메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 250-261

The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidosis: A mycological perspective

Author keywords

Candida albicans; chromogenic media; immunochromatography; microscopic examination; polyfungal; vaginitis

Indexed keywords

AGAR; CHROMOGENIC SUBSTRATE; SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 79959755226     PISSN: 1040841X     EISSN: 15497828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/1040841X.2011.576332     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (123)

References (102)
  • 1
    • 0028928309 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and microscopic diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection: A prospective analysis
    • Abbott J. (1995). Clinical and microscopic diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection: a prospective analysis. Ann Emerg Med, 25, 587-91.
    • (1995) Ann Emerg Med , vol.25 , pp. 587-591
    • Abbott, J.1
  • 2
    • 77950675511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Candida infections of the genitourinary tract
    • Achkar JM, Fries BC. (2010). Candida infections of the genitourinary tract. Clin Microbiol Rev, 23, 253-73.
    • (2010) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.23 , pp. 253-273
    • Achkar, J.M.1    Fries, B.C.2
  • 3
    • 0020665888 scopus 로고
    • Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations
    • DOI 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9
    • Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KCS, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. (1983). Nonspecifc vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and epidemiologic association. Am J Med, 74, 14-22. (Pubitemid 13221599)
    • (1983) American Journal of Medicine , vol.74 , Issue.1 , pp. 14-22
    • Amsel, R.1    Totten, P.A.2    Spiegel, C.A.3
  • 5
    • 0031439347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida medium for the isolation and direct identification of yeast species from the female genital tract
    • Anson JJ, Allen KD. (1997). Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida medium for the isolation and direct identifcation of yeast species from the female genitale tract. Br J Biomed Sci, 54, 237-9. (Pubitemid 28025070)
    • (1997) British Journal of Biomedical Science , vol.54 , Issue.4 , pp. 237-239
    • Anson, J.J.1
  • 6
    • 0032751738 scopus 로고
    • The identifcation of Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologic characteristics of women colonized by these species
    • Antonio MAD, Hawes SE, Hillier SL. (1990). The identifcation of Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologic characteristics of women colonized by these species. J Infect Dis, 180, 1950-6.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.180 , pp. 1950-1956
    • Antonio, M.A.D.1    Hawes, S.E.2    Hillier, S.L.3
  • 7
    • 0018877414 scopus 로고
    • Microbial flora associated with Candida albicans vulvovaginitis
    • Auger P, Joly J. (1980). Microbial fora associated with Candida albicans vulvovaginitis. Obstet Gynecol, 55, 397-401. (Pubitemid 10129723)
    • (1980) Obstetrics and Gynecology , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 397-401
    • Auger, P.1    Joly, J.2
  • 8
    • 0041830298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal concentrations of mannose-binding lectin, and a mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism in latvian women
    • DOI 10.1086/377234
    • Babula O, Lazdane G, Kroica J, Ledger WJ, Witkin SS. (2003). Relation between recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal concentrations of mannose-binding lectin, and a mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism in Latvian women. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 733-7. (Pubitemid 37100818)
    • (2003) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 733-737
    • Babula, O.1    Lazdane, G.2    Kroica, J.3    Ledger, W.J.4    Witkin, S.S.5
  • 9
    • 27744507821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal epithelial cell anti-Candida albicans activity is associated with protection against symptomatic vaginal candidiasis
    • DOI 10.1128/IAI.73.11.7765-7767.2005
    • Barousse MM, Espinosa T, Dunlap K, Fidel P Jr. (2005). Vaginal epithelial cells anti-Candida albicans activity is associated with protection against symptomatic vaginal candidiasis. Infect Immun, 73, 7765-7. (Pubitemid 41587683)
    • (2005) Infection and Immunity , vol.73 , Issue.11 , pp. 7765-7767
    • Barousse, M.M.1    Espinosa, T.2    Dunlap, K.3    Fidel Jr., P.L.4
  • 10
    • 0021356507 scopus 로고
    • Clinical comparison of microscopic and culture techniques in the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis
