Tsunamigenic earthquakes: Past and present milestones

Pure and Applied Geophysics

Volumn 168, Issue 6-7, 2011, Pages 969-995

  Okal, Emile A ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TSUNAMIS;

CASCADIA; EARTHQUAKE CYCLES; EARTHQUAKE SOURCE; PAST AND PRESENT; SEISMOTECTONICS; TSUNAMIGENIC; WARNING ALGORITHMS; WARNING CENTERS;

EARTHQUAKES;

ALGORITHM; EARTHQUAKE; EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; MITIGATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEISMIC SOURCE; SEISMOTECTONICS; SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE 2004; TSUNAMI; WARNING SYSTEM;

EID: 79959809884     PISSN: 00334553     EISSN: 14209136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00024-010-0215-9     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. ABE, KU., ABE, KA., TSUJI, Y., IMAMURA, F., KATAO, H., IIO, Y., SATAKE, K., BOURGEOIS, J., NOGUERA, E., and ESTRADA, F. (1993), Field survey of the Nicaragua earthquake and tsunami of September 2, 1992, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ. 68, 23-70.
2. ANDO, M. (1975), Source mechanism and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along the Nankai Trough, Japan, Tectonophysics, 27, 119-140.
3. ANDO M., and BALAZS E.I. (1979), Geodetic evidence for aseismic subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 3023-3028.
4. ANGENHEISTER, G. (1920), Vier Erdbeben und Flutwellen im Pazifischen Ozean, beobachtet am Samoa-Observatorium, 1917-1919, Nachr. K. Gesellsch. Wissensch. GÖttingen, pp. 201-204.
5. Artru, J., Duččić, V., KANAMORI, H., LOGNONNÉ, P., and MURAKAMI, M. (2005), Ionospheric detection of gravity waves induced by tsunamis, Geophys. J. Intl. 160, 840-848.
6. ATWATER, B.F. (1987) Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington state, Science 236, 942-944.
7. ATWATER, T. (1970), Implications of plate tectonics for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81, 3513-3536.
8. BARBEROPOULOU, A., QAMAR, A., PRATT, T.L., and STEELE, W.P. (2006), Long-period effects of the Denali earthquake on water bodies in the Puget Lowland: Observations and modeling, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 96, 519-535.
9. BARKAN, R., TEN BRINK, U.S., and LIN, J. (2009), Far-field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean, Mar. Geol. 264, 109-122.
10. BENIOFF, H. (1935), A linear strain seismograph, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 25, 283-309.
11. BENIOFF, H. (1958), Long waves observed in the Kamchatka earthquake of November 4, 1952, J. Geophys. Res. 63, 589-593.
12. BEN-MENAHEM, A. (1961), Radiation of seismic surface-waves from finite moving sources, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 51, 401-435.
13. BEN-MENAHEM, A., and ROSENMAN, M. (1972), Amplitude patterns of tsunami waves from submarine earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 3097-3128.
14. BERNARD, E.N., and MILBURN, H.B. (1985) Long-wave observations near the Galápagos Islands, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3361-3366.
15. BERNARD, E.N., MOFJELD, H.O., TITOV, V.V., SYNOLAKIS, C.E., and GONZÁLEZ, F.I. (2006), Tsunami: scientific frontiers, mitigation, forecasting and policy implications, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 364A, 1989-2007.
16. BILLINGS, L.G. (1915), Some personal experiences with earthquakes, Nat. Geographic Mag. 27, (1), 57-71.
17. BLEWITT, G., HAMMOND, W.C., KREEMER, C., PLAG, H.-P., STEIN, S., and OKAL, E.A. (2009), GPS for real-time earthquake source determination and tsunami warning systems, J. Geodesy 83, 335-343.
18. BOATWRIGHT, J., and CHOY, G.L. (1986), Teleseismic estimates of the energy radiated by shallow earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2095-2112.
19. BORRERO, J.C., ORTÍZ, M., TITOV, V.V., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (1997), Field survey of Mexican tsunami produces new data, unusual photos, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 78, 85 and 87-88.
20. BORRERO, J.C., DOLAN, J.F., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (2001), Tsunamis within the Eastern Santa Barbara Channel, Geophys. Res. Letts. 28, 643-646.
21. BORRERO, J.C., WEISS, R., OKAL, E.A., HIDAYAT, R., SURANTO, ARCAS, D., and TITOV, V.V. (2009), The tsunami of 12 September 2007, Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia: Post-tsunami survey and numerical modeling, Geophys. J. Intl. 178, 180-194.
