Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia amongst adults in the Asia-Pacific region

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 108-117

  Song, Jae Hoon ^a   Thamlikitkul, Visanu ^b   Hsueh, Po Ren ^c  

^a Sungkyunkwan University   (South Korea)

^b MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^c NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistance; Atypical pathogens; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Morbidity; Mortality; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AZITHROMYCIN; CEFDINIR; CEFTRIAXONE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; ERYTHROMYCIN; GATIFLOXACIN; GEMIFLOXACIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; MINOCYCLINE; MOXIFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; SPARFLOXACIN;

AGE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ASIA; AUSTRALIA; BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHINA; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; COST CONTROL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DRUG COST; ECONOMIC ASPECT; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; INDIA; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; JAPAN; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; KOREA; LEGIONELLA; MALAYSIA; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NEW ZEALAND; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PHILIPPINES; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SINGAPORE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TAIWAN; THAILAND; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS;

EID: 79959688909     PISSN: 09248579     EISSN: 18727913     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.017     Document Type: Short Survey

References (128)

1. World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: WHO; 2008. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global-burden-disease/2004- report-update/en/index.html [accessed 5 March 2009].
2. W.W. Thompson, D.K. Shay, E. Weintraub, L. Brammer, C.B. Bridges, and N.J. Cox Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States JAMA 292 2004 1333 1340 (Pubitemid 39223224)
3. M.L. Jackson, K.M. Neuzil, W.W. Thompson, D.K. Shay, O. Yu, and C.A. Hanson The burden of community-acquired pneumonia in seniors: results of a population-based study Clin Infect Dis 39 2004 1642 1650 (Pubitemid 39578539)
4. B.J. Marston, J.F. Plouffe, T.M. File Jr., B.A. Hackman, S.J. Salstrom, and H.B. Lipman Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group Arch Intern Med 157 1997 1709 1718 (Pubitemid 27327407)
5. C. Jokinen, L. Heiskanen, H. Juvonen, S. Kallinen, K. Karkola, and M. Korppi Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in eastern Finland Am J Epidemiol 137 1993 977 988 (Pubitemid 23191065)
6. S.J. Olsen, Y. Laosiritaworn, S. Siasiriwattana, S. Chunsuttiwat, and S.F. Dowell The incidence of pneumonia in rural Thailand Int J Infect Dis 10 2006 439 445 (Pubitemid 44740224)
7. I. Koivula, M. Sten, and P.H. Makela Prognosis after community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a population-based 12-year follow-up study Arch Intern Med 159 1999 1550 1555 (Pubitemid 29340308)
8. V. Kaplan, G. Clermont, M.F. Griffin, J. Kasal, R.S. Watson, and W.T. Linde-Zwirble Pneumonia: still the old man's friend? Arch Intern Med 163 2003 317 323 (Pubitemid 36183860)
9. United Nations. World population prospects: the 2008 revision. Highlights. United Nations; 2009. Selected tables. http://esa.un.org/unpd/ wpp2008/pdf/WPP2008-Selected-Tables-1.pdf [accessed 9 March 2011].