    • Bergmann JJ, Berg AO, Schneeweiss R, Heidrich FE. (1984). Clinical comparison of microscopic and culture techniques in the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis. J Fam Pract, 18, 549-52. (Pubitemid 14172539)
    • (1984) Journal of Family Practice , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 549-552
    • Bergman, J.J.1    Berg, A.O.2    Schneeweiss, R.3    Heidrich, F.E.4
  • 11
    • 0000959241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routine use of CHROMagar Candida medium for presumptive identification of Candida yeast species and detection of mixed fungal populations
    • Bouchara JP, Declerck P, Cimon B, Planchenault C, de Gentile L, Chabasse D. (1996). Routine use of CHROMagar Candida medium for presumptive identifcation of Candida yeast species and detection of mixed polyfungal populations. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2, 202-8. (Pubitemid 126682693)
    • (1996) Clinical Microbiology and Infection , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 202-208
    • Bouchara, J.-P.1    Declerck, P.2    Cimon, B.3    Planchenault, C.4    De Gentile, L.5    Chabasse, D.6
  • 12
    • 0015598704 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for diagnosis of Candida vulvovaginitis in pregnant women
    • Carroll CJ, Hurley J, Stanley VC. (1973). Criteria for diagnosis of Candida vulvovaginitis in pregnant women. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw, 80, 258-63.
    • (1973) J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw , vol.80 , pp. 258-263
    • Carroll, C.J.1    Hurley, J.2    Stanley, V.C.3
  • 13
    • 0032765322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host-pathogen interactions: Redefining the basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity
    • Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. (1999). Host-pathogen interactions: redefning the basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity. Infect Immun, 67, 3703-13. (Pubitemid 29356981)
    • (1999) Infection and Immunity , vol.67 , Issue.8 , pp. 3703-3713
    • Casadevall, A.1    Pirofski, L.-A.2
  • 14
    • 0034444550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host pathogen interactions: Basic concepts of microbial commensalism, colonisation, infection and disease
    • Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. (2000). Host pathogen interactions: basic concepts of microbial commensalism, colonisation, infection and disease. Infect Immun, 68, 6511-8.
    • (2000) Infect Immun , vol.68 , pp. 6511-6518
    • Casadevall, A.1    Pirofski, L.A.2
  • 15
    • 33746774864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexually transmitted diseases treament guidelines
    • Center for Disease Control,and Prevention
    • Center for Disease Control,and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. (2006). Sexually transmitted diseases treament guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep, 55, 1-94.
    • (2006) MMWR Recomm Rep , vol.55 , pp. 1-94
    • Workowski, K.A.1    Berman, S.M.2
  • 18
    • 0042028345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic relatedness of Candida strains isolated from women with vaginal candidiasis in Malaysia
    • DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.04973-0
    • Chong PP, Lee YL, Tan BC, Ng PK. (2003). Genetic relatedness of Candida strains isolated from women with vaginal candidiasis in Malaysia. J Med Microbiol, 52, 657-66. (Pubitemid 36981473)
    • (2003) Journal of Medical Microbiology , vol.52 , Issue.8 , pp. 657-666
    • Chong, P.P.1    Lee, Y.L.2    Tan, B.C.3    Ng, K.P.4
  • 19
    • 77951498464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of a rapid yeast in detecting Candida spp. in the vagina
    • Dan M, Leshem Y, Yeshaya A. (2010). Performance of a rapid yeast in detecting Candida spp. in the vagina. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 67, 52-5.
    • (2010) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.67 , pp. 52-5
    • Dan, M.1    Leshem, Y.2    Yeshaya, A.3
  • 21
    • 34249676818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora
    • DOI 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002, PII S152169340700003X, Subclinical Infections and Perinatal Outcomes
    • Donders GG. (2007). Defnition and classifciation of abnormal vaginal fora. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 21, 355-73. (Pubitemid 46838566)
    • (2007) Best Practice and Research in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 355-373
    • Donders, G.G.G.1
  • 23
    • 0036054224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulvovaginitis due to fuconazole resistant Candida albicans following self treatment with non-prescribed triazoles
    • Dorrell L, Edwards A. (2002). Vulvovaginitis due to fuconazole resistant Candida albicans following self treatment with non-prescribed triazoles. Sex Transm Infect, 78, 308-9.
