Psychological well-being of canadian forces officer candidates: The unique roles of hardiness and personality

Military Medicine

Volumn 176, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 389-396

  Skomorovsky, Alla ^a   Sudom, Kerry A ^a  

^a DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CANADA; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL STRESS; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SATISFACTION; SOLDIER;

ATTITUDE; CANADA; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MILITARY PERSONNEL; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; PERSONALITY; QUESTIONNAIRES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 79959802071     PISSN: 00264075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00359     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Diener E: Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull 1984; 95: 542-75.
2. Argyle M: Causes and correlates of happiness. In: Well Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, pp 353-73. Edited by Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N. New York, NY, Russell Sage Foundation, 1999.
3. Stock WA, Okun MA, Haring MJ, Witter RA: Age and subjective wellbeing: a meta-analysis. In: Evaluation Studies: Review Annual, Vol. 8, pp 279-302. Edited by Light RJ. Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications, 1983.
4. Wood W, Rhodes N, Whelan M: Sex differences in positive well-being: a consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychol Bull 1989; 106: 249-64.
5. Rundell JR, Ursano RJ: Psychiatric responses to war trauma. In: Emotional Aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, pp 43-81. Edited by Ursano RJ, Norwood AE. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1996.
6. Bartone PT: Hardiness protects against war-related stress in Army reserve forces. Consult Psychol J Pract Res 1999; 51: 72-82.
7. Maddi SR: Relevance of hardiness assessment and training to the military context. Mil Psychol 2007; 19: 61-70.
8. Fiedler ER, Oltmanns TF, Turkheimer E: Traits associated with personality disorders and adjustment to military life: predictive validity of self and peer reports. Mil Med 2004; 169: 207-11.
9. Scholtz DC: The Validity of Psychological Screening Measures Across the Performance Domain in the Canadian Forces. Sponsor Research Report 2003-03. Director Human Resources Research and Evaluation, National Defence Headquarters, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2003.
10. McCrae RR, Costa PT: Adding liebe und arbeit: the full fi ve-factor model and well-being. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1991; 17: 227-32.
11. Costa PT, McCrae RR: Infl uence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: happy and unhappy people. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980; 38: 668-78.
12. Schimmack U, Diener E, Oishi S: Life-satisfaction is a momentary judgement and a stable personality characteristic: the use of chronically accessible and stable sources. J Pers 2002; 70: 345-85.
13. Chan D: Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: a typology of composition models. J Appl Psychol 1998; 83: 234-46.
14. Riolli L, Savicki V, Cepani A: Resilience in the face of catastrophe: optimism, personality and coping in the Kosovo crisis. J Appl Soc Psychol 2002; 32: 1604-27.
15. Davey M, Eaker DG, Walters LH: Resilience processes in adolescents: personality profi les, self-worth, and coping. Journal of Adolescent Research 2003; 18: 347-62.
16. Werner E: Journeys From Childhood to Midlife: Risk, Resilience and Recovery. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2001.
17. Friborg O, Barlaug D, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH, Hjemdal O: Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. Int J Meth Psychiatr Res 2005; 14: 29-42.
18. Furnham A, Crump J, Whelan J: Validating the NEO Personality Inventory using assessor's ratings. Pers Indiv Differ 1997; 22: 669-75.
19. Werner EE, Smith RS: Overcoming the odds: high risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1992.
20. Skomorovsky A: The 75-Item Trait-Self Description Personality Inventory (TSD-PI): Examining Convergent and Predictive Validity in a Sample of Privates. DRDC CORA Technical Memorandum 2008- 036. Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2008.
21. Skomorovsky A: Structured Interview Questionnaire: Examining Convergent and Predictive Validity in a Sample of Privates. DRDC CORA Technical Memorandum 2009-004. Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2009.