10. A. Maxmen On the trail of disease in Southeast Asia J Exp Med 206 2009 7 10
11. D.R. Murdoch, C.W. Woods, M.D. Zimmerman, P.M. Dull, R.H. Belbase, and A.J. Keenan The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 2004 670 675 (Pubitemid 38802400)
12. Y.F. Ngeow, S. Suwanjutha, T. Chantarojanasriri, F. Wang, M. Saniel, and M. Alejandria An Asian study on the prevalence of atypical respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia Int J Infect Dis 9 2005 144 153 (Pubitemid 40523759)
13. M. Inoue, K. Kaneko, K. Akizawa, S. Fujita, M. Kaku, and J. Igari Antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens in Japan during PROTEKT years 1-3 (1999-2002) J Infect Chemother 12 2006 9 21
14. L.N. Hooi, I. Looi, and A.J. Ng A study on community acquired pneumonia in adults requiring hospital admission in Penang Med J Malaysia 56 2001 275 284
15. H.H. Huang, Y.Y. Zhang, Q.Y. Xiu, X. Zhou, S.G. Huang, and Q. Lu Community-acquired pneumonia in Shanghai, China: microbial etiology and implications for empirical therapy in a prospective study of 389 patients Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 25 2006 369 374 (Pubitemid 43885680)
16. K.M. Yeh, J.C. Lin, N.C. Wang, and F.Y. Chang Legionnaires' disease in community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Taiwan J Med Sci 27 2007 63 66
17. C.H. Chan, M. Cohen, and J. Pang A prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia in Hong Kong Chest 101 1992 442 446
18. J.H. Elliott, N.M. Anstey, S.P. Jacups, D.A. Fisher, and B.J. Currie Community-acquired pneumonia in northern Australia: low mortality in a tropical region using locally developed treatment guidelines Int J Infect Dis 9 2005 15 20 (Pubitemid 39643149)
19. G. Scott, H. Scott, M. Turley, and M. Baker Economic cost of community-acquired pneumonia in New Zealand adults N Z Med J 117 2004 U933
20. S. Chambers, R. Laing, D. Murdoch, C. Frampton, L. Jennings, and N. Karalus Maori have a much higher incidence of community-acquired pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia than non-Maori: findings from two New Zealand hospitals N Z Med J 119 2006 U1978
21. S. Low, F.L. Chan, J. Cutter, S. Ma, K.T. Goh, and S.K. Chew A national study of the epidemiology of pneumococcal disease among hospitalised patients in Singapore: 1995-2004 Singapore Med J 48 2007 824 829 (Pubitemid 351235304)
22. J. Kanlayanaphotporn, M.A. Brady, P. Chantate, S. Chantra, S. Siasiriwattana, and S.F. Dowell Pneumonia surveillance in Thailand: current practice and future needs Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35 2004 711 716 (Pubitemid 39486447)
23. W. Reechaipichitkul, K. Assawasanti, and P. Chaimanee Risk factors and clinical outcomes of penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia in Khon Kaen, Thailand Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37 2006 320 326 (Pubitemid 44074331)
24. R.J. Meyer, G.I. Town, E. Harre, M. Koning, M. Hurrell, and M.E. Beard An audit of the assessment and management of adults admitted to Christchurch Hospital with community acquired pneumonia N Z Med J 110 1997 349 352 (Pubitemid 27443684)
25. N. Miyashita, H. Fukano, K. Mouri, M. Fukuda, K. Yoshida, and Y. Kobashi Community-acquired pneumonia in Japan: a prospective ambulatory and hospitalized patient study J Med Microbiol 54 2005 395 400 (Pubitemid 40489548)
26. S. Bansal, S. Kashyap, L.S. Pal, and A. Goel Clinical and bacteriological profile of community acquired pneumonia in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 46 2004 17 22
27. P.A. Wilson, and J. Ferguson Severe community-acquired pneumonia: an Australian perspective Intern Med J 35 2005 699 705 (Pubitemid 41826557)
28. Y. Kobashi, N. Okimoto, T. Matsushima, and R. Soejima Clinical analysis of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly Intern Med 40 2001 703 707 (Pubitemid 32799414)
29. T. Ishida Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adult patients in Japan [in Japanese] Jpn J Antibiot 53 Suppl. B 2000 3 12
30. N. Takayanagi, K. Hara, D. Tokunaga, Y. Takaku, S. Minagawa, and Y. Tsuchiya Etiology and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia in relation to age and severity in hospitalized adult patients [in Japanese] Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 44 2006 906 915