    • (2002) Sex Transm Infect , vol.78 , pp. 308-309
    • Dorrell, L.1    Edwards, A.2
  • 24
    • 33748888743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute vulvovaginitis
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJMcp053720
    • Eckert LO. (2006). Acute vulvovaginitis. New Engl J Med, 355, 1244-52. (Pubitemid 44427448)
    • (2006) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.355 , Issue.12 , pp. 1244-1252
    • Eckert, L.O.1
  • 25
    • 0031789867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm
    • DOI 10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00264-6, PII S0029784498002646
    • Eckert LO, Hawse SE, Stevens CE, Koutsky LA, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. (1998). Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm. Obstet Gynecol, 92, 757-65. (Pubitemid 28487670)
    • (1998) Obstetrics and Gynecology , vol.92 , Issue.5 , pp. 757-765
    • Eckert, L.O.1    Hawes, S.E.2    Stevens, C.E.3    Koutsky, L.A.4    Eschenbach, D.A.5    Holmes, K.K.6
  • 27
    • 0029890455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women's use of over-the-counter antifungal medications for gynecologic symptoms
    • Ferris DG, Dekle C, Litaker MS. (1996). Women's use of over-the-counter antifungal medications for gynecologic symptoms. J Fam Pract, 42, 595-600.
    • (1996) J Fam Pract , vol.42 , pp. 595-600
    • Ferris, D.G.1    Dekle, C.2    Litaker, M.S.3
  • 28
    • 33845505302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History and update on host defense against vaginal candidiasis
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00450.x
    • Fidel PL Jr. (2007). History and update on host defense against vaginal candidiasis. Am J Reprod Immunol, 57, 2-12. (Pubitemid 44911601)
    • (2007) American Journal of Reproductive Immunology , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-12
    • Fidel Jr., P.L.1
  • 29
    • 2142695775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intravaginal live candida challenge in humans leads to new hypotheses for the immunopathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis
    • DOI 10.1128/IAI.72.5.2939-2946.2004
    • Fidel PL Jr, Barousse M, Espinosa T, Ficarra M, Sturvetant J, Martin DH, Quayle AJ, Dunlap K. (2004). An intravaginal live Candida challenge in humans leads to new hypotheses for the immunopathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Infect Immun,72, 2939-46. (Pubitemid 38542424)
    • (2004) Infection and Immunity , vol.72 , Issue.5 , pp. 2939-2946
    • Fidel Jr., P.L.1    Barousse, M.2    Espinosa, T.3    Ficarra, M.4    Sturtevant, J.5    Martin, D.H.6    Quayle, A.J.7    Dunlap, K.8
  • 30
    • 0344923836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Candida glabrata: Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to C. albicans
    • Fidel PL Jr, Vazquez JA, Sobel JD. (1999). Candida glabrata: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to C. albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev, 12, 80-96. (Pubitemid 29055954)
    • (1999) Clinical Microbiology Reviews , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 80-96
    • Fidel Jr., P.L.1    Vazquez, J.A.2    Sobel, J.D.3
  • 32
    • 0035119599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeast identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory: Phenotypical methods
    • Freydiére AM, Guinet R, Boiron P. (2001). Yeast identifcation in the clinical microbiology laboratory: phenotypical methods. Med Mycol, 39, 9-33. (Pubitemid 32192914)
    • (2001) Medical Mycology , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-33
    • Freydiere, A.-M.1    Guinet, R.2    Boiron, P.3
  • 33
    • 0029080559 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis among university students
    • Geiger AM, Foxman B, Gillespie BW. (1995). The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis among university students. Am J Public Health, 85, 1146-8.