22. Kobasa SC: Stressful life events, personality, and health: an inquiry into hardiness. J Pers Soc Psychol 1979; 37: 1-11.
23. Bartone PT: Hardiness as a resiliency factor for United States forces in the Gulf War. In: Posttraumatic Stress Intervention: Challenges, Issues, and Perspectives, pp 115-33. Edited by Violanti JM, Paton D, Danning C, Springfi eld IL, Charles, CT. Springfi eld, IL, Charles S. Thomas, 2000.
24. Florian V, Mikulincer M, Taubman O: Does hardiness contribute to mental health during a stressful real-life situation? The roles of appraisal and coping. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995; 68: 687-95.
25. Alfred KD, Smith TW: The hardy personality: cognitive and physiological responses to evaluate threat. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989; 56: 257-66.
26. Drory Y, Florian V: Long-term psychosocial adjustment to coronary artery disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72: 326- 31.
27. Funk SC, Houston BK: A critical analysis of the hardiness scale's validity and utility. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 53: 572-8.
28. Rhodewalt F, Zone JB: Appraisal of life change, depression, and illness in hardy and nonhardy women. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989; 56: 81-8.
29. Bartram D: The predictive validity of the EPI and 16PF for military flying training. J Occup Organ Psychol 1995; 68: 219- 36.
30. McHenry JJ, Hough LM, Toquam JL, Hanson MA, Ashworth S: Project A validity results: the relationship between predictor and criterion domains. Person Psychol 1990; 43: 335-54.
31. Sandal GM, Endresen IM, Vaernes RV, Ursin H: Personality and coping strategies during submarine missions. Mil Psychol 1999; 11: 381-404.
32. Sumer C, Sumer N: Personality and mental health: how related are they within the military context? Mil Psychol 2007; 19: 161-74.
33. Sumer C, Sumer N, Cifci S: Establishing Construct and Criterionrelated Validity of a Personality Inventory in the Turkish Armed Forces. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the International Military Testing Association, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2000.
34. Thomas JL, Dickson MW, Bliese PD: Using personal values and motives to predict success as a leader in the US Army Reserve Offi cer Training Corps. Leadership Quarterly 2001; 12: 181-96.
35. O'Keefe DF: Investigating the Use of Occupational Personality Measures in the Canadian Forces Selection System. Technical Note 98-14. Department of National Defence, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1998.
36. O'Keefe DF: Development of an Optimal Trait-Self Descriptive Inventory (T-SD) Profi le for Military Police Applicants. Technical Note 99-2. Department of National Defence, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1999.
37. Asendorpf JB, Borkenau P, Ostendorf F, van Aken MAG: Carving personality description at its joints: confi rmation of three replicable personality prototypes for both children and adults. Eur J Pers 2001; 15: 169-98.
38. Rammstedt B, Riemann R, Angleitner A, Borkenau P: Resilients, overcontrollers, and undercontrollers: the replicability of the three personality prototypes across informants. Eur J Pers 2004; 18: 1-14.
39. Holden RR, Scholtz D: The Holden Psychological Screening Inventory in the prediction of Canadian Forces basic training outcome. Can J Behav Sci 2002; 34: 104-10.
40. Boyes FAJ: The Trait-Self Descriptive Inventory: An Examination of the Psychometric Properties and Exploration of an Abbreviated Version. Technical Note 2006-02. Department of National Defence, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
41. Dolan CA, Adler AB: Military hardiness as a buffer of psychological health on return from deployment. Mil Med 2006; 171: 93-8.
42. Diener E, Emmons R, Larsen J, Griffin S: The Satisfaction With Life Scale. J Pers Assess 1985; 49: 71-5.
43. Banks MH, Clegg CW, Jackson PR, Kemp NJ, Stafford EM, Wall TD: The use of the general health questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational settings. J Occup Psychol 1980; 53: 187-94.
44. Price JL, Mueller CW: Handbook of Organizational Measurement. Marshfi eld, MA, Pitman, 1986.
45. Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Puccetti MC: Personality and exercise as buffers in the stress-illness relationship. J Behav Med 1982; 5: 391-404.
46. Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Zola MA: Type A and hardiness. J Behav Med 1983; 6: 41-51.
47. Kobasa SC, Puccetti MC: Personality and social resources in stress resistance. J Pers Soc Psychol 1983; 45: 839-50.
48. Maddi SR, Kobasa SC: The Hardy Executive: Health Under Stress. Homewood, IL, Dow Jones-Irwin, 1984.
49. Bartone PT: Stress and Hardiness in U.S. Peacekeeping Soldiers. Presented at the 104th American Psychological Association meeting, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1996.
50. Eid J, Morgan CA: Dissociation, hardiness and performance in military cadets participating in survival training. Mil Med 2006; 171: 436-42.
51. Westman M: The relationship between stress and performance: the moderating effect of hardiness. Hum Perform 1990; 3: 141-55.
52. Krueger GP: Military psychology: United States. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp 9868-73. Edited by Smelser NJ, Baltes PB. New York, Elsevier, 2001.
53. Cigrang JA, Todd SL, Carbone EG: Stress management training for military trainees returned to duty after a mental health evaluation: effect on graduation rates. J Occup Health Psychol 2000; 5: 48-55.
54. Williams PG, Wiebe DJ, Smith TW: Coping processes as mediators of the relationship between hardiness and health. J Behav Med 1992; 15: 237-55.
55. Wiebe DJ, Williams PG, Smith TW: Hardiness and Neuroticism: Overlapping Constructs? Poster presented at the 11th annual meeting of the Society of Behavioural Medicine, Chicago, IL, 1990.
56. Maddi SR: Hardiness: the courage to be resilient. In: Comprehensive Handbook of Personality and Psychopathology, Vol. 1, pp 306-21. Edited by Thomas JC, Degal DL, Hersen M. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2005.
57. Wiebe DJ, McCallum DM: Health practices and hardiness as mediators in the stress-illness relationship. Health Psychol 1986; 5: 435-8.
58. Costa PT, McCrae RR: Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEOPI- R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL, Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992.
59. Ganellen RJ, Blaney PH: Hardiness and social support as moderators of the effects of life stress. J Pers Soc Psychol 1984; 47: 156-63.
60. Maddi SR, Kahn S, Maddi KL: The effectiveness of hardiness training. Consult Psychol J 1998; 50: 78-86.
61. Maddi SR, Khoshaba DM, Pammenter A: The hardy organization: success by turning change to advantage. Consult Psychol J Pract Res 1999; 51: 117-24.
62. Khoshaba DM, Maddi SR: HardiTraining. Newport Beach, CA, Hardiness Institute, 2001.
63. Maddi SR: Hardiness training at Bell Telephone. In: Health Promotion Evaluation, pp 121-58. Edited by Opatz J. Stephens Point, WI, Natural Wellness, 1987.
64. Maddi SR, Khoshaba DM, Jensen K, Carter E, Lu J, Harvey R: Hardiness training for high risk undergraduates. Journal of the National Academic Advising Association 2002; 22: 45-5.
65. Thompson MM, McCreary DR: Enhancing mental readiness in military personnel. In: Military life: The Psychology of Serving in Peace and Combat: Operational Demands and Adjustment, Vol. 2, pp 54-79. Edited by Adler A, Britt TW, Castro CA. New York, NY, Praeger Press, 2006.
66. Lambert CE, Lambert VA: Hardiness: its development and relevance to nursing. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 1987; 19: 92-5.
67. Costa PT, McCrae RR: Personality in adulthood: a six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 54: 853-63.
68. Judge TA, Higgins CA, Thoresen CJ, Barrick MR: The Big Five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Person Psychol 1999; 52: 621-52.
69. Vickers RR, Hervig LK, Paxton E, Kanfer R, Ackerman PL: Personality Change During Military Basic Training. Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, 1993.
70. Vogt DS, Rizvi SL, Shipherd JC, Resick PA: Longitudinal investigation of the reciprocal relationship between stress reactions and hardiness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2008; 34: 61-73.
71. Lynn R, Martin T: Gender differences in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism in 37 nations. J Soc Psychol 1997; 137: 369-73.
72. Benishek LA, Lopez FG: Critical evaluation of hardiness theory: gender differences, perception of life events, and neuroticism. Work and Stress 1997; 11: 33-45.
73. Shepperd JA, Kashani JH: The relationships of hardiness, gender, and stress to health outcomes in adolescents. J Pers 1991; 59: 747-68.