22. BRUNE, J.N., and ENGEN G.R. (1969), Excitation of mantle Love waves and definition of mantle wave magnitude, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 59, 923-933.
23. CAMINADE, J.-P., D. CHARLIE, U. Kânoǧlu, S. KOSHIMURA, H. MATSUTOMI, A. MOORE, C. RUSCHER, C. SYNOLAKIS, and T. TAKAHASHI (2000), Vanuatu earthquake and tsunami cause much damage, few casualties, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 81, 641 and 646-647.
24. CHAPMAN, C. (2005), The Asian tsunami in Sri Lanka: a personal experience, Eos, Trans. Amer. Un. 86, (2), 13-14.
25. CHESTER, D.K. (2001), The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Prog. Phys. Geogr. 25, 363-383.
26. CIFUENTES, I.L., and SILVER, P.G., (1989), Low-frequency source characteristics of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 643-663.
27. CISTERNAS, M., ATWATER, B.F., TORREJÓN, F., SAWAI, Y., MACHUCA, G., LAGOS, M., EIPERT, A., YOULTON, C., SALGADO, I., KAMATAKI, T., SHISHIKURA, M., RAJENDRAN, C.P., MALIK, J.K., and HUSNI M. (2005), Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake, Nature, 437, 404-407.
28. DEMETS, D.C., and DIXON, T.H. (1999), New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present: 1. Evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL-1A model, Geophys. Res. Letts. 26, 1921-1924.
29. DENGLER, L., USLU, B., BARBEROPOULOU, A., BORRERO, J., and SYNOLAKIS, C. (2008), The vulnerability of Crescent City, California to tsunamis generated in the Kuril Islands region of the Northwestern Pacific, Seismol. Res. Letts. 79, 608-619.
30. DENGLER, L., USLU, B., BARBEROPOULOU, A., YIM, S.C., and KELLY, A. (2009), The November 15, 2006 Kuril Islands-generated tsunami in Crescent City, California, Pure Appl. Geophys. 166, 37-53.
31. DONN, W.L. (1964), Alaskan earthquake of 27 March 1964: Remote seiche excitation, Science 145, 261-262.
32. DORBATH, L., CISTERNAS, A., and DORBATH, C. (1990) Assessment of the size of large and great historical earthquakes in Peru, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 80, 551-576.
33. DUDLEY, W.C., and LEE, M. (1998), Tsunami!, (2nd ed.), Univ. Hawaii Press, p. 5, Honolulu.
34. EATON, J.P., RICHTER, D.H., and AULT, W.U. (1961), The tsunami of May 23, 1960 on the island of Hawaii, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 51, 135-157.
35. EDWARDS, B.D., LEE, H.J., and FIELD, M.J. (1993), Seismically induced mudflow in Santa Barbara Basin, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. Rept., B 2002, ed. by W.C. SCHWAB, H.J., LEE, and D.C. TWICHELL, pp. 167-173.
36. FILLOUX, J.H. (1982), Tsunami recorded on the open ocean floor, Geophys. Res. Letts. 9, 25-28.
37. FRITZ, H.M. (2010), Field survey of the 2010 tsunami in Chile, Proc. Amer. Geophys. Un. Chapman Conf. on Giant Earthquakes and their Tusnamis, Valparaiso, 16-24 May 2010, p. 8, 2010 [abstract].
38. FRITZ, H.M., and KALLIGERIS, N. (2008), Ancestral heritage saves tribes during 1 April 2007 Solomon Islands tsunami, Geophys. Res. Letts. 35, (1), L01607, 5 pp.
39. FRITZ, H.M., and KALLIGERIS, N. (2010), Field survey report of the Solomon Islands tsunami of 03 January 2010, Geophys. Res. abstracts, 12, submitted, 2010 [abstract].
40. FRITZ H. M., KONGKO, W., MOORE, A., MCADOO, B., GOFF, J., HARBITZ, C., USLU, B., KALLIGERIS, N., SUTEJA, D., KALSUM, K., TITOV, V., GUSMAN, A., LATIEF, H., SANTOSO, E., SUJOKO, S., DJULKARNAEN, D., SUNENDAR, H., and SYNOLAKIS, C. (2007), Extreme runup from the 17 July 2006 Java tsunami, Geophys. Res. Letts. 34, (12), L12602, 5 pp.