    • (1995) Am J Public Health , vol.85 , pp. 1146-1148
    • Geiger, A.M.1    Foxman, B.2    Gillespie, B.W.3
  • 35
    • 0018758989 scopus 로고
    • Vaginal microbial flora in normal young women
    • Goldacre MJ, Watt B, Loudon N, Milne LJ, Loudon JD, Vessey MP. (1979). Vaginal microbial fora in normal young women. Br Med J, 1, 1450-3. (Pubitemid 9202376)
    • (1979) British Medical Journal , vol.1 , Issue.6176 , pp. 1450-1453
    • Goldacre, M.J.1    Watt, B.2    Loudon, N.3
  • 36
    • 78650394988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of risk factors in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the value of chromID Candida agar versus CHROMagar Candida for recovery and presumptive identifcation of vaginal yeast species
    • Guzel AB, Ilkit M, Akar T, Burgut R, Demir SC. (2011). Evaluation of risk factors in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the value of chromID Candida agar versus CHROMagar Candida for recovery and presumptive identifcation of vaginal yeast species. Med Mycol, 49, 16-25.
    • (2011) Med Mycol , vol.49 , pp. 16-25
    • Guzel, A.B.1    Ilkit, M.2    Akar, T.3    Burgut, R.4    Demir, S.C.5
  • 37
    • 0026506944 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of three vaginal fora patterns assessed by Gram stain among pregnant women. Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group
    • Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Nugent R P, Gibbs RS. (1992). Characteristics of three vaginal fora patterns assessed by Gram stain among pregnant women. Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 166, 938-44.
    • (1992) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.166 , pp. 938-944
    • Hillier, S.L.1    Krohn, M.A.2    Nugent, R.P.3    Gibbs, R.S.4
  • 39
    • 0022003979 scopus 로고
    • Rapid diagnosis of vaginal candidosis by latex particle agglutination
    • Hopwood V, Evans EGV, Carney JA. (1985). Rapid diagnosis of vaginal candidosis by latex particle agglutination. J Clin Pathol, 38, 455-8. (Pubitemid 15106612)
    • (1985) Journal of Clinical Pathology , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 455-458
    • Hopwood, V.1    Evans, E.G.V.2    Carney, J.A.3
  • 40
    • 30544438360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presumptive identifcation of Candida species other than C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis with the chromogenic medium CHROMagar Candida
    • Hospenthal DR, Beckius ML, Floyd KL, Horvath LL, Murray KK. (2006). Presumptive identifcation of Candida species other than C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis with the chromogenic medium CHROMagar Candida. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 5, 1.
    • (2006) Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob , vol.5 , pp. 1
    • Hospenthal, D.R.1    Beckius, M.L.2    Floyd, K.L.3    Horvath, L.L.4    Murray, K.K.5
  • 41
    • 34250363141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 and Biggy agar for the isolation and direct identification of vaginal yeast isolates
    • DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.46625-0
    • Ilkit M, Hilmioglu S, Tasbakan M, Aydemir S. (2007). Evaluation of Albicans ID2 and Biggy agar for the isolation and direct identifcation of vaginal yeast isolates. J Med Microbiol, 56, 762-5. (Pubitemid 46911230)
    • (2007) Journal of Medical Microbiology , vol.56 , Issue.6 , pp. 762-765
    • Ilkit, M.1    Hilmioglu, S.2    Tasbakan, M.3    Aydemir, S.4
  • 45
    • 12344302954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotype of Candida species associated with different conditions of vulvovaginal candidosis
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01049.x
    • Lian C, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Liu W. (2004). Genotype of Candida species associated with diferent conditions of vulvovaginal candidosis. Mycoses, 47, 495-502. (Pubitemid 40125547)
    • (2004) Mycoses , vol.47 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 495-502
    • Lian, C.1    Zhao, J.2    Zhang, Z.3    Liu, W.4
  • 47
    • 0028997579 scopus 로고
    • Colonizing populations of Candida albicans are clonal in origin but undergo microevolution through C1 fragment reorganization as demonstrated by DNA fngerprinting and C1 sequencing
    • Lockhart SR, Fritch JJ, Meier SA, Schröppel K, Srikantha T, Galask R, Soll DR. (1995). Colonizing populations of Candida albicans are clonal in origin but undergo microevolution through C1 fragment reorganization as demonstrated by DNA fngerprinting and C1 sequencing. J Clin Microbiol, 33, 1501-9.