31. K. Motomura, H. Masaki, M. Terada, T. Onizuka, A. Furumoto, and N. Asoh Usefulness of the Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for community pneumonia: a retrospective analysis of community-acquired pneumonia between 2000 and 2002 in a general hospital Respirology 10 2005 208 214 (Pubitemid 40638006)
32. A. Saito, S. Kohno, T. Matsushima, A. Watanabe, K. Oizumi, and K. Yamaguchi Prospective multicenter study of the causative organisms of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Japan J Infect Chemother 12 2006 63 69
33. J.S. Lee, J.W. Chung, Y. Koh, C.M. Lim, Y.J. Jung, and Y.M. Oh The etiologies and initial antimicrobial therapy outcomes in one tertiary hospital ICU-admitted patient with severe community-acquired pneumonia Tuberc Respir Dis 59 2005 522 529 (Pubitemid 43372021)
34. S.Y. Oh, S.J. Park, Y.M. Koh, G.Y. Suh, M.P. Chung, and H. Kim Efficacy of the antibiotics chosen by ATS guideline in the treatment of Korean patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to a tertiary hospital Tuberc Respir Dis 47 1999 460 470 (Pubitemid 30066641)
35. C.K. Liam, K.H. Lim, and C.M. Wong Community-acquired pneumonia in patients requiring hospitalization Respirology 6 2001 259 264 (Pubitemid 32896558)
36. C.C. Tan, and M. Ong-Mateo Management of community-acquired pneumonia in a university hospital: adherence to recommended practice guidelines Santo Tomas J Med 53 2006 37 44 (Pubitemid 44574544)
37. G. Ong, M. Antonio-Velmonte, and M.T. Mendoza Etiologic agents of community-acquired pneumonia in the adult: the PGH experience Phil J Microbiol Infect Dis 24 1995 29 32
38. Y.K. Tan, K.L. Khoo, S.P. Chin, and Y.Y. Ong Aetiology and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia in Singapore Eur Respir J 12 1998 113 115
39. T.L. Lauderdale, F.Y. Chang, R.J. Ben, H.C. Yin, Y.H. Ni, and J.W. Tsai Etiology of community acquired pneumonia among adult patients requiring hospitalization in Taiwan Respir Med 99 2005 1079 1086
40. M. Ho, F.Y. Chang, H.C. Yin, R.J. Ben, L.Y. Chang, and P.Y. Chen Antibiotic usage in community-acquired infections in hospitals in Taiwan J Formos Med Assoc 101 2002 34 42 (Pubitemid 34232762)
41. W. Reechaipichitkul, and P. Tantiwong Clinical features of community-acquired pneumonia treated at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 2002 355 361
42. W. Reechaipichitkul, and V. Pisprasert Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) treated at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35 2004 430 433 (Pubitemid 39248728)
43. J.H. Song, W.S. Oh, C.I. Kang, D.R. Chung, K.R. Peck, and K.S. Ko Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Asian countries: a prospective study by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens Int J Antimicrob Agents 31 2008 107 114
44. Y. Liu, M. Chen, T. Zhao, H. Wang, R. Wang, and B. Cai Causative agent distribution and antibiotic therapy assessment among adult patients with community acquired pneumonia in Chinese urban population BMC Infect Dis 9 2009 31
45. Y. Kobashi, K. Fujita, T. Karino, T. Yano, J. Nakamura, and N. Okimoto Clinical analysis of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in a community hospital - comparison of elderly and non-elderly patients [in Japanese] Kansenshogaku Zasshi 74 2000 43 50
46. K. Motomura, M. Takasugi, A. Furumoto, H. Akahori, H. Masaki, and H. Watanabe Clinical features and etiology of community-acquired pneumonia at a general hospital between 1994 and 1997 [in Japanese] Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 38 2000 267 272
47. H.K. Oh, J.Y. Seo, D.K. Kim, J.E. Choi, E.K. Mo, and M.J. Park Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of severe community-acquired pneumonia Tuberc Respir Dis 44 1997 1072 1082
48. M.Y. Yen, B.S. Hu, Y.S. Chen, S.S. Lee, Y.S. Lin, and S.R. Wann A prospective etiologic study of community-acquired pneumonia in Taiwan J Formos Med Assoc 104 2005 724 730 (Pubitemid 44524967)
49. M. Woodhead Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterns Eur Respir J Suppl 36 2002 20s 27s (Pubitemid 34774185)