41. FRITZ, H.M., KALLIGERIS, N., BORRERO, J.C., BRONCANO, P., and ORTEGA, E. (2008), The 15 August 2007 Peru tsunami: run-up observations and modeling, Geophys. Res. Letts. 35, (10), L10604, 5 pp.
42. FUCHS, SIR V.(1982), Of Ice and Men: The story of the British Antarctic Survey, 1943-73, Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, 383 pp.
43. FUKAO, Y. (1979), Tsunami earthquakes and subduction processes near deep-sea trenches, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2303-2314.
44. GELLER, R.J. (1976), Scaling relations for earthquake source parameters and magnitudes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 66, 1501-1523.
45. GILBERT, F. (1980), An introduction to low-frequency seismology, in: Proc. Intl. School Phys. "Enrico Fermi", 78, ed. by A.M. DZIEWONSKI and E. BOSCHI, pp. 41-81, North Holland, Amsterdam.
46. GODIN, O.A. (2004), Air-sea interaction and feasibility of tsunami detection in the open ocean, J. Geophys. Res. 104, (C5), C05002, 20 pp.
47. GODIN, O.A., IRISOV, V.G., LEBEN, R.R., HAMLINGTON, B.D., and WICK, G.A. (2009), Variations in sea surface roughness induced by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami, Nat. Haz. Earth System Sci. 9, 1135-1147.
48. González, F.I., MADER, C.L., EBLE, M.C., and BERNARD, E.N. (1991) The 1987-88 Alaskan Bight tsunamis: Deep ocean data and model comparisons, Natural Hazards 4, 119-139.
49. González, F.I., MILBURN, H.M., BERNARD, E.N., and NEWMAN, J. (1998), Deep-ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis (DART): Brief overview and status report, Proc. Intl. Workshop Tsunami Disaster Mitigation, pp. 118-129, Tokyo, Japan, 1998.
50. GOWER, J. (2005), Jason-1 detects the 26 December 2004 tsunami, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 86, 37-38.
51. GREEN, G. (1837), On the motion of waves in a canal of variable depth, Cambridge Phil. Trans. 6, 457-462.
52. GUTENBERG, B., and RICHTER, C.F. (1954) Seismicity of the Earth and associated phenomena, 310 pp., Princeton Univ. Press.
53. HANSON, J.A., and BOWMAN, J.R. (2005) Dispersive and reflected tsunami signals from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami observed on hydrophone and seismic stations, Geophys. Res. Letts. 32, (17), L17606, 5 pp.
54. HAEUSSLER, P.J., LEE, H.J., RYAN, H.F., KAYAN, R.E., HAMPTON, M.A., and SULEIMANI, E. (2007), Submarine slope failures near Seward, Alaska, during the M = 9.2 1964 earthquake, Adv. Natur. Technol. Haz. Res. 27, 269-278.
55. HEATON, T.H., and HARTZELL, S.H. (1987), Earthquake hazards on the Cascadia subduction zone, Science, 236, 162-168.
56. HEATON, T.H., and KANAMORI, H. (1984), Seismic potential associated with subduction in the Northwestern United States, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 74, 933-941.
57. HEINRICH, P., PIATANESI, A., OKAL, E.A., and Hébert, H. (2000), Near-field modeling of the July 17, 1998 tsunami in Papua New Guinea, Geophys. Res. Letts. 27, 3037-3040.
58. HINES, C.O. (1972), Gravity waves in the atmosphere, Nature 239, 73-78.
59. HUGO, V. (1864), William Shakespeare, 572 pp., Librairie Internationale, Paris
60. IMAMURA, F., SHUTO, N., IDE, S., YOSHIDA, Y., and ABE, K. (1993) Estimate of the tsunami source of the 1992 Nicaraguan earthquake from tsunami data, Geophys. Res. Letts. 20, 1515-1518.
61. JACOBY, G.C., BURKER, D.E., and BENSON, B.E. (1997), Tree-ring evidence for an A.D. 1700 Cascadia earthquake in Washington and northern Oregon, Geology 25, 999-1002.
62. JAGGAR, T. (1930), The Volcano Letter 274, 1-4.
63. JANKAEW, K., ATWATER, B.F., SAWAI, Y., CHOOWONG, M., CHAROENTITIRAT, T., MARTIN, M.E., and PRENDERGAST, A. (2008), Medieval forewarning of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand, Nature 455, 1228-1231.