    • (1995) J Clin Microbiol , vol.33 , pp. 1501-1509
    • Lockhart, S.R.1    Fritch, J.J.2    Meier, S.A.3    Schröppel, K.4    Srikantha, T.5    Galask, R.6    Soll, D.R.7
  • 48
    • 0029927497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Most frequent scenario for recurrent Candida vaginitis is strain maintenance with "substrain shufing": Demonstration by sequential DNA fngerprinting with probes Ca3, C1, and CARE2
    • Lockhart SR, Reed BD, Pierson CL, Soll DR. (1996). Most frequent scenario for recurrent Candida vaginitis is strain maintenance with "substrain shufing": demonstration by sequential DNA fngerprinting with probes Ca3, C1, and CARE2. J Clin Microbiol, 34, 767-77.
    • (1996) J Clin Microbiol , vol.34 , pp. 767-777
    • Lockhart, S.R.1    Reed, B.D.2    Pierson, C.L.3    Soll, D.R.4
  • 49
    • 60749127372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of vaginitis compared with a DNA probe laboratory standard
    • Lowe NK, Neal JL, Ryan-Wenger NA. (2009). Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of vaginitis compared with a DNA probe laboratory standard. Obstet Gynecol, 113, 89-95.
    • (2009) Obstet Gynecol , vol.113 , pp. 89-95
    • Lowe, N.K.1    Neal, J.L.2    Ryan-Wenger, N.A.3
  • 51
    • 0036315884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facts and myths on recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis - A review on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapy
    • DOI 10.1258/095646202760159639
    • Mårdh P-A, Rodrigues A, Genc M, Novikova N, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Guaschino J. (2002). Facts and myths on recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a review of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy. Int J STD AIDS, 13, 522-39. (Pubitemid 34816236)
    • (2002) International Journal of STD and AIDS , vol.13 , Issue.8 , pp. 522-539
    • Mardh, P.-A.1    Rodrigues, A.G.2    Genc, M.3    Novikova, N.4    Martinez-De-Oliveira, J.5    Guaschino, S.6
  • 52
    • 10744227883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonisation of extragenital sites by Candida in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candiosis
    • DOI 10.1016/S1470-0328(03)01945-1, PII S1470032803019451
    • Mårdh P-A, Novikova N, Stukolava E. (2003). Colonisation of extragenital sites by Candida in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis. Br J Obstet Gynecol, 110, 934-7. (Pubitemid 37204950)
    • (2003) BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , vol.110 , Issue.10 , pp. 934-937
    • Mardh, P.-A.1    Novikova, N.2    Stukalova, E.3
  • 57
    • 0034520478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strain specificity of yeasts isolated from different locations of women suffering from vaginal candidosis, and their partners
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2000.00604.x
    • Mendling W, Pinto de Andrade M, Gutschmidt J, Gantenberg R, Presber W, Schönian G. (2000). Strain specifcity of yeasts isolated from diferent locations of women sufering from vaginal candidosis, and their partners. Mycoses, 43, 387-92. (Pubitemid 32055281)
    • (2000) Mycoses , vol.43 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 387-392
    • Mendling, W.1    De Pinto Andrade, M.2    Gutschmidt, J.3    Gantenberg, R.4    Presber, W.5    Schonian, G.6
  • 59
    • 77049133293 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of inorganic substances by yeasts. I. Extracellular reduction of sulfte by species of Candida
    • Nickerson WJ. (1953). Reduction of inorganic substances by yeasts. I. Extracellular reduction of sulfte by species of Candida. J Infect Dis, 93, 45-56.
    • (1953) J Infect Dis , vol.93 , pp. 45-56
    • Nickerson, W.J.1
  • 60
    • 0036379130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can the diagnosis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis be improved by use of vaginal lavage samples and cultures on chromogenic agar?