50. L.A. Mandell, R.G. Wunderink, A. Anzueto, J.G. Bartlett, G.D. Campbell, and N.C. Dean Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults Clin Infect Dis 44 Suppl. 2 2007 S27 S72
51. L.C. Loh, S.K. Khoo, S.Y. Quah, V. Visvalingam, A. Radhakrishnan, and P. Vijayasingham Adult community-acquired pneumonia in Malaysia: prediction of mortality from severity assessment on admission Respirology 9 2004 379 386 (Pubitemid 39382123)
52. L.C. Loh, H.K. Chin, Y.Y. Chong, A. Jeyaratnam, S. Raman, and P. Vijayasingham Klebsiella pneumoniae respiratory isolates from 2000 to 2004 in a Malaysian hospital: characteristics and relation to hospital antibiotics consumption Singapore Med J 48 2007 813 818 (Pubitemid 351235302)
53. T.K. Lim Emerging pathogens for pneumonia in Singapore Ann Acad Med Singapore 26 1997 651 658 (Pubitemid 128523447)
54. C.L. Wu, M.C. Chan, G.C. Chang, Y.L. Lee, C.S. Chin, and K.M. Chang Etiology and cytokine expression in patients requiring mechanical ventilation due to severe community-acquired pneumonia J Formos Med Assoc 105 2006 49 55
55. A. Wattanathum, P. Boonyongsunchai, A. Palwatwichai, N. Limpairojn, P. Chanbancherd, and N. Chanthadisai Chlamydia pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia J Med Assoc Thai 84 2001 69 74 (Pubitemid 33616993)
56. C.R. Phares, P. Wangroongsarb, S. Chantra, W. Paveenkitiporn, M.L. Tondella, and R.F. Benson Epidemiology of severe pneumonia caused by Legionella longbeachae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae: 1-year, population-based surveillance for severe pneumonia in Thailand Clin Infect Dis 45 2007 e147 e155
57. A.B. Dey, R. Chaudhry, P. Kumar, N. Nisar, and K.M. Nagarkar Mycoplasma pneumoniae and community-acquired pneumonia Natl Med J India 13 2000 66 70
58. J.W. Sohn, S.C. Park, Y.H. Choi, H.J. Woo, Y.K. Cho, and J.S. Lee Atypical pathogens as etiologic agents in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Korea: a prospective multi-center study J Korean Med Sci 21 2006 602 607
59. J.S. Wu, J.C. Lin, and F.Y. Chang Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in community-acquired pneumonia in Taiwan J Microbiol Immunol Infect 33 2000 34 38
60. G. Lui, M. Ip, N. Lee, T.H. Rainer, S.Y. Man, and C.S. Cockram Role of 'atypical pathogens' among adult hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia Respirology 14 2009 1098 1105
61. I. Ito, T. Ishida, M. Osawa, M. Arita, T. Hashimoto, and T. Hongo Culturally verified Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in Japan: a long-term observation from 1979-1999 Epidemiol Infect 127 2001 365 367 (Pubitemid 33019550)
62. P.G. Charles, M. Whitby, A.J. Fuller, R. Stirling, A.A. Wright, and T.M. Korman The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Australia: why penicillin plus doxycycline or a macrolide is the most appropriate therapy Clin Infect Dis 46 2008 1513 1521 (Pubitemid 351706731)
63. K.W. Tsang, and T.M. File Jr. Respiratory infections unique to Asia Respirology 13 2008 937 949
64. R. Bharadwaj, A.M. Bal, S.A. Joshi, A. Kagal, S.S. Pol, and G. Garad An urban outbreak of leptospirosis in Mumbai, India Jpn J Infect Dis 55 2002 194 196 (Pubitemid 36372809)
65. L. Sohan, B. Shyamal, T.S. Kumar, M. Malini, K. Ravi, and V. Venkatesh Studies on leptospirosis outbreaks in Peddamandem Mandal of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh J Commun Dis 40 2008 127 132
66. K. Niwattayakul, J. Homvijitkul, O. Khow, and V. Sitprija Leptospirosis in northeastern Thailand: hypotension and complications Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 2002 155 160
67. World Health Organization 23-Valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine: WHO position paper Wkly Epidemiol Rec 83 2008 373 384
68. K. Silpapojakul, B. Varachit, and K. Silpapojakul Paediatric scrub typhus in Thailand: a study of 73 confirmed cases Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 2004 354 359 (Pubitemid 38950394)
69. V. Sirisanthana, T. Puthanakit, and T. Sirisanthana Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of scrub typhus in thirty Thai children Pediatr Infect Dis J 22 2003 341 345 (Pubitemid 36461036)