64. KAISTRENKO, V., and SEDAEVA, V. (2001), 1952 North Kuril tsunami: new data from archives, In: Tsunami research at the end of a critical decade, ed. by G.T. HEBENSTREIT, Adv. Natur. Technol. Res. 18, pp. 91-102, Kluver, Dordrecht, 2001.
65. KANAMORI, H. (1970), The Alaska earthquake of 1964: Radiation of long-period surface waves and source mechanism, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 5029-5040.
66. KANAMORI, H. (1972), Mechanism of tsunami earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 6, 346-359.
67. KANAMORI, H. (1976), Re-examination of the Earth's free oscillations excited by the Kamchatka earthquake of November 4, 1952, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 11, 216-226.
68. KANAMORI, H. (1977a), Seismic and aseismic slip along subduction zones and their tectonic implications, in: Island arcs, Deep-sea trenches and Back-arc basins, ed. by M. TALWANI and W.C. PITMAN III, Amer. Geophys. Un. Maurice Ewing Ser. 1, 163-174.
69. KANAMORI, H. (1997b), The energy release in great earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 2981-2987.
70. KANAMORI, H. (1993) W phase, Geophys. Res. Letts. 20, 1691-1694.
71. KANAMORI, H., and KIKUCHI, M. (1993), The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake: a slow tsunami earthquake associated with subducted sediments, Nature 361, 714-716.
72. KANAMORI, H., and RIVERA, L. (2008), Source inversion of W phase: speeding up tsunami warning, Geophys. J. Intl. 175, 222-238.
73. KELSEY, H.M., NELSON, A.R., HEMP-HILLHALEY, E., and WITTER, R.C. (2005), Tsunami history of an Oregon coastal lake reveals a 4000-yr. record of great earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 117, 1009-1032.
74. KVALE, A. (1955), Seismic seiches in Norway and England during the Assam earthquake of August 15, 1950, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 45, 93-113.
75. LEGG, M.R., and KAMERLING, M.J. (2003), Large-scale basementinvolved landslides, California continental borderland, Pure Appl. Geophys. 160, 2033-2051.
76. LE PICHON, A., HERRY, P., MIALLE, P., VERGOZ, J., BRACHET, N., GARCÉS, M., DROB, D., and CERANNA, L. (2005), Infrasound associated with 2004-2005 large Sumatra earthquakes and tsunami, Geophys. Res. Letts. 32, (19), L19802, 5 pp.
77. LIU, J.Y., TSAI, Y.B., CHEN, S.W., LEE, C.P., CHEN, Y.C., YEN, H.Y., CHANG, W.Y., and LIU, C. (2006), Giant ionospheric disturbances excited by the M = 9.3 Sumatra earthquake of 26 December 2004, Geophys. Res. Letts. 33, (2), L02103, 3 pp.
78. LOCAT, J., LEE, H., LOCAT, P., and IMRAM, J. (2004), Numerical analysis of the mobility of the Palos Verdes debris avalanche, California, and its application for the generation of tsunamis, Mar. Geol. 203, 269-280.
79. Lognonné, P., Clévédé, E., and KANAMORI, H. (1998), Computations of seismograms and atmospheric oscillations by normal mode summation for a spherical Earth model with a realistic atmosphere, Geophys. J. Intl. 135, 388-406.
80. López, A.M., and OKAL, E.A. (2006), A seismological reassessment of the source of the 1946 Aleutian "tsunami" earthquake, Geophys. J. Intl. 165, 835-849.
81. MACINNES, B.T., PINEGINA, T.K., BOURGEOIS, J., RAZHIGAEVA, N.G., KAISTRENKO, V.M., KRAVCHUNOVSKAYA, E.A. (2009), Field survey and geological effects of the 15 November 2006 Kuril Tsunami in the Middle Kuril Islands, Pure Appl. Geophys. 166, 9-36.
82. MADER, C.L. (1988) Numerical modeling of water waves, 206 pp., Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley.
83. MANN, D., and FREYMUELLER, J. (2003), Volcanic and tectonic deformation on Unimak Island in the Aleutian Arc, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res. 108, (B2), 2108, 12 pp.
84. MCADOO, B.G., DENGLER, L., PRASETYA, G., and TITOV, V., (2006), SOMG: How an oral history saved thousands on Indonesia's Simeulue Island during the December 2004 and March 2005 tsunamis, Earthquake Spectra 22, S661-S669.
