identifying potentially better practices. Pediatrics. 2006;118(suppl 2):S197-S202. (Pubitemid 46397636)
82. Anand KJ, Johnston CC, Oberlander TF, Taddio A, Lehr VT, Walco GA. Analgesia and local anesthesia during invasive procedures in the neonate. Clin Ther. 2005;27:844-876. (Pubitemid 41594453)
83. Elserafy FA, Alsaedi SA, Louwrens J, Bin Sadiq B, Mersal AY. Oral sucrose and a pacifier for pain relief during simple procedures in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Saudi Med. 2009;29:184-188.
84. Rogers AJ, Greenwald MH, Deguzman MA, Kelley ME, Simon HK. A randomized, controlled trial of sucrose analgesia in infants younger than 90 days of age who require bladder catheterization in the pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:617-622. (Pubitemid 43744550)
85. Miller HD. Nonnutritive sucking and sucrose-induced analgesia: effect on heart rate, oxygen saturation, and pain in intubated infants. Adv Neonatal Care. 2009;9:188.