70. R. Premaratna, A.D. Loftis, T.G. Chandrasena, G.A. Dasch, and H.J. de Silva Rickettsial infections and their clinical presentations in the Western Province of Sri Lanka: a hospital-based study Int J Infect Dis 12 2008 198 202 (Pubitemid 351249182)
71. S. Waicharoen, P. Thawatsupha, M. Chittaganpitch, P. Maneewong, T. Thanadachakul, and P. Sawanpanyalert Influenza viruses circulating in Thailand in 2004 and 2005 Jpn J Infect Dis 61 2008 321 323
72. J.H. Song, S.I. Jung, K.S. Ko, N.Y. Kim, J.S. Son, and H.H. Chang High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study) Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 2004 2101 2107 (Pubitemid 38691605)
73. R. Kanungo, and B. Rajalakshmi Serotype distribution & antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive & other infections in south India Indian J Med Res 114 2001 127 132 (Pubitemid 34232409)
74. B. Hwangbo, H.I. Yoon, S.M. Lee, S.H. Choi, C.G. Yoo, and C.T. Lee Clinical characteristics of pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: the effect of penicillin resistance on the mortality of patients with pneumococcal bacteremia Tuberc Respir Dis 47 1999 184 194
75. L. Qin, H. Watanabe, H. Yoshimine, H. Guio, K. Watanabe, and K. Kawakami Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with community-acquired pneumonia and molecular analysis of multidrug-resistant serotype 19F and 23F strains in Japan Epidemiol Infect 134 2006 1188 1194 (Pubitemid 44614939)
76. J.H. Hong, H.S. Lee, S.H. Jung, G.W. Kim, K.S. Eom, and J.M. Lee Prevalence and clinical outcome of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia Tuberc Respir Dis 54 2003 295 303 (Pubitemid 36890263)
77. P.R. Hsueh Decreasing rates of resistance to penicillin, but not erythromycin, in Streptococcus pneumoniae after introduction of a policy to restrict antibiotic usage in Taiwan Clin Microbiol Infect 11 2005 925 927
78. J.J. Wu, K.Y. Lin, P.R. Hsueh, J.W. Liu, H.I. Pan, and S.M. Sheu High incidence of erythromycin-resistant streptococci in Taiwan Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 844 846
79. P.R. Hsueh, L.J. Teng, T.L. Wu, D. Yang, W.K. Huang, and J.M. Shyr Telithromycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan with high prevalence of resistance to macrolides and β-lactams: SMART program 2001 data Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 2003 2145 2151 (Pubitemid 36753564)
80. S.S. Jean, P.R. Hsueh, W.S. Lee, H.T. Chang, M.Y. Chou, and I.S. Chen Nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in intensive care units in Taiwan Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28 2009 1013 1017
81. Y.C. Hsieh, K.Y. Chang, Y.C. Huang, H.C. Lin, Y.H. Ho, and L.M. Huang Clonal spread of highly β-lactam-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52 2008 2266 2269
82. P. Sangthawan, S. Chantaratchada, N. Chanthadisai, and A. Wattanathum Prevalence and clinical significance of community-acquired penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia in Thailand Respirology 8 2003 208 212 (Pubitemid 36749705)
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Effects of new penicillin susceptibility breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniae - United States, 2006-2007 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57 2008 1353 1355
84. D. Felmingham, R. Cantón, and S.G. Jenkins Regional trends in β-lactam, macrolide, fluoroquinolone and telithromycin resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates 2001-2004 J Infect 55 2007 111 118 (Pubitemid 47033820)
85. R. Canton, M. Morosini, M.C. Enright, and I. Morrissey Worldwide incidence, molecular epidemiology and mutations implicated in fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: data from the global PROTEKT surveillance programme J Antimicrob Chemother 52 2003 944 952 (Pubitemid 38008414)
86. P.L. Ho, R.W. Yung, D.N. Tsang, T.L. Que, M. Ho, and W.H. Seto Increasing resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones: results of a Hong Kong multicentre study in 2000 J Antimicrob Chemother 48 2001 659 665 (Pubitemid 33100312)