85. MCCREERY, C.S. (2005), Impact of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation program on operations of the Richard H. Hagemeyer Pcaific tsunami Warning Center, Natural Hazards 35, 73-88.
86. MCGARR, A. (1965), Excitation of seiches in channels by seismic waves, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 847-854.
87. MONECKE, K., FINGER, W., KLARER, D., KONGKO, W., MCADOO, B.G., MOORE, A.L., and SUDRAJAT, S.U. (2008),A1,000-year sediment record of tsunami recurrence in Northern Sumatra, Nature 455, 1232-1234.
88. NELSON, A.R., ATWATER, B.F., BOBROWSKY, P.T., BRADLEY, L.-A., CLAGUE, J.J., CARVER, G.A., DARLENZO, M.E., GRANT, W.C., KRUEGER, H.W., SPARKS, R., STAFFORD, T.W., JR., and STULVER, M. (1995), Radiocarbon evidence for extensive plate-boundary rupture about 300 years ago at the Cascadia subduction zone, Nature 378, 371-374.
89. NELSON, A.R., KELSEY, H.M., and WITTER, R.C. (2006), Great earthquakes of variable magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone, Quatern. Res. 65, 354-365.
90. Nettles, M., Ekström, G., Dziewoński, A.M., and Maternovskaya, N. (2005), Source characteristics of the great Sumatra earthquake and its aftershocks, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 86, (18), U43A-01, 2005 [abstract].
91. NEWMAN, A.V., and OKAL, E.A. (1998), Teleseismic estimates of radiated seismic energy: The E/M0 discriminant for tsunami earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 26885-26898.
92. NI, S., KANAMORI, H., and HELMBERGER, D.V. (2005), Energy radiation from the Sumatra earthquake, Nature 434, 582.
93. O'LOUGHLIN, K.F., and LANDER, J.F. (2003), Caribbean tsunamis, A 500-year history from 1498 to 1998, Adv. Natur. Tech. Haz. Res. 23, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 263 pp.
94. OBERMEIER, S.F., and DICKENSON, S.E. (2000), Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from Late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 A.D., Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 90, 876-896.
95. Occhipinti, G., Lognonné, P., Kherani, E.A., and Hébert, H. (2006), Three-dimensional wave form modeling of ionospheric signature induced by the 2004 Sumatra tsunami, Geophys. Res. Letts. 33, (20), L20104, 5 pp.
96. OKAL, E.A. (1993), WMm: An extension of the concept of mantle magnitude to the W phase, with application to real-time assessment of the ultra-long component of the seismic source, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 74, (43), 344 [abstract].
97. OKAL, E.A. (2001), T-phase stations for the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty: A global perspective, Seismol. Res. Letts. 72, 186-196.
98. OKAL, E.A. (2003), T waves from the 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake and its aftershocks: Timing the tsunamigenic slump, Pure Appl. Geophys. 160, 1843-1863.
99. OKAL, E.A. (2007a), Seismic records of the 2004 Sumatra and other tsunamis: A quantitative study, Pure Appl. Geophys. 164, 325-353.
100. OKAL, E.A. (2007b), Performance of robust source estimators for last year's large earthquakes, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 88, (52), S44A-01 [abstract].
101. OKAL, E.A. (2008), The excitation of tsunamis by earthquakes, In: The Sea: Ideas and observations on progress in the study of the seas, 15, Edited by E.N. BERNARD and A.R. ROBINSON, pp. 137-177, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.
102. OKAL, E.A., and Hébert, H. (2007), Far-field modeling of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami, Geophys. J. Intl. 169, 1229-1238.
103. OKAL, E.A., and MACAYEAL, D.R. (2006), Seismic recording on drifting icebergs: Catching seismic waves, tsunamis and storms from Sumatra and elsewhere, Seismol. Res. Letts. 77, 659-671.
104. OKAL, E.A., and NEWMAN, A.V. (2001), Tsunami earthquakes: The quest for a regional signal, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 124, 45-70.
105. OKAL, E.A., and REYMOND, D. (2003), The mechanism of the great Banda Sea earthquake of 01 February 1938: Applying the method of Preliminary Determination of Focal Mechanism to a historical event, Earth Planet. Sci. Letts. 216, 1-15.
106. OKAL, E.A., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (2004), Source discriminants for near-field tsunamis, Geophys. J. Intl. 158, 899-912.