    • Novikova N, Rodrigues A, Mårdh P-A. (2002). Can the diagnosis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis be improved by use of vaginal lavage samples and cultures on chromogenic agar? Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol, 10, 89-92.
    • (2002) Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol , vol.10 , pp. 89-92
    • Novikova, N.1    Rodrigues, A.2    Mårdh, P.-A.3
  • 61
    • 0026088584 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standard method of Gram stain interpretation
    • Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. (1991). Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standard method of Gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol, 29, 297-301.
    • (1991) J Clin Microbiol , vol.29 , pp. 297-301
    • Nugent, R.P.1    Krohn, M.A.2    Hillier, S.L.3
  • 65
    • 84907125625 scopus 로고
    • Sabouraud('s) agar
    • Odds FC. (1991). Sabouraud('s) agar. J Med Vet Mycol, 29, 355-9.
    • (1991) J Med Vet Mycol , vol.29 , pp. 355-359
    • Odds, F.C.1
  • 66
    • 0028287541 scopus 로고
    • CHROMagar Candida, a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species
    • Odds FC, Bernaerts R. (1994). CHROMagar Candida, a new diferential isolation medium for presumptive identifcation of clinically important Candida species. J Clin Microbiol, 32, 1923-9. (Pubitemid 24222272)
    • (1994) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.32 , Issue.8 , pp. 1923-1929
    • Odds, F.C.1    Bernaerts, R.2
  • 68
    • 0242558739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution frequency of Candida species in the genitourinary tract among symptomatic individuals in Nigerian cities
    • Okungbowa FI, Isikhuemhen OS, Dede AP. (2003). The distribution of frequency of Candida species in the genitourinary tract among symptomatic individuals in Nigerian cities. Rev Iberoam Micol, 20, 60-3. (Pubitemid 37408421)
    • (2003) Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 60-63
    • Okungbowa, F.I.1    Isikhuemhen, O.S.2    Dede, A.P.O.3
  • 69
    • 74949099504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of Chromogenic Candida agar and CHROMagar Candida in recovery and presumptive identifcation of monofungal and polyfungal vaginal isolates
    • Ozcan K, Ilkit M, Ates A, Turaç-Biçer A, Demirhindi H. (2010). Performance of Chromogenic Candida agar and CHROMagar Candida in recovery and presumptive identifcation of monofungal and polyfungal vaginal isolates. Med Mycol, 48, 29-34.
    • (2010) Med Mycol , vol.48 , pp. 29-34
    • Ozcan, K.1    Ilkit, M.2    Ates, A.3    Turaç-Biçer, A.4    Demirhindi, H.5
  • 70
    • 70449199930 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic medium for diferentiation of species of Candida
    • Pagano J, Levine JD, Trejo W. (1957-1958). Diagnostic medium for diferentiation of species of Candida. Antibiot Ann, 5, 137-43.
    • (1957) Antibiot Ann , vol.5 , pp. 137-143
    • Pagano, J.1    Levine, J.D.2    Trejo, W.3
  • 72
    • 0029655530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of CHROMagar candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata
    • Pfaller MA, Houston A, Cofmann S. (1996). Application of CHROMagar Candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata. J Clin Microbiol, 34, 58-61. (Pubitemid 126506893)
    • (1996) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 58-61
    • Pfaller, M.A.1    Houston, A.2    Coffmann, S.3
  • 73
    • 0025739525 scopus 로고
    • Candida cell wall mannan in the vagina and its association with the signs and symptoms of vaginal candidosis
    • Pike WJ, Clarke J, Lacey CJ, Hunter PA, Evans EG. (1991). Candida cell wall mannan in the vagina and its association with the signs and symptoms of vaginal candidosis. J Med Vet Mycol, 29, 305-12.