87. I.N. Okeke, K.P. Klugman, Z.A. Bhutta, A.G. Duse, P. Jenkins, and T.F. O'Brien Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part II: strategies for containment Lancet Infect Dis 5 2005 568 580 (Pubitemid 41196756)
88. J.H. Song, S.I. Jung, H.K. Ki, M.H. Shin, K.S. Ko, and J.S. Son Clinical outcomes of pneumococcal pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant strains in Asian countries: a study by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 1570 1578 (Pubitemid 38738553)
89. J.R. Lonks, J. Garau, L. Gomez, M. Xercavins, A. Ochoa de Echagüen, and I.F. Gareen Failure of macrolide antibiotic treatment in patients with bacteremia due to erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Clin Infect Dis 35 2002 556 564
90. N. Daneman, A. McGeer, K. Green, D.E. Low Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network Macrolide resistance in bacteremic pneumococcal disease: implications for patient management Clin Infect Dis 43 2006 432 438 (Pubitemid 44157150)
91. Y.H. Chen, G.Y. Yang, C.H. Loh, S.H. Liou, W.L. Su, and S.H. Lin Cost benefits of targeting the pneumococcal vaccination program to the elderly population in Taiwan Am J Infect Control 34 2006 597 599
92. R. Laing, W. Slater, C. Coles, S. Chambers, C. Frampton, and R. Jackson Community-acquired pneumonia in Christchurch and Waikato 1999-2000: microbiology and epidemiology N Z Med J 114 2001 488 492 (Pubitemid 33064863)
93. H.T. Jordan, P. Prapasiri, P. Areerat, S. Anand, B. Clague, and S. Sutthirattana A comparison of population-based pneumonia surveillance and health-seeking behavior in two provinces in rural Thailand Int J Infect Dis 13 2009 355 361
94. A. Wattanathum, C. Chaoprasong, P. Nunthapisud, S. Chantaratchada, N. Limpairojn, and A. Jatakanon Community-acquired pneumonia in southeast Asia: the microbial differences between ambulatory and hospitalized patients Chest 123 2003 1512 1519 (Pubitemid 36549770)
95. R. Laing, C. Coles, S. Chambers, C. Frampton, L. Jennings, and N. Karalus Community-acquired pneumonia: influence of management practices on length of hospital stay Intern Med J 34 2004 91 97 (Pubitemid 38509990)
96. R. Fujiki, T. Kawayama, T. Ueyama, M. Ichiki, and H. Aizawa The risk factors for mortality of community-acquired pneumonia in Japan J Infect Chemother 13 2007 157 165 (Pubitemid 47012499)
97. K.H. Lee, N.K. Chin, W.C. Tan, and T.K. Lim Hospitalised low-risk community-acquired pneumonia: outcome and potential for cost-savings Ann Acad Med Singapore 28 1999 389 391
98. W. Reechaipichitkul, V. Lulitanond, P. Tantiwong, R. Saelee, and V. Pisprasert Etiologies and treatment outcomes in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36 2005 156 161 (Pubitemid 40577012)
99. Y. Kobashi, H. Ohba, H. Yoneyama, N. Okimoto, T. Matsushima, and R. Soejima Clinical analysis of patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization classified by age group [in Japanese] Kansenshogaku Zasshi 75 2001 193 200
100. K.H. Lee, K.P. Hui, W.C. Tan, and T.K. Lim Severe community-acquired pneumonia in Singapore Singapore Med J 37 1996 374 377 (Pubitemid 126523183)
101. Q.T. Zhou, B. He, and H. Zhu Potential for cost-savings in the care of hospitalized low-risk community-acquired pneumonia patients in China Value Health 12 2009 40 46
102. C.J. Chiang, K.P. Hwang, C.F. Peng, and C.S. Kuo Antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in Kaohsiung from 1996 through 1999 J Microbiol Immunol Infect 34 2001 269 274
103. N.M. Anstey, B.J. Currie, and K.M. Withnall Community-acquired Acinetobacter pneumonia in the Northern Territory of Australia Clin Infect Dis 14 1992 83 91
104. A.A. Padiglione, J. Willis, M. Bailey, and C.K. Fairley Characteristics of patients with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia Med J Aust 170 1999 165 167 (Pubitemid 29092422)
105. Yang YH. Overview and disease burden of Streptococcus pneumonia in China. In: State of Hong Kong Children. Proceedings of the First Current Topic in Infectious Disease: Consensus Meeting on Conjugate Vaccines of the Center of Infection, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong (selected abstracts). HK J Paediatr (new series), vol. 6; 2001:130.