107. OKAL, E.A., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (2008), Far-field tsunami hazard from mega-thrust earthquakes in the Indian Ocean, Geophys. J. Intl. 172, 995-1015.
108. OKAL, E.A., and TALANDIER, J. (1991) Single-station estimates of the seismic moment of the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan earthquakes, using the mantle magnitude Mm, Pure Appl. Geophys. 136, 103-126.
109. OKAL, E.A., PIATANESI, A., and HEINRICH, P. (1999), Tsunami detection by satellite altimetry, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 599-615.
110. OKAL, E.A., SYNOLAKIS, C.E., FRYER, G.J., HEINRICH, P., BORRERO, J.C., RUSCHER, C. ARCAS, D., GUILLE, G., and ROUSSEAU, D. (2002), A field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami in the far field, Seismol. Res. Letts. 73, 490-503.
111. OKAL, E.A., ALASSET, P.-J., HYVERNAUD, O., and SCHINDELÉ, F. (2003a), The deficient T waves of tsunami earthquakes, Geophys. J. Intl. 152, 416-432.
112. OKAL, E.A., PLAFKER, G., SYNOLAKIS, C.E., and BORRERO, J.C. (2003b), Near-field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Sanak Islands, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 93, 1226-1234.
113. OKAL, E.A., BORRERO, J.C., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (2006a), Evaluation of tsunami risk from regional earthquakes at Pisco, Peru, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 96, 1634-1648.
114. OKAL, E.A., SLADEN, A., and OKAL, E.A.-S. (2006b), Rodrigues, Mauritius and RÉunion Islands field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Earthquake Spectra 22, S241-S261.
115. OKAL, E.A., FRITZ, H.M., RAVELOSON, R., JOELSON, G., Pančošková, P., and RAMBOLAMANANA, G. (2006c), Madagascar field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Earthquake Spectra, 22, S263-S283.
116. OKAL, E.A., FRITZ, H.M., RAAD, P.E., SYNOLAKIS, C.E., AL-SHIJBI, Y., and AL-SAIFI, M. (2006d), Oman field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Earthquake Spectra 22, S203-S218.
117. OKAL, E.A., TALANDIER, J., and REYMOND, D. (2007), Quantification of hydrophone records of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys. 164, 309-323.
118. OKAL, E.A., FRITZ, H.M., and SLADEN, A. (2009), 2004 Sumatra tsunami surveys in the Comoro Islands and Tanzania and regional tsunami hazard from future Sumatra events, South Afr. J. Geol. 112, 343-358.
119. OKAL, E.A., FRITZ, H.M., SYNOLAKIS, C.E., BORRERO, J.C., WEISS, R., LYNETT, P.J., TITOV, V.V., FOTEINIS, S., JAFFE, B.E., LIU, P.L.-F., and CHAN, I. (2010) Field Survey of the Samoa Tsunami of 29 September 2009, Seismol. Res. Letts. 81, 577-591.
120. ORTÍZ, M., and BILHAM, R. (2003), Source area and rupture parameters of the 31 December 1881 (Mw = 7. 9) Car Nicobar earthquake estimated from tsunamis recorded in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res. 108, (B4), 2215, 16 pp.
121. Pančošková, P., OKAL, E.A., MACAYEAL, D.R., and RAVELOSON, R. (2006), Delayed response of far-field harbors to the 2004 Sumatra tsunami: the role of high-frequency components, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 87, (52), U53A-0021 [abstract].
122. PELLETIER, B., RÉGNIER, M., CALMANT, S., PILLET, R., CABIOCH, G., LAGABRIELLE, Y., BORE, J.-M., CAMINADE, J.-P., LEBELLEGARD, P., CHRISTOPHER, I., and TEKAMON, S. (2000), Le sÉisme d'Ambryn- Pentecoˆte du 26 novembre 1999 (Mw = 7,5): donnÉes preliminaries sur la sÉismicitÉ, le tsunami et les dÉplacements associÉs, C.R. Acad. Sci., SÉr. 2 331, 21-28.
123. PELTIER, W.R., and HINES, C.O. (1976), On the possible detection of tsunamis by a monitoring of the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1995-2000.
124. PETROFF, C. (2010), Rapid reconnaissance survey of the February 27, 2010 Chile tsunami: ConstituciÓn to Colcura, Quidico to Mehuin, Proc. Amer. Geophys. Un. Chapman Conf. on GiantEarthquakes and their Tusnamis, Valparaiso, 16-24 May 2010, p. 8 [abstract].