    • (1991) J Med Vet Mycol , vol.29 , pp. 305-312
    • Pike, W.J.1    Clarke, J.2    Lacey, C.J.3    Hunter, P.A.4    Evans, E.G.5
  • 74
    • 33847722147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeast identification - Past, present, and future methods
    • DOI 10.1080/13693780601059936, PII 772415227
    • Pincus DH, Orenga S, Chatellier S. (2007). Yeast identifcation: past, present, and future methods. Med Mycol, 45, 97-121. (Pubitemid 46371953)
    • (2007) Medical Mycology , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 97-121
    • Pincus, D.H.1    Orenga, S.2    Chatellier, S.3
  • 75
    • 0036788938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The meaning of microbial exposure, infection, colonisation, and disease in clinical practice
    • Pirofski LA, Casadevall LA. (2002). The meaning of microbial exposure, infection, colonisation, and disease in clinical practice. Lancet Infect Dis, 2, 628-35.
    • (2002) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.2 , pp. 628-635
    • Pirofski, L.A.1    Casadevall, L.A.2
  • 76
    • 0025114171 scopus 로고
    • Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microflora
    • Redondo-Lopez V, Cook RL, Sobel JD. (1990). Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microfora. Rev Infect Dis, 12, 856-72. (Pubitemid 20349968)
    • (1990) Reviews of Infectious Diseases , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 856-872
    • Redondo-Lopez, V.1    Cook, R.L.2    Sobel, J.D.3
  • 77
    • 0026891776 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the identifcation of Candida species in vaginal discharge
    • Reed BD, Pierson CL. (1992). Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the identifcation of Candida species in vaginal discharge. J Am Board Fam Pract, 5, 375-80.
    • (1992) J Am Board Fam Pract , vol.5 , pp. 375-380
    • Reed, B.D.1    Pierson, C.L.2
  • 78
    • 18544390708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.43.5.2155-2162.2005
    • Richter SS, Galask RP, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. (2005). Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases. J Clin Microbiol, 43, 2155-62. (Pubitemid 40656220)
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 2155-2162
    • Richter, S.S.1    Galask, R.P.2    Messer, S.A.3    Hollis, R.J.4    Diekema, D.J.5    Pfaller, M.A.6
  • 80
    • 9544231465 scopus 로고
    • A new method for treatment of vaginitis and cervicitis
    • Siegler SL. (1946). A new method for treatment of vaginitis and cervicitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 52, 1-13.
    • (1946) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.52 , pp. 1-13
    • Siegler, S.L.1
  • 81
    • 0036827785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginitis due to Candida krusei: Epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy
    • DOI 10.1086/343826
    • Singh S, Sobel JD, Bhargava P, Boikov D, Vazquez JA. (2002). Vaginitis due to Candida krusei: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy. Clin Infect Dis, 35, 1066-70. (Pubitemid 35239466)
    • (2002) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.35 , Issue.9 , pp. 1066-1070
    • Singh, S.1    Sobel, J.D.2    Bhargava, P.3    Boikov, D.4    Vazquez, J.A.5
  • 82
    • 0021816099 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
    • Sobel JD. (1985). Epidemiology and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 152, 924-35. (Pubitemid 15016406)
    • (1985) American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , vol.152 , Issue.7 , pp. 924-935
    • Sobel, J.D.1
  • 83
    • 0032816319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulvovaginitis in healthy women
    • Sobel JD. (1999). Vulvovaginitis in healthy women. Compr Ter, 25, 335-46.