106. A.B. Dey, K.M. Nagarkar, and V. Kumar Clinical presentation and predictors of outcome in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia Natl Med J India 10 1997 169 172 (Pubitemid 27435228)
107. I.B.I.S. Group Prospective multicentre hospital surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease in India. Invasive Bacterial Infection Surveillance (IBIS) Group. International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Lancet 353 1999 1216 1221
108. H. Ohi, K. Yanagihara, Y. Miyazaki, Y. Hirakata, K. Tomono, and J. Kadota Hospital-acquired pneumonia in general wards of a Japanese tertiary hospital Respirology 9 2004 120 124 (Pubitemid 38647781)
109. J. Tanabe, M. Taniguchi, A. Higo, K. Fujita, H. Ohba, and H. Yoneyama Clinical and laboratory findings associated with the severity of community-acquired pneumonia [in Japanese] Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 35 1997 854 862 (Pubitemid 27459080)
110. K. Oishi, H. Yoshimine, H. Watanabe, K. Watanabe, S. Tanimura, and K. Kawakami Drug-resistant genes and serotypes of pneumococcal strains of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Japan Respirology 11 2006 429 436 (Pubitemid 43824338)
111. A. Yoshimoto, H. Nakamura, M. Fujimura, and S. Nakao Severe community-acquired pneumonia in an intensive care unit: risk factors for mortality Intern Med 44 2005 710 716 (Pubitemid 41093823)
112. M. Watari, M. Ohe, E. Kunimoto, R. Tsukamoto, and H. Komagata Community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia: a comparative study of bacteremic and nonbacteremic patients [in Japanese] Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 38 2000 253 258
113. T.T. Wu, P.R. Hsueh, L.N. Lee, P.C. Yang, and K.T. Luh Pneumonia caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes J Formos Med Assoc 99 2000 18 23
114. T. Morimoto, H. Koyama, T. Shimbo, and T. Fukui Cost-effectiveness analysis of ambulatory treatment for adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia: according to Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines [in Japanese] Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 40 2002 17 25
115. C.J. Dobbin, C.J. Duggan, and D.J. Barnes The efficacy of an antibiotic protocol for community-acquired pneumonia Med J Aust 174 2001 333 337 (Pubitemid 32279711)
116. F.W. Arnold, J.T. Summersgill, A.S. Lajoie, P. Peyrani, T.J. Marrie, and P. Rossi A worldwide perspective of atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 2007 1086 1093 (Pubitemid 46741761)
117. P.D. Gaba, C. Haley, M.R. Griffin, E. Mitchel, J. Warkentin, and E. Holt Increasing outpatient fluoroquinolone exposure before tuberculosis diagnosis and impact on culture-negative disease Arch Intern Med 167 2007 2317 2322 (Pubitemid 350179526)
118. G.W. Waterer, R.G. Wunderink, and C.B. Jones Fatal pneumococcal pneumonia attributed to macrolide resistance and azithromycin monotherapy Chest 118 2000 1839 1840 (Pubitemid 32001827)
119. J.R. Lonks, J. Garau, and A.A. Medeiros Implications of antimicrobial resistance in the empirical treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: the case of macrolides J Antimicrob Chemother 50 Suppl. S2 2002 87 92
120. D.M. Musher, M.E. Dowell, V.D. Shortridge, R.K. Flamm, J.H. Jorgensen, and P. Le Magueres Emergence of macrolide resistance during treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia N Engl J Med 346 2002 630 631 (Pubitemid 34438832)
121. World Health Organization Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization - WHO position paper Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82 2007 93 104
122. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among persons aged ≥65 years and persons aged 18-64 years with diabetes or asthma - United States, 2003 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 2004 1007 1012
123. L. Cai, H. Uchiyama, S. Yanagisawa, and I. Kamae Cost-effectiveness analysis of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among elderly people in Japan Kobe J Med Sci 52 2006 97 109 (Pubitemid 44338394)
124. S.A. Skull, R.M. Andrews, G.B. Byrnes, H.A. Kelly, T.M. Nolan, and G.V. Brown Missed opportunities to vaccinate a cohort of hospitalised elderly with pneumococcal and influenza vaccines Vaccine 25 2007 5146 5154 (Pubitemid 46915467)
125. S.A. Moberley, J. Holden, D.P. Tatham, and R.M. Andrews Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 CD000422
126. J. Torling, J. Hedlund, H.B. Konradsen, and A. Ortqvist Revaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in middle-aged and elderly persons previously treated for pneumonia Vaccine 22 2003 96 103 (Pubitemid 37357156)
127. S. Black, H. Shinefield, B. Fireman, E. Lewis, P. Ray, and J.R. Hansen Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group Pediatr Infect Dis J 19 2000 187 195 (Pubitemid 30167436)
128. E.H. Choi, and H.J. Lee Clinical outcome of invasive infections by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Korean children Clin Infect Dis 26 1998 1346 1354