125. POLET, J., and KANAMORI, H. (2000), Shallow subduction zone earthquakes and their tsunamigenic potential, Geophys. J. Intl. 142, 684-702.
126. RAJENDRAN, C.P., RAJENDRAN, K., ANU, R., EARNEST, A., MACHADO, T., MOHAN, P.M., and FREYMUELLER, J. (2007), Crustal deformation and seismic history associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake: a perspective from the Andaman-Nicobar Islands, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 97, S174-S191.
127. REYMOND, D., HYVERNAUD, O., OKAL, E.A., ALLGEYER, S., JAMELOT, A., and HÉBERT, H. (2010), Field survey and preliminary modeling of the 2010 Chilean tsunami in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia, Proc. Eur. Geophys. Un. Gen. Assemb., Vienna, 02-07 May 2010, Paper 15707 [abstract].
128. RUFF, L.J. (1989), Do trench sediments affect great earthquake occurrence in subduction zones?, Pure Appl. Geophys. 129, 263-282.
129. RUFF, L.J., and KANAMORI, H. (1980), Seismicity and the subduction process, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 23, 240-252.
130. SANFORD, H.B. (1946), Log of Coast Guard Unit Number 368, Scotch Cap DF station, relating the Scotch Cap Light station tragedy of 1946, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC, 11 pp.
131. SATAKE, K. (1988), Effects of bathymetry on tsunami propagation: Application of ray tracing to tsunamis, Pure Appl. Geophys. 126, 27-36.
132. SATAKE, K., SHIMAZAKI, K., TSUJI, Y., and UEDA, K. (1996), Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700, Nature 379, 246-249.
133. SATAKE, K., WANG, K., and ATWATER, B.F. (2003), Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions, J. Geophys. Res. 108, (B11), ESE_7, 17 pp.
134. SAVAGE, J.C., LISOSWSKI, M., and PRESCOTT, W.H. (1981), Geodetic strainmeasurements in Washington, J.Geophys.Res. 86, 4929-4940.
135. SAVARENSKIY, E.F., TISHCHENKO, V.G., SVYATLOVSKIY, A.E., DOBROVO'LSKIY, A.D., and ZHIVAGO, A.V. (1958), Tsunami 4-5 noyabrya 1952 g., Byulleten' sovieta po seismologii 4, 63 pp., Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moskva [in Russian].
136. SCHOLL, D.W., KIRBY, S.H., KERANEN, K.M., WELLS, R.E., BLAKELY, R.J., MICHAEL, F., and VON HUENE, R. (2007), Megathrust slip and the care and feeding of the subduction channel through which the seismogenic zone runs, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 8, (52), T51E-06 [abstract].
137. SHEPARD, F.P., MACDONALD, G.A., and COX, D.C. (1950), The tsunami of April 1, 1946, Bull. Scripps Instit. Oceanog. 5, 391-528.
138. SMYSHLYAEV, A.A. (2003), Noch' okeana, In: Vremya krasnoy ryby, pp. 249-320, Novaya Kniga, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy [in Russian].
139. SOLOV'EV, S.L. (1968), Sanakh-Kad'yakskoye tsunami 1788 g., In: Problema Tsunami, ed. by M.A. SADOVSKIY and A.A. TRESKOV, AKAD. NAUK SSSR, MOSKVA, pp. 232-237 [in Russian].
140. SOLOV'EV, S.L., and FERCHEV, M.D. (1961), Summary of data on tsunamis in the USSR, Bull. Council Seismol. Acad. Sci. USSR 9, 23-55.
141. SOLOV'EV, S.L., and GOCH N. (1984), Catalogue of tsunamis on the Eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean, Can. Transl. Fish. Aquat. Sci 5078, 293 pp.
142. STEIN, S., and OKAL, E.A. (2005), Size and speed of the Sumatra earthquake, Nature 434, 581-582.
143. STEIN, S., and OKAL, E.A. (2007), Ultra-long period seismic study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and implications for regional tectonics and the subduction process, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 97, S279-S295.
144. SWE, T.L., SATAKE, K., AUNG, T.T., SAWAI, Y., OKAMURA, Y., WIN, K.S., SWE, W., SWE, C., TUN, S.T., SOE, M.M., OO, T., and ZAW, S.H. (2006), Myanmar Coastal Area Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Earthquake Spectra 22, S285-S294.