    • (1999) Compr ter , vol.25 , pp. 335-346
    • Sobel, J.D.1
  • 84
    • 34249895255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulvaginal candidosis
    • Sobel JD. (2007). Vulvaginal candidosis. Lancet, 369, 1961-71.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.369 , pp. 1961-1971
    • Sobel, J.D.1
  • 85
    • 0029845937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaginal microbiology of women with acute recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
    • Sobel JD, Chaim W. (1996). Vaginal microbiology of women with acute recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol, 34, 2497-9. (Pubitemid 26307799)
    • (1996) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.34 , Issue.10 , pp. 2497-2499
    • Sobel, J.D.1    Chaim, W.2
  • 86
    • 0030895286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Torulopsis glabrata vaginitis: Retrospective review of boric acid therapy
    • Sobel JD, Chaim W. (1997). Treatment of Torulopsis glabrata vaginitis: a retrospective review of boric acid therapy. Clin Infect Dis, 24, 649-52. (Pubitemid 27143559)
    • (1997) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 649-652
    • Sobel, J.D.1    Chaim, W.2
  • 88
    • 0029795294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptomatic vulvovaginitis due to fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a female who was not infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Sobel JD, Vazquez JA. (1996). Symptomatic vulvovaginitis due to fuconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a female who was not infected with human immunodefciency virus. Clin Infect Dis, 22, 726-7. (Pubitemid 26286331)
    • (1996) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 726-727
    • Sobel, J.D.1    Vazquez, J.A.2
  • 92
    • 0025998772 scopus 로고
    • Use of rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms to diferentiate strains of Candida albicans in women with vulvovaginal candidiasis
    • Stein GE, Sheridan VL, Magee BB, Magee PT. (1991). Use of rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms to diferentiate strains of Candida albicans in women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 14, 459-64.
    • (1991) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 459-464
    • Stein, G.E.1    Sheridan, V.L.2    Magee, B.B.3    Magee, P.T.4
  • 93
    • 33749438359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Candida species by PCR in self-collected vaginal swabs of women after taking antibiotics
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01312.x
    • Tabrizi SN, Pirotta MV, Rudland E, Garland SM. (2006). Detection of Candida species by PCR in self-collected vaginal swabs of women after taking antibiotics. Mycoses, 49, 523-4. (Pubitemid 44511108)
    • (2006) Mycoses , vol.49 , Issue.6 , pp. 523-524
    • Tabrizi, S.N.1    Pirotta, M.V.2    Rudland, E.3    Garland, S.M.4
  • 95
    • 0035708574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Candida africana sp. nov., a new human pathogen or a variant of Candida albicans?
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00707.x
    • Tietz HJ, Hopp M, Schmalreck A, Sterry W, Czaika V. (2001). Candida africana sp. nov., a new human pathogen or a variant of Candida albicans? Mycoses, 44, 437-45. (Pubitemid 34131789)
    • (2001) Mycoses , vol.44 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 437-445
    • Tietz, H.-J.1    Hopp, M.2    Schmalreck, A.3    Sterry, W.4    Czaika, V.5
  • 97
  • 99
    • 34648819702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of vaginal bacterial communities in women developing bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, or no infection, analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR
    • DOI 10.1128/AEM.01251-07
    • Vitali B, Pugliese C, Biagi E, Candela M, Turroni S, Bellen G, Donders GG, Brigidi P. (2007). Dynamics of vaginal bacterial communities in women developing bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, or no infection, analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73, 5731-41. (Pubitemid 47462983)
    • (2007) Applied and Environmental Microbiology , vol.73 , Issue.18 , pp. 5731-5741
    • Vitali, B.1    Pugliese, C.2    Biagi, E.3    Candela, M.4    Turroni, S.5    Bellen, G.6    Donders, G.G.G.7    Brigidi, P.8
  • 100
    • 31144457522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological study on vaginal Candida glabrata isolated from pregnant women
    • DOI 10.1080/00365540500372952, PII G24742476174521
    • Wenjin Q, Yifu S. (2006). Epidemiological study on vaginal Candida glabrata isolated from pregnant women. Scand J Infect Dis, 48, 49-54. (Pubitemid 43123843)
    • (2006) Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-54
    • Wenjin, Q.1    Yifu, S.2
  • 101
    • 0034800192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of candida ID, a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Candida species, in comparison to CHROMagar Candida
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.39.10.3793-3795.2001
    • Willinger B, Hillowoth C, Selitsch B, Manaf M. (2001). Performance of Candida ID, a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identifcation of Candida species, in comparison to CHROMagar Candida. J Clin Microbiol, 39, 3793-5. (Pubitemid 32954550)
    • (2001) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.39 , Issue.10 , pp. 3793-3795
    • Willinger, B.1    Hillowoth, C.2    Selitsch, B.3    Manafi, M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.