145. SWEET, S., and SILVER, E.A. (2003), Tectonics and Slumping in the Source Region of the 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami from Seismic Reflection Images, Pure Appl. Geophys. 160, 1945-1968.
146. SYNOLAKIS, C.E., and OKAL, E.A. (1992-2002), Perspective on a decade of post-tsunami surveys, In: Tsunamis: Case studies and recent developments, ed. by K. SATAKE, Adv. Natur. Technol. Hazards, 23, pp. 1-30.
147. SYNOLAKIS, C.E., BARDET, J.-P., BORRERO, J.C., DAVIES, H.L., OKAL, E.A., SILVER, E.A., SWEET, S., and TAPPIN, D.R. (2002), The slump origin of the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. A 458, 763-789.
148. TADEPALLI, S., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (1994), The runup of N-waves, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A 445, 99-112.
149. TADEPALLI, S., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (1996), Model for the leading waves of tsunamis, Phys. Rev. Letts. 77, 2141-2145.
150. TANIOKA, Y., and SATAKE, K. (1996), Fault parameters of the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake estimated from tsunami numerical modeling, Geophys. Res. Letts. 23, 1549-1552.
151. TANIOKA, Y., RUFF, L.J., and SATAKE, K. (1997), What controls the lateral variation of large earthquake occurrence along the Japan trench? Island Arc 6, 261-266.
152. TAYLOR, F.W., BRIGGS, R.W., FROHLICH, C., BROWN, A., HORNBACH, M., PAPABATU, A.K., MELTZNER, A.J., and BILLY, D. (2008), Rupture across arc segment and plate boundaries in the 1 April 2007 Solomons earthquake, Nature Geosci. 1, 253-257.
153. THIÉBOT, E., and GUTSCHER, M.-A. (2006), The Gibraltar arc seismogenic zone (part 1): Constraints on a shallow east-dipping fault plane source for the 1755 Lisbon earthquake provided by seismic data, gravity and thermal modeling, Tectonophysics 426, 135-152.
154. TITOV, V.V., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (1993), A numerical study of wave runup of the September 2, 1992 Nicaraguan tsunami, Proc. Intl. Un. Geol. Geophys. Tsunami Symp., ed. by Y. TSUCHIYA and N. SHUTO, Japan Soc. Civil Eng., pp. 627-635, Wakayama, Japan.
155. TITOV, V.V., and SYNOLAKIS, C.E. (1998), Numerical modeling of tidal wave runup, J. Wtrwy. Port Coast. Engng. B124, 157-171.
156. TITOV, V.V., RABINOVICH, A.B., MOFJELD, H.O., THOMSON, R.E., and GONZÁLEZ, F.J. (2005), The global reach of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra tsunami, Science 309, 2045-2048.
157. TSAI, V.C., NETTLES, M., EKSTRÖM, G., and Dziewoński, A.M. (2005), Multiple CMT source analysis of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, Geophys. Res. Letts. 32, (17), 17304, 4 pp.
158. VELASCO, A., AMMON, C.J., LAY, T., and ZHANG, J. (1994), Imaging a slow bilateral rupture with broadband seismic waves: The September 2, 1992 Nicaraguan tsunami earthquake, Geophys. Res. Letts. 21, 2629-2632.
159. WALKER, D.A. (1996), Observations of tsunami "shadows": A new technique for assessing tsunami wave heights, Sci. Tsunami Haz. 14, 3-11.
160. WARD, S.N. (1980), Relationships of tsunami generation and an earthquake source, J. Phys. Earth 28, 441-474.
161. WARD, S.N. (1981), On tsunami nucleation: I. A point source, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7895-7900.
162. WEINSTEIN, S.A., and OKAL, E.A. (2005), The mantle wave magnitude Mm and the slowness parameter H: Five years of realtime use in the context of tsunami warning, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 95, 779-799.
163. WOODS, M.T., and OKAL, E.A. (1987), Effect of variable bathymetry on the amplitude of teleseismic tsunamis: a ray-tracing experiment, Geophys. Res. Letts. 14, 765-768.
164. YUAN, X., KIND, R., and PEDERSEN, H. (2005), Seismic monitoring of the Indian Ocean tsunami, Geophys. Res. Letts. 32, (15), L15308, 4 pp.
165. ZACHARIASEN, J., SIEH, K., TAYLOR, F.W., EDWARDS, R.L., and HANTORO, W.S. (1999), Submergence and uplift associated with the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence from coral microatolls, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 895-919.